Vector Integration: Notes 1: Work Done Course Teacher: Dr.

Poonam Bora
Class: SYCSE, SYETC

Prerequisite:
• Scalar (Dot) product between two vectors: Let 𝑎̅ = 𝑎1 𝑖̅ + 𝑎2 𝑗̅ + 𝑎3 𝑘̅ and 𝑏̅ = 𝑏1 𝑖̅ + 𝑏2 𝑗̅ + 𝑏3 𝑘̅
then the dot product of 𝑎̅ with 𝑏̅ is a scalar denoted by is 𝑎̅ ∙ 𝑏̅ = 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3 .
• Work done: If 𝐹̅ represents the variable force acting on a particle along arc 𝐴𝐵 then the total
𝐵
work done = ∫ 𝐹̅ ∙ 𝑑𝑟̅ .
𝐴
• If 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹̅ = 0, then the field is conservative (i.e. no work is done and the energy is conserved)
or irrotational.
• When 𝐹̅ is irrotational, the value of the integral does not depend on the path of integration and
depends on the end points
• If 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹̅ ≠ 0, then the field is non conservative or rotational.
• When 𝐹̅ is rotational the value of the integral depends on the path of integration.
̅ along the
̅ = 𝒚𝒊̅ + 𝒛𝒋̅ + 𝒙𝒌
Ex.1 Find work done in moving a particle in the force field given by 𝑭
parabola 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙 from the origin to the point 𝟒𝒊̅ + 𝟐𝒋.
Sol. Given: Force is 𝐹̅ = 𝑦𝑖̅ + 𝑧𝑗̅ + 𝑥𝑘̅
Here 𝐶: 𝑦 2 = 𝑥. This is a parabola in XY plane. Thus, position vector is 𝑟̅ = 𝑥𝑖̅ + 𝑦𝑗̅
Replacing 𝑥 by 𝑦 2 .
𝐹̅ = 𝑦𝑖̅ + 𝑧𝑗̅ + 𝑦 2 𝑘̅
𝑟̅ = 𝑦 2 𝑖̅ + 𝑦𝑗̅. Differentiating both sides, we get
𝑑𝑟̅ = 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑖̅ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗̅

∴ 𝐹̅ ∙ 𝑑𝑟̅ = (𝑦𝑖̅ + 𝑧𝑗̅ + 𝑦 2 𝑘̅ ) ∙ (2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑖̅ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗̅)

= 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑦
In XY plane 𝑧 = 0 therefore 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟̅ = 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
Now, Work done = ∫𝐶 𝐹̅ ∙ 𝑑𝑟̅ = ∫𝐶 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦.

Along 𝐶 from origin to 4𝑖̅ + 2𝑗, i.e. from (0,0) to (4,2) 𝑦 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 2.
2
4 𝑦3 23 16
Thus, work done = ∫𝐶 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 2 [ 3 ] = 2 [ 3 − 0] = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
0 3

(𝟏,𝟎)
Ex.2 Evaluate ∫(𝟎,𝟎) 𝑭̅ ∙ 𝒅𝒓̅ along x-axis from 𝒙 = 𝟎 to 𝒙 = 𝟏, where 𝑭
̅ = 𝒙𝟐 𝒊̅ − 𝒙𝒚𝒋̅.

Ans. 𝑟̅ = 𝑥𝑖̅ + 𝑦𝑗̅

Along 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑦 = 0 ∴ 𝑟̅ = 𝑥𝑖̅ + 0𝑗̅ = 𝑟̅ = 𝑥𝑖̅ ∴ 𝑑𝑟̅ = 𝑑𝑥𝑖̅ .
𝐹̅ ∙ 𝑑𝑟̅ = (𝑥 2 𝑖̅ − 𝑥𝑦𝑗̅) ∙ 𝑑𝑥𝑖̅ = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥.
(1,0) 3 1
1 𝑥 1
Thus, 𝐼 = ∫(0,0) 𝐹̅ ∙ 𝑑𝑟̅ = ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [ 3 ] = 3 units.
0

̅ = 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒊̅ + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒋̅ displaces a particle in the XY-plane from (𝟎, 𝟎) 𝒕𝒐 (𝟏, 𝟒)

Ex.3 If a force 𝑭
along a curve 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 . Find the work done.
Sol. 𝐹̅ = 2 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑖̅ + 3𝑥𝑦𝑗̅
In XY-plane 𝑧 = 0 ∴ 𝑑𝑟̅ = 𝑑𝑥𝑖̅ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗̅
Work done = ∫𝐶 𝐹̅ ∙ 𝑑𝑟̅ = ∫𝐶(2 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑖̅ + 3𝑥𝑦𝑗̅) ∙ (𝑑𝑥𝑖̅ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗̅) = ∫𝐶(2 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦)……. (1)

Along 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑦 = 8𝑥𝑑𝑥, 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 1.

1
Work done= ∫0 (2 𝑥 2 × 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 × 4𝑥 2 × 8𝑥𝑑𝑥)
1
= ∫ (8 𝑥 4 + 96𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥
0
1
= ∫0 104 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥5
= 104 [ ]
5 0
104
= units.
5

Ex. 4 Find the work done in moving a particle once around the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟗, 𝒛 = 𝟎 in the
̅.
̅ = (𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒛)𝒊̅ + (𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒛𝟐 )𝒋̅ + (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟒𝒛)𝒌
force field 𝑭
Sol. Given: 𝐹̅ = (2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑖̅ + (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 2 )𝑗̅ + (3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4𝑧)𝑘̅.
Here 𝐶: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9, 𝑧 = 0 is a circle with center at origin(0,0) and radius 𝑟 = 3, in XY plane where
𝑧 = 0. Thus, position vector is 𝑟̅ = 𝑥𝑖̅ + 𝑦𝑗̅
Differentiating both sides, we get
𝑑𝑟̅ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖̅ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗̅
̅
∴ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟̅ = 𝐹̅ = [(2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑖̅ + (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 2 )𝑗̅ + (3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4𝑧)𝑘̅] ∙ [𝑑𝑥 𝑖̅ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗]

= (2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑦.

Now, Work done = ∫𝐶 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟̅ = ∫𝐶(2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑦.

To evaluate the work done once along 𝐶: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9 we convert integral into 𝜃.

We know that for a point (𝑥, 𝑦) on a circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 , 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 and
𝜃 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋 for one round around the circle.
Here 𝑥 = 3 cos 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = −3 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑦 = 3 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = 3 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃.
Therefore, work done
2𝜋
= ∫𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟̅ = ∫ [2(3 cos 𝜃) − 3 sin 𝜃 + 0](−3 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃) + (3 cos 𝜃 + 3 sin 𝜃 − 0)(3 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃)
𝐶 0
2𝜋
= ∫ [−18 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃]𝑑𝜃 + [9𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 9 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃] 𝑑𝜃
0
2𝜋
= ∫ {[−18 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃] + [9𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 9 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃]} 𝑑𝜃
0
2𝜋
= ∫ {−18 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 9 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 9(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)} 𝑑𝜃
0
2𝜋
= ∫0 {−9 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 9(1)} 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
= 9 ∫ {− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 1)} 𝑑𝜃
0
2𝜋
sin 2𝜃
= 9∫ {− + 1)} 𝑑𝜃
0 2
cos 2𝜃 2𝜋
= 9{ + 𝜃)}
4 0

1 1
= 9 [{ + 2𝜋} − { + 0}]
4 4
1 1
∫𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟̅ = 9 [{ + 2𝜋} − { + 0}] = 9 × 2𝜋 = 18𝜋 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐶 4 4
2
4 𝑦3 23 16
Thus, work done = ∫𝐶 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 2 [ 3 ] = 2 [ 3 − 0] = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
0 3

Ex. 5 Evaluate ∫𝑪 𝑭 ̅ . 𝒅𝒓̅ where 𝑭 ̅ where 𝑪 is the path

̅ = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚)𝒊̅ + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒛)𝒋̅ + (𝒛𝟐 + 𝒚𝒛)𝒌
𝒙 = 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒕𝟐 , 𝒛 = 𝒕𝟑 from the point (𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎) to (1,1,1).

Sol. ∫𝐶 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟̅ = ∫𝐶[(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑖̅ + (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑧)𝑗̅ + (𝑧 2 + 𝑦𝑧)𝑘̅]. [𝑑𝑥𝑖̅ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗̅ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘̅] along curve

𝐶: 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 3 ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 = 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

∫𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟̅ = ∫[(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑧 2 + 𝑦𝑧)𝑑𝑧]

𝐶 𝐶

2
= ∫𝐶 [(𝑡 2 + 2𝑡𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 + (𝑡 2 − 2𝑡𝑡 3 )2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ((𝑡 3 )2 + 𝑡 2 𝑡 3 )3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡]

= ∫[(𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 3 )𝑑𝑡 + (𝑡 4 − 2𝑡 4 )2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + (𝑡 6 + 𝑡 5 )3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡]

𝐶

= ∫[(𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 3 )𝑑𝑡 + (𝑡 4 − 2𝑡 4 )2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + (𝑡 6 + 𝑡 5 )3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡]

𝐶
 = ∫[(𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 3 )𝑑𝑡 + 2(𝑡 5 − 2𝑡 5 ) 𝑑𝑡 + 3(𝑡 8 + 𝑡 7 )𝑑𝑡]
𝐶

∫𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟̅ = ∫3𝑡 8 + 3𝑡 7 − 2𝑡 5 + 2𝑡 3 + 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

𝐶 𝐶

As 𝑥 = 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠.

1
∫𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟̅ = ∫ 3𝑡 8 + 3𝑡 7 − 2𝑡 5 + 2𝑡 3 + 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝐶 0
1
𝑡9 𝑡8 𝑡6 𝑡4 𝑡3
= [3 + 3 − 2 + 2 + ]
9 8 6 4 3 0
1
𝑡9 𝑡 8 𝑡6 𝑡4 𝑡3
=[ +3 − + + ]
3 8 3 2 3 0

1 1 1 1 1
=[ + − + + ]
3 8 3 2 3
1 1 1 1 1
=[ + − + + ]
3 8 3 2 3
29
= 24 units

̅ is a conservative field. Find the scalar potential

̅ = (𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒛𝟑 )𝒊̅ + 𝒙𝟐 𝒋̅ + 𝟑𝒛𝟐 𝒙𝒌
Ex.6 Show that 𝑭
and work done in moving particle from (𝟏, −𝟐, 𝟏) to (𝟑, 𝟏, 𝟒).
Sol. Given 𝐹̅ = (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖̅ + 𝑥 2 𝑗̅ + 3𝑧 2 𝑥𝑘̅
The field 𝐹̅ = 𝑖̅ + 𝑥 2 𝑗̅ + 3𝑧 2 𝑥𝑘̅ is conservative if 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹̅ = 0 i.e. if ∇ × 𝐹̅ = 0, where 0
on R.H.S is zero vector 0𝑖̅ + 0𝑗̅ + 0𝑘̅.
𝑖̅ 𝑗̅ 𝑘̅
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹̅ = ∇ × 𝐹̅ =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
[ (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 ) 𝑥2 3𝑧 2 𝑥]
𝜕3𝑧 2 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕3𝑧 2 𝑥 𝜕 (2𝑥𝑦+𝑧 3 ) 𝜕𝑥2 3
𝜕(2𝑥𝑦+𝑧 )
= 𝑖̅ [ − ] − 𝑗̅ [ − ] + 𝑘̅ [ 𝜕𝑥 − ]
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦

= 𝑖̅[0 − 0] − 𝑗̅[3𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 2 ] + 𝑘̅ [2𝑥 − 2𝑥]

= 0𝑖̅ − 0𝑗̅ + 0𝑘̅
= 0.
Thus, the given field is conservative.
Note that in a conservative field the integral depends only on end points and not the path between the
two points.
The corresponding potential function 𝜙 is defined as 𝐹̅ = ∇𝜙 or
𝑑𝜙 = 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟̅

Here 𝑟̅ = 𝑥𝑖̅ + 𝑦𝑗̅ + 𝑧𝑘̅ ∴ 𝑑𝑟̅ = 𝑑𝑥𝑖̅ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗̅ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘̅

∴ 𝑑𝜙 = [(2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖̅ + 𝑥 2 𝑗̅ + 3𝑧 2 𝑥𝑘̅] ∙ [𝑑𝑥𝑖̅ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗̅ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘̅]

𝑑𝜙 = [(2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑧 2 𝑥𝑑𝑧]

Rearranging terms
𝑑𝜙 = [(2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦) + 𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑧 2 𝑥𝑑𝑧]
On close observation we find that
(2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦) = 𝑑(𝑥 2 𝑦) and
𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑧 2 𝑥𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑(𝑧 3 𝑥).
Using this we get
𝑑𝜙 = [𝑑(𝑥 2 𝑦) + 𝑑(𝑧 3 𝑥)].
Now integrating both sides we get

∫ 𝑑𝜙 = ∫ 𝑑(𝑥 2 𝑦) + 𝑑(𝑧 3 𝑥)

𝜙 = ∫ 𝑑(𝑥 2 𝑦) + ∫ 𝑑(𝑧 3 𝑥)

Thus, potential function 𝜙 = (𝑥 2 𝑦+𝑧 3 𝑥 + 𝑐), where 𝑐 is constant of integration.

(3,1,4) (3,1,4) (3,1,4)
Work done = ∫𝐶 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟̅ = ∫(1,−2,1) 𝑑𝜙 = [𝜙](1,−2,1) = [ 𝑥 2 𝑦+𝑧 3 𝑥 + 𝑐](1,−2,1)

= [ 32 (1)+43 (3) + 𝑐] − [ 12 (−2)+13 (1) + 𝑐]

= [9 + 192 + 𝑐] − [−2 + 1 + 𝑐]
= 201 + 𝑐 + 1 − 𝑐
= 202 units.