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are larger than primary windings. However, these forces
tn−1 t
should be calculated precisely for discussing and evaluating
Rpr i1sc (t)dt + i1sc (t)dt short circuit conditions accurately. It is notable that,
0 tn−1
applicable approaches have been presented to detect short
circuit fault in transformers [16, 17]. These methods can be
tn−1 t
+ Lpr i1sc (t) − i1sc (0) + u(t)dt + u(t)dt utilised to protect transformers in different conditions.
0 tn−1 These methods can distinguish inrush currents with the
Dt
huge magnitude from short circuit currents to implement a
= Rpr j2 + i (t) + i1sc tn−1 + Lpr i1sc (t) − i1sc (0) reliable protection.
2 1sc
V1
Dt 3 Analytical calculation of exerted axial and
+ j1 + u(t) + u tn−1 = m cos u − cos (vt + u)
2 v radial forces on power transformers windings
(18b)
Interaction between the winding currents which calculated in
tn−1 t
the previous part and the existing leakage flux in the winding
Rse i2sc (t)dt + i2sc (t)dt + Lse i2sc (t) − i2sc (0) regions which is estimated in this part, generate
0 tn−1 electromagnetic forces in transformers. Here, the method of
images is utilised to obtain the magnetic flux density as a
Dt
double-Fourier series [18]. The transformer window region
= Rse j3 + i2sc (t) + i2sc tn−1 + Lse i2sc (t) − i2sc (0)
2 has been exhibited in Fig. 4 in which all the four
Dt
boundaries have been assumed infinitely permeable. This
= j1 + u(t) + u tn−1 (18c) rectangular region contains an arrangement of a number of
2 rectangular conductors (q) carrying current. Based on the
method of images, an infinite number of images both in the
where V1m is the maximum magnitude of the applied primary x and y directions are made by the q conductors. The vector
voltage, ω is the angular supply frequency, θ is the angular potential (A) is described using Laplacian equation by
position. Furthermore, ξ1, ξ2 and ξ3 are defined as follows
tn−1 ∂2 A ∂2 A
Dt + 2 = −m 0 J (20)
j1 = u(t)dt = u(0) + 2u(Dt) + 2u(2Dt) + · · · ∂x2 ∂y
0 2
+2u((n − 2)Dt) + u((n − 1)Dt) (19a) where J is the current density. This current density is
computed using magneto motive force of the primary
tn−1
Dt
j2 = i1sc (t)dt =
i (0) + 2i1sc (Dt) + 2i1sc (2Dt) + · · ·
0 2 1sc
+2i1sc ((n − 2)Dt) + i1sc ((n − 1)Dt) (19b)
tn−1
Dt
j3 = i2sc (t)dt = i (0) + 2i2sc (Dt) + 2i2sc (2Dt) + · · ·
0 2 2sc
+2i2sc ((n − 2)Dt) + i2sc ((n − 1)Dt) (19c)
Fig. 3 Analytical simulation of short circuit currents (left) primary and (right) secondary
IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 2, pp. 250–260 255
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0268 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014
17518695, 2014, 2, Downloaded from https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0268 by National Medical Library The Director, Wiley Online Library on [15/11/2022]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
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256 IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 2, pp. 250–260
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014 doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0268