Question 1

A circular proving ring, used in the calibration of tensile testing machine, is shown in Figure 1.

(1) Show that the bending moment in the ring at any point C is
𝑊𝑅
𝑀 = −𝑀𝑜 + (1 − cos𝜃)
2

(2) Given this moment distribution, show that the reduction in diameter across A section will be

𝑊𝑅 3 𝜋 2
𝑣 = ( 4 − 𝜋)
𝐸𝐼

where E is the Young’s modulus of the ring material and I is the second moment of area of
the ring section.

Figure 1

Solution:

(1) At point C M
V

1
 𝑊𝑅
𝑀 + 𝑀𝑜 − (1 − cos𝜃) = 0
2
𝑊𝑅
𝑀 = −𝑀𝑜 + (1 − cos𝜃)
2

𝑊𝑅 2
𝜋 𝜋 [−𝑀𝑜 + (1−cos𝜃)]
1 𝑀2 1 2
(2) 𝛬 = 2 ∫02 𝑅𝑑𝜃 = 2 ∫0 2 𝑅𝑑𝜃
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝜋
𝜕𝛬 1 𝑊𝑅
𝜃𝐵 = = − 𝐸𝐼 ∫02 [−𝑀𝑜 + (1 − cos𝜃)] 𝑅𝑑𝜃
𝜕𝑀𝑜 2

𝜃𝐵 = 0
𝜋
1 𝑊𝑅
0 = − 𝐸𝐼 ∫02 [−𝑀𝑜 + (1 − cos𝜃)] 𝑅𝑑𝜃
2

1 1
Then 𝑀𝑜 = 𝑊𝑅 (2 − 𝜋)

1 1 𝑊𝑅
𝑀 = −𝑊𝑅 (2 − 𝜋) + (1 − cos𝜃)
2
1 cos𝜃
= 𝑊𝑅 (𝜋 − )
2

𝜋 1 cos𝜃 2 𝜋
1 [𝑊𝑅( − )] 1 𝑊 1 cos𝜃 2
𝜋 2
𝛬 = 2 ∫02 𝑅𝑑𝜃 = 2𝐸𝐼 ∫02 [ 2 2𝑅 (𝜋 − )] 𝑅𝑑𝜃
𝐸𝐼 2

𝜋
𝜕𝛬 2𝑊𝑅 3 1 cos𝜃 2 𝑊𝑅 3 𝜋 1
𝛿𝐵 = 𝑊 = ∫02 (𝜋 − ) 𝑑𝜃 = ( 8 − 𝜋)
𝜕 𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼
2

𝑊𝑅 3 𝜋 2
Reduction in diameter = 2𝛿𝐵 = ( 4 − 𝜋)
𝐸𝐼

Question 2

Each member of the truss shown in Figure 2 is made of steel. The cross-sectional area of member
BC is 800 mm2 and for all other members the cross-sectional area is 400 mm2. A horizontal load
P = 100 kN is applied at joint D. The Young’s modulus of steel E = 200 GPa.

(1) Using the energy method, determine the deflection of point D.

(2) Using the energy method, determine the horizontal deflection of point C.
(3) Using the energy method, determine the vertical deflection of point C.

2
 P = 100 kN

Figure 2

Solution:

(2)
P = 100 kN
RAy
(4)
(3)
(5)
(1)
RAx P’ RDy
P’’

𝑅𝐴𝑥 + 𝑃′ + 𝑃 = 0 , 𝑅𝐴𝑦 + 𝑅𝐷𝑦 − 𝑃′′ = 0 , 2.4𝑅𝐷𝑦 − 0.5𝑃 − 1.2𝑃′′ = 0

Then 𝑅𝐴𝑥 = −𝑃 − 𝑃′ , 𝑅𝐷𝑦 = 0.21𝑃 + 0.5𝑃′′ , 𝑅𝐴𝑦 = 0.5𝑃′′ − 0.21𝑃

At joint A

f4

f1

0.5
tan𝛼 = 1.2 = 0.4167 , 𝛼 = 22.5

𝑅𝐴𝑥 + 𝑓1 + 𝑓4 cos𝛼 = 0 , 𝑅𝐴𝑦 + 𝑓4 sin𝛼 = 0

−𝑃 − 𝑃′ + 𝑓1 + 𝑓4 cos22.5 = 0 , 0.5𝑃′′ − 0.21𝑃 + 𝑓4 sin22.5 = 0

Then 𝑓1 = 0.4931𝑃 + 𝑃′ + 1.2071𝑃 ′′

𝑓4 = 0.5487𝑃 − 1.3065𝑃 ′′

3
At joint D

P = 100 kN
f2

f5
RDy

𝑃 − 𝑓2 − 𝑓5 cos𝛼 = 0 , 𝑅𝐷𝑦 − 𝑓5 sin𝛼 = 0

𝑃 − 𝑓2 − 𝑓5 cos22.5 = 0 , 0.21𝑃 + 0.5𝑃′′ − 𝑓5 sin22.5 = 0

Then 𝑓2 = 0.4931𝑃 − 1.2071𝑃′′

𝑓5 = 0.5487𝑃 + 1.3065𝑃 ′′

At joint B

f2
f4 
f3

𝛽 = 90 − 𝛼 = 90° − 22.5 = 67.5°

𝑓3 + 𝑓4 cos𝛽 = 0 , 𝑓3 + (0.5487𝑃 − 1.3065𝑃 ′′ )cos67.5° = 0 ,

Then 𝑓3 = 0.5P ′′ − 0.21P

𝑙1 = 1.2 m , 𝑙2 = 1.2 m , 𝑙3 = 0.5 m

𝑙4 = 𝑙5 = √1.22 + 0.52 = 1.3 m
5
𝑓𝑖2 𝑙𝑖
𝛬=∑
2𝐴𝑖 𝐸
𝑖=1
1 𝑓2𝑙
= 2𝐸𝐴 (𝑓12 𝑙1 + 𝑓22 𝑙2 + 𝑓42 𝑙4 + 𝑓52 𝑙5 ) + 2𝐸𝐴
3 3
𝑎 𝑏
1
= 2𝐸𝐴 [(0.4931𝑃 + 𝑃′ + 1.2071𝑃 ′′ )2 𝑙1 + (0.4931𝑃 − 1.2071𝑃 ′′ )2 𝑙2 + (0.5487𝑃 −
𝑎
1
1.3065𝑃′′ )2 𝑙4 + (0.5487𝑃 + 1.3065𝑃′′ )2 𝑙5 ]+2𝐸𝐴 (0.5P ′′ − 0.21P)2 𝑙3
𝑏

(1) Let P’ = 0 and P’’ = 0, then

1
𝛬 = 2𝐸𝐴 [(0.4931𝑃)2 𝑙1 + (0.4931𝑃)2 𝑙2 + (0.5487𝑃)2 𝑙4 + (0.5487𝑃)2 𝑙5 ] +
𝑎
1
(0.21P)2 𝑙3
2𝐸𝐴𝑏

4
 𝜕𝛬
𝑢𝐷 = 𝜕𝑃
𝑃 𝑃
= 𝐸𝐴 (0.49312 𝑙1 + 0.49312 𝑙2 + 0.54872 𝑙4 + 0.54872 𝑙5 ) + 𝐸𝐴 0.212 𝑙3
𝑎 𝑏
100×103
= 200×109 ×400×10−6 (0.49312 × 1.2 + 0.4931 × 1.2 + 0.5487 × 1.3 + 0.54872 ×
2 2

100×103
1.3) + 200×109 ×800×10−6 × 0.212 × 0.5 = 1.72 × 10−3 m = 1.72 mm

(2) Let P’’ = 0, then

1
𝛬 = 2𝐸𝐴 [(0.4931𝑃 + 𝑃′ )2 𝑙1 + (0.4931𝑃)2 𝑙2 + (0.5487𝑃)2 𝑙4 + (0.5487𝑃 )2 𝑙5 ] +
𝑎
1
(0.21P)2 𝑙3
2𝐸𝐴𝑏

𝜕𝛬 1
𝑢𝐶𝐻 = 𝜕𝑃′ = 𝐸𝐴 (0.4931𝑃 + 𝑃′ ) 𝑙1
𝑎

Let P’ = 0, then

0.4931𝑃𝑙1 0.4931×100×103 ×1.2

𝑢𝐶𝐻 = = = 0.74 × 10−3 m = 0.74 mm
𝐸𝐴𝑎 200×109 ×400×10−6

(3) Let P’ = 0, then

1
𝛬 = 2𝐸𝐴 [(0.4931𝑃 + 1.2071𝑃′′ )2 𝑙1 + (0.4931𝑃 − 1.2071𝑃′′ )2 𝑙2 + (0.5487𝑃 −
𝑎
1
1.3065𝑃′′ )2 𝑙4 + (0.5487𝑃 + 1.3065𝑃 ′′ )2 𝑙5 ]+2𝐸𝐴 (0.5P ′′ − 0.21P)2 𝑙3
𝑏
𝜕𝛬
𝑢𝐶𝑉 = 𝜕𝑃′′
1
= 𝐸𝐴 [(0.4931𝑃 + 1.2071𝑃 ′′ )1.2071 𝑙1 − (0.4931𝑃 − 1.2071𝑃′′ )1.2071 𝑙2 −
𝑎
(0.5487𝑃 − 1.3065𝑃 ′′ ) 1.3065𝑙4 + (0.5487𝑃 + 1.3065𝑃′′ ) 1.3065𝑙5 ] +
1
(0.5P ′′ − 0.21P) 0.5𝑙3
𝐸𝐴𝑏

Let P’’ = 0, then

𝑃
𝑢𝐶𝑉 = 𝐸𝐴 (0.4931 × 1.2071 𝑙1 − 0.4931 × 1.2071 𝑙2 − 0.5487 × 1.3065𝑙4 +
𝑎
𝑃
0.5487 × 1.3065𝑙5 ) − 0.21 × 0.5𝑙3
𝐸𝐴𝑏
𝑃 𝑃
= 𝐸𝐴 (0.595 𝑙1 − 0.595𝑙2 − 0.717𝑙4 + 0.717𝑙5 ) − 0.105𝑙3
𝑎 𝐸𝐴𝑏
100×103
= 200×109 ×400×10−6 (0.595 × 1.2 − 0.595 × 1.2 − 0.717 × 1.3 + 0.717 × 13) −
100×103
× 0.105 × 0.5
200×109 ×800×10−6

= −0.033 × 10−3 m = -0.033 mm (In the opposite direction of P’’)