Oscillation Motion

Examples

Simple Harmonic Motion ( 단진동 )

xt  = A cost  

Amplitude Angular Phase

frequency

Period T : Phase increases by 2p :

t    2p = t  T   
2p
T = 2p Period T =

1 
frequency f = = cycles/sec. (Hz)
T 2p

2p
Angular frequency  = 2pf = rad/sec.
T
 = A sint  
dx
Velocity v=
dt
d 2x
Acceleration a = 2 = 2 A cost   = 2 x
dt
xmax = A
vmax = A
amax = 2A

At t = 0, x(0) = x0 = A cos 

v(0) = v0 = A sin 

v0
tan  = 
x0
2
 v0 
A = x0   
2



y
Analogy of a Circular Motion

t + 
xt  = A cost  
x
 : Angular frequency (Velocity)
Motion of a Mass Attached to a Spring

Spring force
d 2x
Fs = kx = ma = m 2
dt
k
a= x
m
Define k
 
2

m
d 2x Equation of a simple
2
=   2
x
dt Harmonic Motion

Assume f t  = cost  

df t 
=  sint  
dt
d 2 f t 
2
=   2
cos t    =   2
f t 
dt

 xt  = A cost  

Period 2p m
T= = 2p
 k
1 1 k 
Frequency f = = =
T 2p m 2p
 Special Case I

xt  = A cos t

vt  =
dx
= A sin t
dt
d 2x
at  = 2 = 2 A cos t
dt

Special Case II  = p
2
xt  = A sin t = sin t
v0

vt  =
dx
= A cos t
dt
= v0 cos t

d 2x
at  = 2 = v0 sin t
dt
Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
Total Energy : E = K Us
xt  = A cost   k
=
vt  = A sint   m

K = 12 mv2 = 12 m2 A2 sin 2 t  

= 12 kA2 sin 2 t  

U s = 12 kx 2 = 12 kA2 cos2 t  


E = K  U s = 12 kA2 sin 2 t    cos2 t   
Total Energy : E = K  U s = 12 mv2  12 kx 2 = 12 kA2

v=
k 2
m
 
A  x 2 =   A2  x 2   v :position dependent

At x = 0, t +  = p/ 2
Us = 0  E = K = 12 mvmax
2
= 12 m2 A2
Example: Oscillation on a horizontal Surface
m= 0.50 kg, k = 20.0 N/m = k
m = 40 / sec
(a) A = 3.0 cm = 0.030 m
Total Energy : E = K  U s = 12 kA2
vmax : E = 12 mvmax
2
= 12 kA2 At x = 0

(b) x = 2.0 cm = 0.020 m

Total Energy : E = 12 mv2  12 kx 2 = 12 kA2

v=
k 2
m
  
A  x 2 =   A2  x 2 
Motion of a Pendulum
d 2s
Ft = mg sin  = m 2
dt
s = L

d 2
mL 2 = mg sin 
dt
d 2 g
=  sin 
dt 2 L

For small ; sin   

d 2 g =
g
=   =   2

dt 2
L L

 = 0 cost  
Maximum angular displacement

2p L
T= = 2p
 g
The physical Pendulum

Toque  = I
=  Mgd sin 
d d 2
I 2 =  Mgd sin 
dt

For a small , sin   

d 2 Mgd
2
=  
dt I
Mgd
=
I
2p I
T= = 2p
 Mgd

I = 13 ML2 , d = 12 L

Mgd 3g
= =
I 2L
2p 2L
T= = 2p
 3g
 Wave Motion
Three Wave Characteristics

1. Wave Length l
2. Period T or Frequency f = 1/T
3. Speed of wave v

Types of Waves

Transverse Wave
Longitudinal Wave
One-Dimensional Transverse Traveling Wave

y = f (x) at t = 0
ymax : Amplitude

 General form of wave, y (x,t)

y = f (x – vt) : traveling to the right
y = f (x + vt) : traveling to the left

Same phase
x ,t  = x  vt
x  x ,t  t  = x  x  vt  t 
= x  vt  x  v  t
= x ,t  = x  vt
dx : wave velocity,
v=
dt phase speed (velocity)

 Wave
- Energy  Propagate
- Media
Sinusoidal Traveling Waves
 2p 
y = A sin   x  vt 
l 
Wave length l
Wave velocity v
Period T
vT = l  T = l / v , v = l / T

 2p  l 
y = A sin   x  t 
l  T 
 2p 2p 
= A sin x t
 l T 

Convenient to define
2p 2p
k  = 2pf
l T

 y = A sinkx  t 

v = = lf
k

Generalized wave function form

y = A sinkx  t  
Phase constant
Sinusoidal Waves on Strings

y = A sinkx  t 
Transverse speed
dy  y
vy =   = A coskx  t 
dt  x =constant t
Transverse acceleration

dv y  v y
ay =  = =   2
A sinkx  t 
dt  x =constant t

v 
y max = A

a 
y max = 2 A
Superposition and Interference of waves

• if two or more traveling waves are moving through a medium,

the resultant wave function at any point is the sum of the wave
functions of the individual waves.
: Superposition principle

• Two traveling waves can pass through each other without being
destroyed or even altered.
 Interference Phenomena (간섭 현상)
One of the wave characteristics
The Speed of Transverse Waves on Strings


 F = 2F sin   2F  
mv 2
=
R

: the mass per unit length (선밀도)

m =   s = R  2

R  2  v 2
2F   = = 2v 2
R
F
v= : speed of transverse waves on strings


F = Mg

F Mg
Mg v= =
 
M
Reflection and Transmission of Waves
Reflection
Rigid End Free End

The reflected pulse remains

same without inversion.

Inverted reflected pulse

but the shape remains same.
Transmission
vA F
vA =
A

F
vB =
B

vB
v A > vB

Inverted Reflected pulse but no inversion in the Transmitted pulse.

vA vB v A < vB

No inversion in both the Reflected and Transmitted pulse.

Energy Transmitted by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings

y = A sinkx  t 

m : Simple Harmonic Motion

Total Energy E = 12 kA2 = 12 m2 A2

Total Energy for m E = 12 kA2 = 12 m2 A2

E = 12 x 2 A2

dE 1  dx  2 2
Power P P= = 2    A
dt  dt 
P = 12 2 A2v
Sound Waves
Longitudinal Wave

sx ,t  = smax coskx  t 

Pressure relative to its equilibrium

P = Pmax sinkx  t 

Pmax = vsmax
 : density of medium
v : the wave speed
smax : the maximum longuitudinal
speed of the medium

l
Pressure
P = vsmax coskx  t  p2 
90° phase off
mv s
P
t  A
= smax sinkx  t 
ds
vs =
dt
m = x  A
x
P   smax sinkx  t 
t
= vsmax sinkx  t 
Doppler Effect
Relative motion between the source and the observer causes a
higher or lower frequency than the original frequency.

Moving Observer
frequency
v
f =
l
v  v0 v  v0
f= = f
l v
Observer moving toward source

Moving Source
v
f=
l
l = vT
v  vs
l = v  vs T =
f
v  v 
f= = f  
l  v  vs 
Source moving toward observer
In general
 v  vo 
f  = f  
 v  vs 