UNIT2

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS-I

SECTION 1
Ques1 : Find nth derivative of 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 ,where ‘a’ is constant. [3.5 marks]

Soln: Given 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥

Differentiate w.r.t. ‘x’

𝑦1 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥

Again Differentiate w.r.t. ‘x’

𝑦1 = 𝑎2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
.
.
.
.
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝒅𝒏
Ques 2 : If In= 𝒏 (𝒙𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙) show that In = nIn-1 + (n-1)!
𝒅𝒙

𝑑𝑛
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : 𝐼𝑛 = (𝑥 𝑛 log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛

𝑑𝑛−1 1
𝐼𝑛 = (𝑥 𝑛 . +𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑥

𝑑𝑛−1
𝐼𝑛 = (𝑥 𝑛−1 +𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1

𝑑𝑛−2 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑛−1

𝐼𝑛 = (𝑛 − 1) 𝑛−2
𝑥 + 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 log 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

[Date] 1
Page 2 of 29

𝑑𝑛−3 𝑛−3
𝐼𝑛 = (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) 𝑥 + 𝑛𝐼𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑛−3

In = n In-1 + (n-1)!

𝟏
Ques3 : If u=𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙, then prove that ur=nr[𝟏 + (−𝟏)𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒏𝒙]𝟐 ,
where ur is the rth differential coefficient of u with respect to x.

Soln: Given u=sin 𝑛𝑥 + cos 𝑛𝑥

We know that

𝑛𝜋
∵Yn= ansin (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + )
2

𝑛𝜋
∵Yn= an cos (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + )
2

Similarly, rth derivative of u

𝑟𝜋 𝑟𝜋
Ur= nr sin (𝑛𝑥 + ) +nr cos (𝑛𝑥 + )
2 2

1
2 𝟏
𝑟𝜋 𝑟𝜋 2
Ur= nr {[sin (𝑛𝑥 + ) + cos (𝑛𝑥 + )] } {∵ (𝒂𝟐 )𝟐 = 𝒂
2 2

1
𝑟𝜋 𝑟𝜋 𝑟𝜋 𝑟𝜋 2
Ur= nr{sin2 (𝑛𝑥 + ) + cos2 (𝑛𝑥 + ) + 2 sin (𝑛𝑥 + ) cos (𝑛𝑥 + )}
2 2 2 2

1
𝑟𝜋 𝑟𝜋 2
Ur= nr{ 1 +2 sin (𝑛𝑥 + ) cos (𝑛𝑥 + )} {𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏
2 2

1
𝑟𝜋 2
Ur= nr{ 1 + sin 2 (𝑛𝑥 + )} {𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
2

1
Ur= nr { 1 + sin(2𝑛𝑥 + 𝑟𝜋)}2

1
Ur= nr { 1 + sin 2𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑟𝜋 + cos 2𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑟𝜋}2 {𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂 + 𝒃) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃

1
Ur= nr { 1 + sin 2𝑛𝑥 (−1)r + cos 2𝑛𝑥 × 0}2 {𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎

1
ur=nr[1 + (−1)r sin 2𝑛𝑥]2
Page 3 of 29

hence proved.

𝟏
Ques 4 : If 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒚)𝒎 then show that (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝒏+𝟐 − (𝟐𝒏 +
𝟏)𝒙𝒚𝒏+𝟏 − (𝒏𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 )𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎 also find 𝒚𝒏 for 𝒙 = 𝟎.

1
Soln: Given cos−1 𝑥 = log(𝑦)𝑚

1
cos−1 𝑥 = log(𝑦)
𝑚

𝑚 cos−1 𝑥 = log(𝑦)

−𝟏 𝒙
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 -----Eqn 1

Differentiate with respect to x

−𝟏 𝒙 −1
𝑦1 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑚.
√1−𝑥 2

From eqn1

−1
𝑦1 = 𝑦 𝑚
√1−𝑥 2

𝑦1 √1 − 𝑥 2 = −𝑦 𝑚 -----Eqn 2

Squaring both sides

𝑦1 2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) = (−𝑦 𝑚)2

𝑦1 2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) = (𝑦 𝑚)2

Differentiate with respect to x

(1 − 𝑥 2 )2𝑦1 𝑦2 + (−2𝑥)𝑦1 2 = 𝑚2 2𝑦𝑦1

Divide by 2y1 on both sides

(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 = 𝑚2 𝑦

(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 + (−2𝑥)𝑦1 − 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0

Taking nth derivative by using Lebnitz’s theorem

Page 4 of 29

[(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 ]n + [(−2𝑥)𝑦1 ]n − [𝑚2 𝑦]n = 0

n(n − 1)
[(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦n+2 + n(−2𝑥)𝑦n+1 + (−2)𝑦𝑛 ] − [𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛(1)𝑦𝑛 ]
2!
− [𝑚2 𝑦𝑛 ] = 0

(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦n+2 + (−2𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥)𝑦n+1 + (−𝑛2 + n − n − 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛

(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − (𝑛2 + 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0 ----

-Eqn 3

Hence proved

For 𝑥 = 0 in Eqn 1, Eqn 2 and Eqn 3

−𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝝅 𝝅
𝑦0 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 = 𝑒𝑚𝟐
𝝅
𝑦0 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝟐 -----Eqn 4

For 𝑥 = 0 in Eqn 2

𝑦1 √1 − 02 = −𝑦 𝑚
𝝅
𝑦1 = −𝑚𝑒 𝑚 𝟐 -----Eqn 5

For 𝑥 = 0 in Eqn 3

(1 − 02 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)0𝑦𝑛+1 − (𝑛2 + 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0

𝑦𝑛+2 − (𝑛2 + 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0

𝑦𝑛+2 = (𝑛2 + 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛

Put n=0,1,2,3.....
𝝅
n=0 , 𝑦2 = 𝑚2 𝑦0 = 𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚 𝟐
𝝅
n=1, 𝑦3 = (12 + 𝑚2 )𝑦1 = −𝑚(12 + 𝑚2 )𝑒 𝑚 𝟐
𝝅
n=2, 𝑦4 = (22 + 𝑚2 )𝑦2 = 𝑚2 (22 + 𝑚2 )𝑒 𝑚 𝟐
𝝅
𝑛 = 3, 𝑦5 = (32 + 𝑚2 )𝑦3 = −𝑚(𝑚2 + 12 )(32 + 𝑚2 )𝑒 𝑚 𝟐
.
Page 5 of 29

.
.
And so on
𝑦n
𝝅
[−m(m2 + 1)(m2 + 3)(m2 + 5) … … . . (n − 2)2 + m2 ]𝑒 𝑚 𝟐 , if n is odd
={ 𝝅
[m2 (m2 + 22 )(m2 + 42 )(m2 + 62 ) … … . . (n − 2)2 + m2 ]𝑒 𝑚 𝟐 , if n is even
𝟏 𝟏
Ques5 : If 𝒚𝒎 + 𝒚−𝒎 = 𝟐𝒙 prove that(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)𝒚𝒏+𝟐 + (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙𝒚𝒏+𝟏 +
(𝒏𝟐 − 𝒎𝟐 )𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎

1 1
Soln: Given 𝑦 𝑚 + 𝑦 −𝑚 = 2𝑥

1 1
𝑦𝑚 + = 2𝑥
𝑦1/𝑚

𝑦 2/𝑚 + 1 = 2𝑥𝑦1/𝑚

𝑦 2/𝑚 − 2𝑥𝑦1/𝑚 + 1 = 0

According to Shri Dhara charya formula

−(−2𝑥) ± √(−2𝑥)2 − 4 × 1 × 1
𝑦1/𝑚 =
2×1

2𝑥 ± √4𝑥 2 − 4 2𝑥 ± 2√𝑥 2 − 1
𝑦1/𝑚 = =
2 2

𝑦1/𝑚 = 𝑥 ± √𝑥 2 − 1

Taking only +ve

𝑦1/𝑚 = 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1

Taking mth power on both sides

𝑚 𝑚
(𝑦1/𝑚 ) = (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)

𝑚
𝑦 = (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) -----Eqn 1

Differentiate w.r.t. ‘x’

Page 6 of 29

𝑚−1 1 1
𝑦1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) (1 + 2𝑥)
2 √𝑥 2 − 1

𝑚−1 𝑥
𝑦1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) (1 + )
√𝑥 2 −1

𝑚−1 √𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝑥
𝑦1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) ( )
√𝑥 2 − 1

𝑚 𝑚
𝑦1 = ( ) (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)
√𝑥 2 − 1

From Eqn 1

𝑚
𝑦1 = 𝑦
√𝑥 2 −1

𝑦1 √𝑥 2 − 1 = 𝑚 𝑦

Squaring both sides

𝑦1 2 (𝑥 2 − 1) = 𝑚 2 𝑦 2 -----Eqn 2

Differentiate again with respect to ‘x’

(𝑥 2 − 1)2𝑦1 𝑦2 + 2𝑥𝑦1 2 = 𝑚 2 . 2𝑦𝑦1

Divide by 2𝑦1 on both sides

(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦1 = 𝑚 2 𝑦

(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦1 − 𝑚 2 𝑦 = 0 -----Eqn 3

Differentiate Eqn 3 n times using leibnitz’s theorem

[(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦2 ]𝑛 + [𝑥𝑦1 ]𝑛 − [𝑚 2 𝑦]𝑛 = 0

𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
[(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦𝑛+2 + 𝑛(2𝑥)𝑦𝑛+1 + (2)𝑦𝑛 ] + [𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛𝑦𝑛 ] − 𝑚 2 𝑦𝑛 = 0
2!

(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦𝑛+2 + (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + [𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 𝑛 − 𝑚2 ]𝑦𝑛 = 0

Page 7 of 29

(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦𝑛+2 + (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + (𝑛2 − 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0

Hence proved.

−𝟏
Ques6 : 𝒚 = 𝒆𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 then prove that(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝟐 + (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒚𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟏 +
𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝒏+𝟐 + [𝟐(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙 − 𝟏]𝒚𝒏+𝟏 + 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎

−1 𝑥
Soln: Given 𝑦 = 𝑒 tan

Taking log on both sides

−1 𝑥
log 𝑦 = log 𝑒 tan

log 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 log 𝑒

log 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥

Differentiate w.r.t. ‘x’

1 1
𝑦 =
𝑦 1 1 + 𝑥2

(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 = 𝑦

Again Differentiate w.r.t. ‘x’

(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦2 + 2𝑥𝑦1 = 𝑦1

(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦2 + (2𝑥 − 1)𝑦1 = 0 --------Eqn1

Hence proved.

Differentiate Eqn1 , n times using leibnitz’s theorem

[(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦2 ]𝑛 + [(2𝑥 − 1)𝑦1 ]𝑛 = 0

𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
[(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦𝑛+2 + 𝑛(2𝑥)𝑦𝑛+1 + (2)𝑦𝑛 ] + [(2𝑥 − 1)𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛(2)𝑦𝑛 ] = 0
2!

(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦𝑛+2 + [2(𝑛 + 1) − 1]𝑦𝑛+1 + [𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 2𝑛]𝑦𝑛 = 0

Hence proved.
Page 8 of 29

Ques7 : Trace the curve 𝒚𝟐 (𝟐𝒂 − 𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 [2016]

Soln: Given Curve 𝑦 2 (2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 3

1. Symmetry: The curve is symmetrical along X-axis because all power of y are
even.
2. Origin: put y=0
0(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 3
then 𝑥 = 0
∴ Curve pass through origin
3. Asymptotes:
For parallel to y-axis
Then the coefficient of highest degree of y is equal to zero
2𝑎 − 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝑎
The,n, discuss the postion of the curve w.r.t. asymptote x=2a
4. Points of intersection with axes
The curve intersects only at origin
5. Region:
The eqn of curve, 𝑦 2 (2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 3
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥√
2𝑎 − 𝑥

When x<0 y is imaginary

∴No portion of the curve lies to the left of the line X=1 i.e. Yaxis

when 0<X<2A, y is real

when x>2a, y is imaginary

∴No portion of the curve lies to the right of the line = 2a

6. Special points:
From Eqn of the curve,
𝑥 3/2
𝑦=
√2𝑎−𝑥
Differentiate w.r.t. ‘x’
3 3
𝑑𝑦 √𝑥 𝑥2
= 2 + (−1)
𝑑𝑥 √2𝑎 − 𝑥 2(2𝑎 − 𝑥)32
Page 9 of 29

3 3
𝑑𝑦 6𝑎√𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2
= 3
𝑑𝑥 2(2𝑎 − 𝑥)2
3
𝑑𝑦 6𝑎√𝑥 − 4𝑥 2
= 3
𝑑𝑥 2(2𝑎 − 𝑥)2
3
𝑑𝑦 3𝑎√𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
= 3
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑎 − 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 √𝑥(𝑥 − 3𝑎)
= 3
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑎 − 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦
Now put =0
𝑑𝑥
√𝑥(𝑥 − 3𝑎)
3 = 0
(2𝑎 − 𝑥)2
√𝑥(𝑥 − 3𝑎) = 0

Then, 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 3𝑎

x=3a is not valid because y is imaginary

when x= then y=0

tangent at(0,0) i.e. at origin is parallel to axis

𝑑𝑦
when 0 < x <2a, 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑑𝑥

For positive values of y, y is an increasing function of x i.e. the curve rises values
of x between 0 to 2a

Thus, the approximate shape of curve is shown in below figure

y
X=2a

A
(2a,0) x

-y
Page 10 of 29

Ques 8 : Trace the curve 𝒚𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝒂) = 𝒙𝟐 (𝟑𝒂 − 𝒙) [2017-18]

Soln: Given Curve 𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 𝑥 2 (3𝑎 − 𝑥)

1. Symmetry: The curve is symmetrical along X-axis because all power of y are
even.
2. Origin: put x=0
𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 0(3𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 0
then 𝑦 = 0
∴ Curve pass through origin
Tangent at origin:
Eqn of the curve 𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 𝑥 2 (3𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑎 = 3𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑎 − 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 = 0 {lowest degree term: 𝑦 2 𝑎 − 3𝑎𝑥 2 = 0}
2 3
𝑦 𝑥+𝑥 =0
𝑦2 + 𝑥 2 = 0
3. Asymptotes:
For parallel to y-axis
Then the coefficient of highest degree of y is equal to zero
𝑎 + 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −𝑎
Then, discuss the position of the curve w.r.t. asymptote 𝑥 = −𝑎
4. Points of intersection with axes
The curve intersects x axis at (0,0) and (3a,0) while y-axis at (0,0)
5. Region:
The eqn of curve, 𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 𝑥 2 (3𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑥 2 (3𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑦2 =
(𝑥 + 𝑎)

(3𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑥√
(𝑥 + 𝑎)
If x>3a then 𝑦 2 < 0 (i.e. y is imaginary)
Hence curve does not exist beyond x = 3a
6. Special points:
From Eqn of the curve,
𝑥 2 (3𝑎 − 𝑥) (3𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 )
𝑦2 = =
(𝑥 + 𝑎) (𝑥 + 𝑎)
Differentiate w.r.t. ‘x’
Page 11 of 29

𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑎)(6𝑎𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 ) − (3𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 )(1 + 0)

2𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑎)2
𝑑𝑦 6𝑎𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 3 + 6𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥 2 − 3𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
2𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑎)2
2 2 )
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥(𝑥 − 3𝑎
2𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑎)2
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥(𝑥 − 3𝑎2 )
2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑎)2
𝑑𝑦
At point (3a, 0) ( ) =∞
𝑑𝑥 (3𝑎,0)
∴ tangent at(0,0) i.e. at origin is parallel to y axis

Thus, the approximate shape of curve is shown in below figure

Y 𝑦 = √3𝑥

X’ (a,0) (0,0) (3a,0) X

𝑦 = √3𝑥
Y’

Ques9 : Trace the curve 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 [2018]

Soln: Given Curve 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 2𝜃

1. Symmetry:
if we replaced 𝜃 by – 𝜃 in the Eqn then the equation remain same

then, 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 2(−𝜃)

𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 2𝜃 ∵ cos(−𝜃) = cos 𝜃

∴Curve is symmetric about initial line.

Curve is also symmetric about pole because all powers of r are even.

2. Pole (origin)
Page 12 of 29

For tangent at pole, r=0

Put the value of r in equation of curve
02 = 𝑎2 cos 2𝜃
cos 2𝜃 = 0
𝜋
2𝜃 =
2
𝜋
𝜃=
4
𝜋
∴ 𝜃 = is a tangent at pole.
4
If 𝜃 = 0 then 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 0
𝑟 2 = 𝑎2
𝑟 = ±𝑎
3. Tangent
If 𝜙 is the angle between radius vector and tangent
Then
𝑑𝜃
tan 𝜙 = 𝑟
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑟 𝑟
=
𝑑𝜃 tan 𝜙
Equation of curve, 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 2𝜃
Differentiate w.r.t. ′𝜃′

𝑑𝑟
2𝑟 = 𝑎2 (− sin 2𝜃). 2
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑟 𝑎2 sin 2𝜃
=−
𝑑𝜃 𝑟
𝑑𝑟
Put the value
𝑑𝜃
𝑟 𝑎2 sin 2𝜃
=−
tan 𝜙 𝑟

tan 𝜙 𝑟
=− 2
𝑟 𝑎 sin 2𝜃
𝑟2
tan 𝜙 = − 2
𝑎 sin 2𝜃

𝑎2 cos 2𝜃
tan 𝜙 = − { 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 2𝜃
𝑎2 sin 2𝜃

tan 𝜙 = − cot 2𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
tan 𝜙 = tan ( + 2𝜃) {− cot 2𝜃 = tan ( + 2𝜃)
2 2
Page 13 of 29

𝜋
𝜙= +𝜃
2
4. Limits:
Highest value of r is ‘a’ and lowest value is ‘−a’
5. Find a table for different value of 𝜽 , 𝒓 , 𝝋
𝜽 0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
4 2
±𝑎 0 imaginary ±𝑎
𝒓
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
𝝋
2 2 2

Hence the shape of the curve is shown below

𝜋
3𝜋 𝜃=
𝜃= 2
4 𝜋
𝜃=
4

a a
(-a,0) (a,0)

3𝜋 𝜋
𝜃=− 𝜃=−
4 3𝜋 4
𝜃=
2

SECTION 2
𝒅𝒖
Ques1: If 𝒖 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 +𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒛) prove that 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 +
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒛 =𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : Given 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 +𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧) − − − − − −Eqn 1

Partially differentiate ‘u’ w.r.t. ‘x’

𝑑𝑢 1
= sec 2 𝑥 − − − − − −Eqn 2
𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧
Page 14 of 29

Similarly,

𝑑𝑢 1
= sec 2 𝑦 − − − − − −Eqn 3
𝑑𝑦 tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧

𝑑𝑢 1
= sec 2 𝑧 − − − − − −Eqn 4
𝑑𝑧 tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧

Take LHS:

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= sin 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑦 + sin 2𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Putting the value of , and
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

sec 2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑦
= sin 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑦
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧 tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧
sec 2 𝑧
+ sin 2𝑧
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧

2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 sec 2 𝑦 + 2 sin 𝑧 cos 𝑧

=
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧
1 1 1
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 + 2 sin 𝑧
cos2 𝑥 cos2 𝑦 cos2 𝑧
=
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧

2 tan 𝑥 + 2 tan 𝑦 + 2tan 𝑧

=
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧

2(tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧)

=
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧

=2

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆. = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆.

Hence proved.
Page 15 of 29

Ques2: For what value of n, 𝒖 = 𝒓𝒏 (𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏) satisfies the

equation
𝝏 𝝏𝒗 𝟏 𝟏 𝝏𝒗
(𝒓𝟐 )+ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 ) = 𝟎 [AKTU2014]
𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝝏𝜽 𝝏𝜽

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : Given 𝑢 = 𝑟 𝑛 (3 cos 2 𝜃 − 1) − − − − − −Eqn 1

Partially differentiate u w.r.t. ‘x’

𝜕𝑢
= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 (3 cos 2 𝜃 − 1)
𝜕𝑟
Multiply of r2 on both sides

𝜕𝑢
𝑟2 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛+1 (3 cos 2 𝜃 − 1)
𝜕𝑟
Again, partially differentiate w.r.t. ‘r’

𝜕 𝜕𝑢
(𝑟 2 ) = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑟 𝑛 (3 cos 2 𝜃 − 1)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕 𝜕𝑢
(𝑟 2 ) = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑢 {𝒖 = 𝒓𝒏 (𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏) − − − −Eqn 2
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟

Partially differentiate u w.r.t. ‘𝜃’

𝜕𝑢
= 𝑟 𝑛 (3 × 2 cos 𝜃 (− sin 𝜃))
𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑢
= −6𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝜕𝜃
Multiply sin 𝜃 on both sides

𝜕𝑢
sin 𝜃 = −6𝑟 𝑛 sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝜕𝜃
Again partial differentiate w.r.t. ‘𝜃′

𝜕 𝜕𝑢
(sin 𝜃 ) = −6𝑟 𝑛 [sin2 𝜃 (− sin θ) + cos 𝜃. 2 sin θ cos θ]
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
Page 16 of 29

Divide by sin θ on both sides

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
(sin 𝜃 ) = −6𝑟 𝑛 (2 cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃)
sin θ 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
(sin 𝜃 ) = −6𝑟 𝑛 (2 cos2 𝜃 − (1 − cos2 𝜃)) {𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽
sin θ 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃

= −6𝑟 𝑛 (3 cos 2 𝜃 − 1)

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
(sin 𝜃 ) = −6𝑢 − − − −Eqn 3
sin θ 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
Add Eqn 2 and Eqn 3

𝜕 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
(𝑟 2 ) + (sin 𝜃 ) = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑢 − 6𝑢
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 sin θ 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
0 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑢 − 6𝑢 {𝑏𝑦 Eqn 1

(𝑛2 + 𝑛)𝑢 − 6𝑢 = 0

(𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 6)𝑢 = 0

𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 6 = 0

(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 + 3) = 0

𝑛 = 2, −3

𝝏𝟐 𝒗 𝝏𝟐 𝒗
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟑: 𝐈𝐟 𝒗 = 𝒇(𝒓) 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 +
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐

𝟏
= 𝒇′′(𝒓) + 𝒇′(𝒓) [𝐀𝐊𝐓𝐔𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔]
𝒓
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : Given 𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑟)

𝒓 𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚 𝟐

Differentiate r partially w.r.t. ‘x’

Page 17 of 29

𝜕𝑟
2𝑟 = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟 𝑥
=
𝜕𝑥 𝑟
Similarly ,

𝜕𝑟 𝑦
=
𝜕𝑦 𝑟

Differentiate v partially w.r.t. ‘x’

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑟
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟
Put the value of
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝑥
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
𝜕𝑥 𝑟
Differentiate again partial w.r.t. ‘x’

𝜕2𝑣 1 1 𝜕𝑟 𝑥 𝜕𝑟
2
= 1 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) + 𝑥 (− 2 ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) + 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥)
𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟
Put the value of
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝑣 1 ′ 1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2
= 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑥 (− 2 ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) + 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟)
𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
𝜕2𝑣 𝑟2 − 𝑥 2 ′ 𝑥 2 ′′
= ( ) 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑟3 𝑟2

𝜕2𝑣 𝑦2 ′ 𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑟2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
= 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟) {
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑟 3 𝑟2 𝑦2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑟2

𝜕2𝑣 𝑦2 ′ 𝑥 2 ′′
= 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟) − − − −Eqn 1
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑟 3 𝑟2
Page 18 of 29

Similarly

𝜕2𝑣 𝑥 2 ′ 𝑦 2 ′′
= 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟) − − − −Eqn 2
𝜕𝑦 2 𝑟 3 𝑟2

Add Eqn 1 and Eqn 2

𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑣 𝑦2 ′ 𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑥2 ′ 𝑦 2 ′′
+ = 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑟 3 𝑟2 𝑟3 𝑟2

𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑣 𝑦2 + 𝑥 2 ′ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ′′
+ = 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑟3 𝑟2

𝜕 2 𝑣 𝜕 2 𝑣 𝑟 2 ′′ 𝑟2 ′
+ = 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟) {𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑟 2 𝑟3

𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑣 1
2
+ 2 = 𝑓′′(𝑟) + 𝑓′(𝑟)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑟

Hence proved
𝐳
− 𝟐 𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟒: 𝐈𝐟 𝐞 𝒙 −𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝒚 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐲 +𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚 𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
z
− 2 2
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : Given e 𝑥 −𝑦 =𝑥−𝑦

Take log on both sides

z
− 2 2
log e 𝑥 −𝑦 = log 𝑥 − 𝑦
z
− log e e = log(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
z
− . 1 = log(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑥 2 −𝑦 2

𝑧 = −(𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 ) log(𝑥 − 𝑦)

Differentiate z partially w.r.t. ‘x’

Page 19 of 29

𝜕𝑧 1
= −2𝑥 log(𝑥 − 𝑦) + (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 ). .1
𝜕𝑥 𝑥−𝑦

𝜕𝑧
= −2𝑥 log(𝑥 − 𝑦) − (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥
Multiply by y on both sides

𝜕𝑧
𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑦 log(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦) − − − −Eqn 1
𝜕𝑥
Similarly,

𝜕𝑧
𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 log(𝑥 − 𝑦) + 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦) − − − −Eqn 2
𝜕𝑥
Add Eqn 1 and Eqn 2

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑦 +𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑦 log(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 2𝑥𝑦 log(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦)

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑦 +𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑦 log(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 log(𝑥 − 𝑦) + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑦 +𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
Hence proved

𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟓: 𝐈𝐟 𝒘 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒙 = 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒗 , 𝒚 = 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒗 , 𝒛 = 𝒖𝒗

then prove that
𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘 𝒖
𝒖 −𝒗 = [AKTU2017]
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗 √𝟏+𝒗𝟐

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : Given 𝑤 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − − − −Eqn 1

where 𝑥 = 𝑢 cos 𝑣 , 𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝑣 , 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣

put the value of x, y and z in Eqn 1

𝑤 = √𝑢2 cos 2 𝑣 + 𝑢2 sin2 𝑣 + 𝑢2 𝑣 2

Page 20 of 29

𝑤 = √𝑢2 (cos 2 𝑣 + sin2 𝑣) + 𝑢2 𝑣 2

𝑤 = √𝑢2 (1) + 𝑢2 𝑣 2 − − − −{cos 2 𝑣 + sin2 𝑣 = 1

𝑤 = 𝑢 √1 + 𝑣 2 − − − −Eqn 2

Differential w partial w.r.t. ‘u’

𝜕𝑤
= √1 + 𝑣 2
𝜕𝑢
Multiply by u on both sides

𝜕𝑤
𝑢 = 𝑢 √1 + 𝑣 2 − − − −Eqn 3
𝜕𝑢
Differential Eqn 2 partial w.r.t. ‘v’

𝜕𝑤 1
= 𝑢. . 2𝑣
𝜕𝑣 2√1 + 𝑣 2

Multiply by v on both sides

𝜕𝑤 𝑢𝑣 2
𝑣 = − − − −Eqn 4
𝜕𝑣 √1 + 𝑣 2

Subtract Eqn 4 from Eqn 3

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝑢𝑣 2
𝑢 −𝑣 = 𝑢 √1 + 𝑣 2 −
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 √1 + 𝑣 2
𝑢(1 + 𝑣 2 − 𝑣 2 )
=
√1 + 𝑣 2
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝑢
𝑢 −𝑣 =
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 √1 + 𝑣 2

Hence proved.
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟔: 𝐈𝐟 𝒖 = 𝒇(𝒓, 𝒔, 𝒕)𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝒓 = , 𝜹 = , 𝒕 = 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝒚 𝒛 𝒙
Page 21 of 29

𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒖
𝒙 +𝒚 +𝒛 =𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Soln: Given 𝑟 = ,𝛿 = ,𝑡 =
𝑦 𝑧 𝑥

Differentiate r,s,t partial w.r.t. ‘x’

𝜕𝑟 1 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡 1
= , = 0, = 𝑧 (− 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑥

𝜕𝑟 1 𝜕𝑠 1 𝜕𝑡
= 𝑥 (− 2 ) , = , =0
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑧 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠 1 𝜕𝑡 1
= 0, = 𝑦 (− 2 ) , =
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑥
We know, if 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡) then derivatives

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑡
= + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡
Put the values of , and
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑧
= ( )+ (0) + (− 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝑦 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡 𝑥

𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 𝑧 𝜕𝑢
= −
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡

Multiply by x on both sides

𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑧 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 = − − − − −Eqn 1
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑥 𝜕𝑡

Similarly,

𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑢
𝑦 =− + − − − −Eqn 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑧 𝜕𝑠

𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑧 𝜕𝑢
𝑧 =− + − − − −Eqn 3
𝜕𝑧 𝑧 𝜕𝑠 𝑥 𝜕𝑡
Page 22 of 29

add Eqn 1 , Eqn 2 and Eqn 3

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑧 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = − − + − +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑧 𝜕𝑠 𝑧 𝜕𝑠 𝑥 𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝒚 𝒙
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟕: 𝐈𝐟 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) − 𝒚𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) ; 𝒙𝒚 ≠ 𝟎 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝒙 𝒚

𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚 𝟐
= 𝟐 .
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐
𝑦 𝑥
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : Given 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) − 𝑦 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )
𝑥 𝑦

Differentiate u partially w.r.t. ‘y’

𝜕𝑢 1 1 𝑥 1 1
= 𝑥 2. 2. − 2𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) − 𝑦 2 2 . 𝑥 (− 2 )
𝜕𝑦 1+
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 1+
𝑥 𝑦
𝑥2 𝑦2

𝜕𝑢 𝑥3 −1
𝑥 𝑥𝑦 2
= 2 − 2𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) +
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2

𝜕𝑢 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑥 𝑥
= 2 2
− 2𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

Differentiate u partially w.r.t. ‘x’

𝜕2𝑢 1 1
= 1 − 2𝑦. .
𝑥2 𝑦
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 1+
𝑦2

𝜕2𝑢 2𝑦 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 2
= 1− 2 2
=
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2

𝜕2𝑢 𝑥 2 − 𝑦2
= 2
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 2
Page 23 of 29

𝝏𝒖
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟖 ∶ 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐬 𝐚 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐛𝐲
𝝏𝒕

𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐟 𝐮 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒙 = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 , 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒕

𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒛 = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒕 [AKTU2015]

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : Given u = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − − − −Eqn 1

Put the value of x , y and z

u = (𝑒 2𝑡 )2 + (𝑒 2𝑡 cos 3𝑡)2 + (𝑒 2𝑡 sin 3𝑡)2

u = (𝑒 2𝑡 )2 + (𝑒 2𝑡 )2 [cos 2 3𝑡 + sin2 3𝑡]

u = (𝑒 2𝑡 )2 + (𝑒 2𝑡 )2 . 1

𝑢 = 𝑒 4𝑡 + 𝑒 4𝑡 = 2𝑒 4𝑡

Differentiate w.r.t. ‘t’

𝜕𝑢
= 2.4𝑒 4𝑡 = 8𝑒 4𝑡
𝜕𝑡
We know total derivative,

𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑧
= + + − − − −Eqn 2
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑡

𝑈 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2

Differentiate w.r.t. ‘𝑥’

𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Similarly, = 2𝑦 and = 2𝑧
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡 cos 3𝑡 and 𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑡 sin 3𝑡

Differentiate 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 with respect to ′𝑡′

Page 24 of 29

𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑡 ,
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑒 2𝑡 (− sin 3𝑡). 3𝑡2𝑒 2𝑡 . cos 3𝑡 = 𝑒 2𝑡 [2 cos 3𝑡 − 3 sin 3𝑡]
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧
= 2𝑒 2𝑡 sin 3𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 cos 3𝑡 . 3 = 𝑒 2𝑡 [2sin 3𝑡 + 3cos 3𝑡]
𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Put the value of , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 and also , and
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑢
= 2𝑥. 2𝑒 2𝑡 + 2𝑦. 𝑒 2𝑡 [2 cos 3𝑡 − 3 sin 3𝑡]
𝜕𝑡
+ 2𝑧. 𝑒 2𝑡 [2 sin 3𝑡 + 3 cos 3𝑡]

Put the value of x , y and z

𝜕𝑢
= 2𝑒 2𝑡 . 2𝑒 2𝑡 + 2𝑒 2𝑡 cos 3𝑡 . 𝑒 2𝑡 [2 cos 3𝑡 − 3 sin 3𝑡]
𝜕𝑡
+ 2𝑒 2𝑡 sin 3𝑡 . 𝑒 2𝑡 [2 sin 3𝑡 + 3 cos 3𝑡]

𝜕𝑢
= 4𝑒 4𝑡 + 2𝑒 4𝑡 [2 cos 2 3𝑡 − 3 cos 3𝑡 sin 3𝑡 + 2 sin2 3𝑡
𝜕𝑡
+ 3 cos 3𝑡 sin 3𝑡]

𝜕𝑢
= 4𝑒 4𝑡 + 2𝑒 4𝑡 . 2[cos 2 3𝑡 + sin2 3𝑡]
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢
= 4𝑒 4𝑡 + 4𝑒 4𝑡
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢
= 8𝑒 4𝑡
𝜕𝑡
Hence the result is verified.

𝟓 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟗: 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝒙𝑼𝒙 + 𝒚𝑼𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑼 𝐢𝐟 𝑼 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏
𝟐 √ 𝒙 + √𝒚

𝑥 3 + 𝑦3
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : Given, 𝑈 = sin−1
√ 𝑥 + √𝑦
Page 25 of 29

U is not a homogenous function

𝑥 3 + 𝑦3 𝑥3
sin 𝑈 = =
√ 𝑥 + √𝑦 √𝑥

U is not homogenous function

𝑦 3
𝑥 3 + 𝑦3𝑥 3 1 + (𝑥 )
sin 𝑈 = = 1
√ 𝑥 + √𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 2
[ 1 + ( )
𝑥 ]

𝑦 3
5 1+( )
𝑥
sin 𝑈 = 𝑥 2
1
𝑦 2
[ 1 + (𝑥 ) ]

5
sin 𝑈 is homogenous funtion of degree in 𝑥 and 𝑦
2
We know euler’s theorem

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑈, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕(sin 𝑈) 𝜕(sin 𝑈) 5
Then 𝑥 +𝑦 = sin 𝑈
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 5
𝑥 cos 𝑈 + 𝑦 cos 𝑈 = sin 𝑈
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

5 sin 𝑈 5
𝑥𝑈𝑥 + 𝑦𝑈𝑦 = = tan 𝑈
2 cos 𝑈 2
Hence proved.
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚 𝟑
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟏𝟎: 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐲 𝐞𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐫’𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝒛 = 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚 𝟐
Page 26 of 29

1 1

𝐧
𝑥3 + 𝑦3
𝐒𝐨𝐥 : Given, 𝑧 = 1 1
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
1
1
𝑦 3
𝑥 (1 +
3 ( ) )
𝑥 1 𝑦
𝑧= 1 = 𝑥6 𝑓 ( )
1 𝑦 2 𝑥
𝑥 2 (1 + ( ) )
𝑥

1
z is homogenous funtion of degree − in 𝑥 and 𝑦
6
using euler’s theorem

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑧 = − 𝑧 − − − −Eqn 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 6
1 1
𝑥3 + 𝑦3
𝑧= 1 1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2

Differentiate partially w.r.to ‘x’

1 1 2 1 1 1
− 1 − 1
𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) (3 𝑥 3 ) − (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) (2 𝑥 2 )
= 1 2
𝜕𝑥 1
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

Multiply by ‘x’ on both sides

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
𝜕𝑧 (3 𝑥 3 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − (2 𝑥 2 ) (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )
𝑥 = 1 2
𝜕𝑥 1
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

Similarly,
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
𝜕𝑧 (3 𝑦 3 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − (2 𝑦 2 ) (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )
𝑦 = 1 2
𝜕𝑦 1
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
Page 27 of 29

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Add the value of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑖𝑛 Eqn 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
( 𝒙𝟑 ) (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) − ( 𝒙𝟐 ) (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 ) ( 𝒚𝟑 ) (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) − ( 𝒚𝟐 ) (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 )
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
= 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
( 𝒙𝟑 ) (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) − ( 𝒙𝟐 ) (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 ) + ( 𝒚𝟑 ) (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) − ( 𝒚𝟐 ) (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 )
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
= 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )
=3 1
2
1 2
(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) 2

1 1 1 1
1 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
=− 1 2
6 1
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

1 1
1 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) 1
=− 1 1 = − 𝑧
6 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 6

Hence verified.
𝟏 𝟏

−𝟏
𝒙𝟒 + 𝒚 𝟒 𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝒖
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟏𝟏: 𝐈𝐟 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝟏 𝟏 ) 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝒙
𝒙𝟔 + 𝒚 𝟔 𝝏𝒙𝟐

𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
+𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟐
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚
1 1

𝐧 −1
𝑥 4 + 𝑦4
𝐒𝐨𝐥 : Given, 𝑈 = sin ( 1 1 )
𝑥6 + 𝑦6

U is not a homogeneous function

Page 28 of 29

1 1
𝑥4 + 𝑦4
sin 𝑈 = 1 1
𝑥 6 + 𝑦6
1
1 𝑦 4
𝑥 (1 +
4 ( ) )
𝑥
sin 𝑈 = 1
1
𝑦 6
𝑥 6 (1 + ( ) )
𝑥

1 𝑦
sin 𝑈 = 𝑥 12 𝑓 ( )
𝑥
1
sin 𝑈 is homogenous funtion of degree in 𝑥 and 𝑦
12
From Euler’s theorem-

We know,

𝜕2𝑈 𝜕𝑈 𝜕2𝑈
𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
= 𝜙(𝑈). [𝜙 ′ (𝑈) − 1] − − − −Eqn 1
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

𝑛𝑓(𝑢)
Where, 𝜙(𝑈) =
𝑓 ′ (𝑢)

1 sin 𝑢 1
= = tan 𝑈
12 cos 𝑢 12
1
𝜙 ′(𝑈) = sec 2 𝑈
12
Put the value of 𝜙(𝑈) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜙′(𝑈) 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑞 𝑛 1

𝜕2𝑈 𝜕𝑈 𝜕2𝑈 1 1
𝑥2 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
2
= tan 𝑈 . [ sec 2 𝑈 − 1]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 12 12

1 1
= tan 𝑈 . [ (1 + tan2 𝑈) − 1] {𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝑼 = 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝑼
12 12
1
= tan 𝑈 [tan2 𝑈 − 11]
144
Page 29 of 29

𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚 𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟏𝟐: 𝐈𝐟 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( ) , 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝒙 +𝒚 +𝒛
𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

= 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙

𝑥 3 + 𝑦3 + 𝑧3
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : Given, U = sin−1 ( )
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧

U is not a homogeneous function

𝑥 3 + 𝑦3 + 𝑧3
sin 𝑈 =
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧

𝑦 3 𝑧 3
𝑥 3 1 + ( 𝑥 ) + (𝑥 )
sin 𝑈 = [ ]
𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑏 (𝑦 ) + 𝑐 ( 𝑧 )
𝑥 𝑥

𝑦 3 𝑧 3
1+( ) +( )
2 𝑥 𝑥
sin 𝑈 = 𝑥 [ 𝑦 𝑧
]
𝑎 +𝑏( ) +𝑐( )
𝑥 𝑥

sin 𝑈 is homogenous funtion of degree 2 in 𝑥 , 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧

By using euler’s theorem

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑛𝑓(𝑢)
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = ′
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑓 (𝑢)

Where n= degree

𝑓(𝑢) = sin 𝑈

𝑓 ′ (𝑢) = cos 𝑈

𝑛𝑓(𝑢) 2 sin 𝑈
= = = 2 tan 𝑈
𝑓 ′ (𝑢) cos 𝑈

Hence proved.