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forces along the height of the windings in the axial direction
(y), the windings height has been divided into 10 000 parts
and forces are obtained for each part. Finally, the total axial
and radial forces against height of windings are determined
as follows
w′j h′j w′j h′j
∂A
frj = Jj Hy dxdy = −Jj
wj hj wj m
hj 0 ∂x
w′j h′j w′j h′j
∂A
faj = Jj Hx dxdy =Jj
wj hj wj hj m0 ∂y
By substituting (23) in (28a) and (28b), Hx and Hy are
easily calculated. So, using these terms and equations (29a)
and (29b), the radial and axial forces are calculated by
′
h=h 1 1
Jj j   coupling between electrical field because of supply and
Frj = − C magnetic field and distributed flux have been taken into
m0 h=h m=1 n=1 m,n
j account.
   (30a)
′ ′
CosMm wj − CosMm wj SinNn hj − SinNn hj
Nn
h=h 1 1 ′ forces.
Jj j  
Faj = C
m0 h=h m=1 n=1 m,n
j
  
SinMm w′j − SinMm wj CosNn h′j − CosNn hj
Mm
These forces can be evaluated from static and dynamic
aspects. Since values of these forces in the primary times of
occurring short circuit fault (transient mode) and later times
(steady state) are different, they can be assessed
dynamically. Furthermore, values of these forces vary
against height of windings in any particular time which can
be utilised to critique forces from static aspects. Figs. 5a
and b depict the exerted axial force to the LV and HV
power transformer windings in the steady state.
The demonstrated forces in Figs. 5a and b have been
generated by the interaction of the radial component of the
leakage flux density and the current density. They act in the
axial direction and tend to bend the conductors in the axial
direction. In addition, their sum total acts on the
coil-clamping ring and other clamping structures. According
to Figs. 5a and b, the maximum values of this force are
seen on the top and bottom of conductors. Moreover, it is
observed that values of this force for the LV and HV
windings are close to each other.
Figs. 5c and d illustrate the exerted radial force to the LV
and HV power transformer windings in the steady state.
The revealed forces in Figs. 5c and d have been produced
by the interaction of the axial component of the leakage
flux density and the current density. According to Figs. 5c
and d, the maximum value of the radial force is observed in
the middle of conductors. It acts in the radial direction and
tends to squeeze the inner winding and burst the outer
winding. It is notable that currents in LV and HV windings
have opposite directions. Therefore the exerted radial forces
on the LV and HV windings have opposite signs.
IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 2, pp. 250–260
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0268
www.ietdl.org
Figs. 5e–h exhibit axial and radial forces at the transient
overshoot of the short circuit current in the transient mode
of the fault. Comparison between axial and radial forces in
the transient mode and steady state shows that values of
these forces in the transient mode are much more than the
steady state. It is because of considerable increase of short
circuit currents values in the transient mode in comparison
dxdy (29a) with steady state.
4 2D and 3D finite element analysis of power
dxdy (29b) transformers under short circuit fault
To verify the analytical results, the power transformer
specified in Table 1, has been modelled using 2D and 3D
TSFEM. In these models, all geometrical, mechanical,
electrical and magnetic characteristics of the real
transformer have been taken into account. The distribution
of transformer windings, used materials characteristics and
Fig. 6 shows the distribution of the axial and radial leakage
flux density in a transformer leg which includes short
circuited windings. The radial and axial distribution of flux
within windings clearly shows the nature of aforementioned
Fig. 7 depicts primary and secondary short circuit currents
in the simulated power transformer using TSFEM.
Comparison between Figs. 3 and 7 demonstrates acceptable
agreement between analytical approach and FEM results.
Based on the Lorents law, axial and radial forces are
because of interaction between flux leakage and distributed
(30b) current density. Fig. 8 illustrate simulation of exerted axial
and radial forces on the power transformer windings in the
transient mode and steady state. Comparison between
obtained results using TSFEM and analytical results
presented in part III reveals the adequate agreement
between both types of results which exhibits high accuracy
of the obtained analytical results. It is obviously seen that
analytical and 2D TSFEMs are verified by 3D TSFEM.
However, the difference between analytical method and 3D
TSFEM is more than that 2D and 3D TSFEMs.
5 Conclusion
In this paper a new method was presented to calculate axial
and radial forces in the core-type power transformer. Since in
this modelling approach, non-linear characteristics of the
core materials, eddy currents effects, symmetrical and
asymmetrical hysteresis loops of the used laminations were
taken into account, obtained results had high precision.
The short circuit currents and aforementioned forces
calculated by the analytical method were certified by the
3D TSFEM results. So, it is concluded that considering
hysteresis loops in the modelling an applying image
method to compute leakage flux density leads to obtain
accurate results with considerable less input data in
comparison with the FEM.
6 Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial and other
supports of this research, provided by the Islamic Azad
University, Eslamshahr Branch, Tehran, Iran.
259
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014

www.ietdl.org
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