UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TÉCNICO

Vibrações e Ruído
2nd Exam 2019/2020 - 31st of January 2020
(without consultation)

Problem 1 (6 val.)

Figure 1

The trailer of figure 1 and its suspension may be considered as a single degree of freedom
system; the suspension is constituted by leaf springs, which provide both flexibility and
damping due to the friction between leaves; the tires also contribute with their flexibility and
damping. Therefore, we can establish a model where the trailer mass is 500 kg, the equivalente
stiffness (springs + tires) is 5.25x106 N/m and the equivalent damping coefficient (springs +
tires) is 20x103 Ns/m.
The trailer is towed by a vehicle over the surface of a road, which is equivalent to a sinusoidal
wave with an amplitude of 3x10-3 m and a wave-length of 1.1 m. The wheels are supposed to
be in permanent contact with the road.
Considering that the trailer travels at a constant speed of 61.2 km/h, give an answer to the
following questions:

a) establish the dynamic equilibrium equation using D’Alembert’s principle;

b) solve the previous point using Lagrange’s equation;
c) calculate the motion transmissibility and give an interpretation to the obtained result;
d) calculate the steady-state response of the system;
e) calculate the force that is transmitted to the trailer by the road and its maximum value;
f) calculate the speed (in km/h) beyond which there is motion isolation, i.e., when the
response amplitude becomes smaller then the amplitude imposed by the road.
Problem 2 (6 val.)

Figure 2

Figure 2 represents a 2 degree of freedom system. There is a force f(t) applied to the rigid bar
1
of length , mass m and inertia moment Jcg (= m 2
). The displacements are assumed to have
12
small amplitude. Give an answer to the following questions:

a) with respect to coordinates x1 e x2, write the expressions of:

(i) the kinetic energy;

(ii) the potencial energy;
(iii) Rayleigh’s dissipation-function;
(iv) The generalized forces.

b) determine the dynamic equilibrium equations in coordinates x1 e x2, using Lagrange’s and
write them in matrix form. Show all the steps in a detailed way;

Using m = 1 kg, k = 104 N/m, and  = 0.2 m,

c) calculate the undamped natural frequencies and the correspondent mode shapes;
d) give a physical interpretation to the mode shapes with a graphical representation and
determine the position of the 2nd mode shape node;
e) explain the conditions where the damped mode shapes would be the same as the
undamped ones;
f) neglecting the damping, calculate the response at coordinates x1 e x2, when f(t) has a
harmonic variation with a magnitude of 100 N and frequency 150 rad/s.
Problem 3 (4 val.)

Figure 3 represents a homogeneous bar of uniform section, fixed at x = 0 and with a spring of
stiffness k at x = .

Figure 3

a) The boundary condition at x= is AEu' ( , t ) = −k u ( , t ) , which implies

AE ' ( ) = −k  ( ) . Justify these expressions;
b) determine the frequency equation;
c) determine the mode shapes expression;
d) explain how you would calculate the free vibration response.

Problem 4 (4 val.)

Two machines, close to each other, stand in the middle of a room, on a perfect reflective floor.
One of them produces a sound power of 5 Watt at 200 Hz and the other a sound power of 2
Watt at 400 Hz.
a) How many hours should a person stay at a distance of 10 meters from both machines,
during a working week?
b) Alternatively, at which distance should the person stay, so to stand the sound level from
both machines during the whole working week?
c) After verifying that it is not possible to change the working position as a result of point
b), it was decided to put an insulating panel between the machines and the person. That
panel provides an attenuation of 2 dB at 200 Hz and 5 dB at 400 Hz, at the distance of 10
m. Which is the impact of such solution?

Values:

Prob.\Point a b c d e f Total
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6
2 2 (0,5+0,5+0,5+0.5) 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 1 6
3 1 1 1 1 ---- ---- 4
4 1,5 1,5 1 ---- ---- ---- 4
 Formulæ

Discrete systems
d  N

(T + V ) = Fnc  r
  L +  Qk  qk  dt = 0 ,  qk ( t1 ) = qk ( t2 ) =0 , k=1,... N
t2

dt t1
 k =1 

 Wreal +  Winertia = 0 d   T   T  V  F
− + + = Qj j = 1,...N
forces forces dt   q j   q j  q j  q j

Mt 1
c cr = 2m n a = n 1 −  2 = Inertia moment of a bar: J cg = m 2
GI p 12
1
Inertia moment of a disc: J cg = mR 2
2
F
x(t ) = e −n t ( A1 cos at + A2 sinat ) + sin (t −  )
( k − m ) + ( c )
2 2 2

Centrifugal force = me 2

c 2 xi 1 x 
 = tg −1 = tg −1 Damping ratio = = n i = 2
k − m 2 1−  2 xi +1 n xi + n 1− 2

k 2 + ( c ) 1 + ( 2 )
2 2
F 1 X 2
X= = TR = =
k
(1 −  ) + ( 2 )
2 2 2 e
(1 −  ) + ( 2 )
2 2 2
( k − m ) + ( c )
2 2 2
(1 −  ) + ( 2 )
2 2 2

1
f ( )e −n (t − ) sin a (t −  )  d
t
x(t ) =
a m  0

 M  x + C  x +  K  x =  f   K  −  2  M   X  = 0
   X  =  Z −1 F 

 x =  Cr u (r )  cos(r t + r ) = u  p
N
 `M`  p + `K `  p = P  or in certain cases `M`  p + `C `  p + `K `  p = P 
r =1

`M`  = u T  M  u  `K `  = u T  K  u  `C `  = u T C  u  P  = u T  f 

u uT  K u
u N =  `M`  =  I  `K `  = `n `  2 
 =
2
 
uT  M u uT  M u
  
 x(t ) =    u (r )   M    x0  cos r t +  x0   
N T  1
sinr t   u ( r ) 
r  N
r =1  
N   

Continuous systems:
Strings:
P  ( '( x) ) dx
2
 2 w( x, t )  2 w( x, t ) P  
c 2
= c= w( x, t ) =  ( x) T(t)  ( x) = A cos x + B sin x  = 2 0
 x2  t2  c c    2 ( x) dx
0

Bars:
E  ( '( x) ) dx
2
 2 u ( x, t )  2 u ( x, t ) E  
c 2
= c= u( x, t ) =  ( x) T(t)  ( x) = A cos x + B sin x  = 2 0
 x2  t2  ~ c ~ c    2 ( x) dx
0

Shafts:
G  ( '( x) ) dx
2
 2 ( x, t )  2 ( x, t ) G  
c 2
= c=  ( x, t ) =  ( x) T(t)  ( x) = A cos x + B sin x  = 2 0
 x2  t2  ~ c ~ c    2 ( x) dx
0
Beams:

 4 w( x, t )  2 w( x, t ) EI
c2 + =0 c= w( x, t ) =  ( x ) T(t)
 x4  t2 A
 ( x) = C1 cos  x + C2 sin x + C3 cosh  x + C4 sinh x
 '( x) = −C1 sin x + C2  cos  x + C3 sinh x + C4  cosh  x
 ''( x) = −C1 2 cos  x − C2  2 sin x + C3 2 cosh  x + C4  2 sinh x
 '''( x) = C1 3 sin x − C2  3 cos  x + C3 3sinh x + C4  3 cosh  x

T (t ) = A cos t + Bsint  2 w( x, t ) 
M ( x, t ) = EI ( x) V ( x, t ) = M ( x, t )
4 =
 A 2
 =( ) 2
EI x 2 x
EI A 4

0 EI ( x) ( "( x) )  ki ( ( xi ))2 +  k t ( '( x j ))2

2
dx +
 
j

0 sin x dx =  cos 2
i j
2 = 2
x dx =
0  A( x)  mr ( ( xr )) +  Js ( '( xs ))
0 2
2
( x)dx + 2 2

r s

Noise:
p
L p = 20log p0 = 20  Pa
p0 Lp (dB) = LW − 10log Area
2
LI = 10log
I
I0 = 10−12 W/m 2 1 T  p(t ) 
I0 Leq = 10log    dt
T 0  p0 
W Dti 0.1( L pi − 67)
LW = 10log W0 = 10−12 W Ei = 10
W0 40

I=
Sound power p 2
=  = 1,21 Kg/m3 c = 340 m/s
Leq = 67 + 10 log (  Ei )
Area c
I = I1 + I 2 + ... p= p12 + p22 + ...  L pT = 10log (10 Lp1 10 + 10 Lp2 10 + ...)

10
Relative response DLp [dB]

-10

-20

-30

-40

A
-50
10 100 1000 10000
freq.[Hz]