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THE
M A
TIC
S
TARGET IIT JEE 2018
XII (ALL)
DETERMINANT
CONTENTS
KEY CONCEPT Page –2
EXERCISE–I Page –5
EXERCISE–II Page –7
EXERCISE–III Page –8
ANSWER KEY Page -11
VI
B RANTAC
A DEMY(
Indi
a )
Pri
v ate
Limi
t ed
Believe In Excellence
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KEY CONCEPTS
DETERMINANT
a1 b1
1. The symbol is called the determinant of order two.
a2 b2
Its value is given by : D = a1 b2 a2 b1
a1 b1 c1
2. The symbol a 2 b2 c2 is called the determinant of order three .
a3 b3 c3
b2 c2 b1 c1 b1 c1
Its value can be found as : D = a1
b3 c3
a2 b c + a3 b c OR
3 3 2 2
b 2 c2 a 2 c2 a 2 b2
D = a1 b1 a c + c1 a b ....... and so on .
b 3 c3 3 3 3 3
In this manner we can expand a determinant in 6 ways using elements of ;
R1 , R2 , R3 or C1 , C2 , C3 .
3. Following examples of short hand writing large expressions are :
(i) The lines : a1x + b1y + c1 = 0........ (1)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0........ (2)
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0........ (3)
a1 b1 c1
are concurrent if , a2 b2 c2 = 0 .
a3 b3 c3
Condition for the consistency of three simultaneous linear equations in 2 variables.
(ii) ax² + 2 hxy + by² + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines if :
a h g
abc + 2 fgh af² bg² ch² = 0 = h b f
g f c
(iii) Area of a triangle whose vertices are (xr , yr) ; r = 1 , 2 , 3 is :
x1 y1 1
1
D= x 2 y2 1 If D = 0 then the three points are collinear .
2
x3 y3 1
x y 1
(iv) Equation of a straight line passsing through (x1 , y1) & (x2 , y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0
x 2 y2 1
4. MINORS :
The minor of a given element of a determinant is the determinant of the elements which remain after deleting
the row & the column in which the given element stands . For example, the minor of a1 in (Key Concept 2)
b2 c2 a 1 c1
is & the minor of b2 is .
b 3 c3 a 3 c3
Hence a determinant of order two will have “4 minors” & a determinant of order three will have “9
minors”.
5. COFACTOR :
If Mij represents the minor of some typical element then the cofactor is defined as :
Cij = (–1)i+j . Mij ; Where i & j denotes the row & column in which the particular element lies. Note that the
value of a determinant of order three in terms of ‘Minor’ & ‘Cofactor’ can be written as :
D = a11M11 a12M12 + a13M13 OR D = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13 & so on .......
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6. PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS :
P 1 : The value of a determinant remains unaltered , if the rows & columns are inter changed.
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
e.g. if D = a 2 b2 c2 b 1 b2 b 3 = D
a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3
D & D are transpose of each other . If D = D then it is S KEW SYMMETRIC determinant but
D= D 2 D = 0 D = 0 Skew symmetric determinant of third order has the value zero.
P 2: If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged , the value of determinant is changed
in sign only. e.g.
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
a
Let D = 2 b2 c2 & D = a 1 b1 c1 Then D = D .
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
P 3: If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical , then its value is zero.
a1 b1 c1
e.g. Let D = a 1 b1 c1 then it can be verified that D = 0.
a3 b3 c3
P 4: If all the elements of any row (or column) be multiplied by the same number, then the determinant is
multiplied by that number.
a1 b1 c1 Ka 1 Kb1 Kc1
e.g. a
If D = 2 b2 c2 and D = a2 b2 c2 Then D= KD
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
P5: If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as a sum of two terms then the determinant
can be expressed as the sum of two determinants . e.g.
a 1 x b1 y c1 z a1 b1 c1 x y z
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
P 6: The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or column) the same
multiples of the corresponding elements of any other row
a1 b1 c1
a
(or column). e.g. Let D = 2 b2 c2 and
a3 b3 c3
a 1 ma 2 b1 m b 2 c1 mc 2
D = a2 b2 c2 . Then D= D .
a 3 na 2 b 3 n b 2 c 3 nc 2
Note : that while applying this property ATLEAST ONE ROW (OR COLUMN) must remain unchanged .
P 7: If by putting x = a the value of a determinant vanishes then (x a) is a factor of the determinant.
7. MULTIPLICATION OF TWO DETERMINANTS :
a1 b1 l1 m1 a 1 l 1 b1 l 2 a 1 m1 b1 m2
(i) x
a2 b2 l2 m2 a 2 l1 b 2 l 2 a 2 m1 b 2 m 2
Similarly two determinants of order three are multiplied.
a1 b1 c1 A1 B1 C1
(ii) If D = a 2 b2 c2 0 then , D² = A 2 B2 C2 where Ai , Bi , Ci are cofactors
a3 b3 c3 A3 B3 C3
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a1 b1 c1 A1 A 2 A3 D 0 0
PROOF : Consider a2 b2 c2 × B1 B2 B3 = 0 D 0
a3 b3 c3 C1 C 2 C3 0 0 D
Note : a1A2 + b1B2 + c1C2 = 0 etc.
A1 A 2 A3 A1 A 2 A3 A1 B1 C1
therefore , D x B1 B2 3
B3 = D B1 B2 B3 = D² OR A2 B2 C 2 = D²
C1 C 2 C3 C1 C 2 C3 A3 B3 C3
8. SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION (IN TWO VARIABLES) :
(i) Consistent Equations : Definite & unique solution . [ intersecting lines ]
(ii) Inconsistent Equation : No solution . [ Parallel line ]
(iii) Dependent equation : Infinite solutions . [ Identical lines ]
Let a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 then :
a1 b c
1 1 Given equations are inconsistent
a2 b2 c2
a1 b c
& 1 1 Given equations are dependent
a2 b2 c2
10. If x , y , z are not all zero , the condition for a1x + b1y + c1z = 0 ; a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 &
a1 b1 c1
a3x + b3y + c3z = 0 to be consistent in x , y , z is that a 2 b2 c2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3
Remember that if a given system of linear equations have Only Zero Solution for all its variables then
the given equations are said to have TRIVIAL SOLUTION.
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EXERCISE–I
2
7 5 3i 4i
3
1. (a) Prove that the value of the determinant 5 3i 8 4 5i is real.
2
4i 4 5i 9
3
1 a a 2 bc
(b) Prove that the value of the determinant 1 b b 2 ca = 0
1 c c 2 a b
(c) On which one of the parameter out of a, p, d or x, the value of the determinant
1 a a2
cos( p d) x cos px cos( p d) x does not depend.
sin ( p d) x sin px sin ( p d) x
a 2 2a 2a 1 1 1 1 1
(a) 2a 1 a 2 1 = (a 1)3 (b) x y z = [(xy) (yz) (zx) (x+y+z)]
3 3 1 x3 y3 z3
x3 1 x 2 x
3. If y3 1 y 2 y = 0 and x , y , z are all different then , prove that xyz = 1.
z3 1 z2 z
18 40 89
4. Using properties of determinants or otherwise evaluate 40 89 198 .
89 198 440
a bc 2a 2a
5. Prove that 2b bca 2b = (a + b + c)3 .
2c 2c ca b
a b c bc ca a b
6. If D = c a b and D = a b bc ca then prove that D= 2 D.
b c a ca ab bc
1 a 2 b2 2ab 2b
2 2
7. Prove that 2ab 1 a b 2a = (1 + a² + b²)3.
2 2
2b 2a 1 a b
a bc cb
8. Prove that ac b c a = (a + b + c) (a² + b² + c²).
a b ba c
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bc bc bc bc
10. Factorise the determinant ca ca ca ca .
ab ab a b a b
4 2 1
11. Prove that 4 2 1 = 64( )( )( )( ) ( ) ( )
4 2 1
n! (n 1)! (n 2)! D
12. For a fixed positive integer n, if D= ( n 1)! ( n 2)! (n 3)! then show that 3
4 is divisible
(n 2)! (n 3)! (n 4)! (n!)
by n.
x 2 2 x 3 3x 4
13. Solve for x 2 x 3 3x 4 4 x 5 = 0.
3x 5 5x 8 10x 17
pa qb rc a b c
14. If p + q + r = 0 , prove that qc ra pb = pqr c a b .
rb pc qa b c a
a a3 a 4 1
15. If a , b , c are all different & b b3 b 4 1 = 0, then prove that, abc(ab + bc + ca) = a + b + c.
c c3 c4 1
a2 ab ac
2
16. Show that, ab b bc is divisible by 2 and find the other factor..
2
ac bc c
bc a a 2 1 a2 a3
17. (a) Without expanding prove that ca b b 2 1 b 2 b3 .
ab c c 2 1 c2 c3
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
(b) (a 1) 2 (b 1) 2 2
(c 1) 4 a b c .
(a 1) 2 (b 1) 2 (c 1) 2 1 1 1
x 2 2 x 3 3x 4
18. Solve for x : x 4 2 x 9 3x 16 = 0.
x 8 2 x 27 3x 64
2 r 1 2(3r 1 ) 4(5r 1 ) n
19. If Dr =
n
x
n
y
n
z then prove that
r 1
Dr = 0.
2 1 3 1 5 1
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(a p) 2 (a q ) 2 (a r) 2 (1 ap) 2 (1 aq) 2 (1 ar) 2
21. Prove that : ( b p) 2 ( b q) 2 (b r) 2 (1 bp) 2 (1 bq) 2 (1 br) 2
( c p) 2 ( c q) 2 (c r) 2 (1 cp) 2 (1 cq) 2 (1 cr) 2
(a1 b1 ) 2 (a 1 b 2 ) 2 (a 1 b 3 ) 2
2
22. Prove that (a 2 b1 ) (a 2 b 2 ) 2 (a 2 b 3 ) 2 = 2(a1 a2)(a2 a3)(a3 a1)(b1 b2)(b2 b3)(b3 b1)
(a 3 b1 ) 2 (a 3 b 2 ) 2 (a 3 b 3 ) 2
23. If ax1² + by1² + cz12 = ax22 + by22 + cz22 = ax32 + by32 + cz32 = d
and ax2x3 + by2y3 + cz2z3 = ax3x1 + by3y1 + cz3z1 = ax1x2 + by1y2 + cz1z2 = f,
x1 z1 y1 1/ 2
d 2f
then prove that x 2 y2
z 2 = (d f) (a , b , c 0)
x3 z3 y3 abc
S0 S1 S2
24. r
If Sr = + + then show that S1 S2 S3 = ( )2 ( )2 ( )2 .
r r
S2 S3 S4
25. If u = ax2 + 2 bxy + cy2 , u = ax2 + 2 bxy + cy2. Prove that
y2 xy x 2
ax by bx cy 1 u u
a b c
.
a b c a x b y b x cy y ax by a x by
EXERCISE–II
4 3 6 6
1. Solve using Cramer’s rule : = 1 & = 5 .
x5 y7 x5 y7
2. Solve the following using Cramer’s rule and state whether consistent or not.
x yz6 0 7 x 7 y 5z 3
(a) 2 x y z 1 0 (b) 3x y 5z 7
x y 2z 3 0 2 x 3 y 5z 5
z ay a x a 3 0 2
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8. Investigate for what values of , the simultaneous equations x + y + z = 6;
x + 2 y + 3 z = 10 & x + 2 y + z = have; (a) A unique solution.
(b) An infinite number of solutions. (c) No solution.
9. For what values of p , the equations : x + y + z = 1 ; x+2y+4z = p &
x + 4 y + 10 z = p² have a solution ? Solve them completely in each case .
10. Solve the equations : K x + 2 y 2 z = 1, 4 x + 2 K y z = 2, 6 x + 6 y + K z = 3
considering specially the case when K = 2.
11. Let a, b, c, d are distinct numbers to be chosen from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. If the least possible positive
EXERCISE–III
1 x x 1
1. (a) If f(x) = 2x x x 1 x 1 x then f(100) is equal to :
3x x 1 x x 1 x 2 x 1 x x 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 100 (D) 100
(b) Let a, b, c, d be real numbers in G.P. If u, v, w satisfy the system of equations,
u + 2v + 3w = 6
4u + 5v + 6w = 12
6u + 9v = 4
then show that the roots of the equation,
1 1 1 2
x + [(b c)2 + (c a)2 + (d b)2] x + u + v + w = 0
u v w
and 20 x2 + 10 (a d)2 x 9 = 0
are reciprocals of each other. [JEE '99, 2+10 out of 200]
2. If the system of equations x – Ky – z = 0, Kx – y – z = 0 and x + y – z = 0 has a non zero solution, then the
possible values of K are
(A) –1, 2 (B) 1, 2 (C) 0, 1 (D) –1, 1
[JEE 2000 (Screening)]
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5. Solve for x the equation
a2 a 1
sin(n 1)x sin nx sin(n 1)x
=0 [ REE 2001 (Mains) , 3 out of 100 ]
cos(n 1)x cos nx cos(n 1)x
6. Test the consistency and solve them when consistent, the following system of equations for all values of
x+y+z =1
x + 3y – 2z =
3x + ( + 2)y – 3z = 2 + 1 [ REE 2001 (Mains) , 5 out of 100 ]
ax by c bx ay cx a
bx ay ax by c cy b
= 0
cx a cy b ax by c
represents a straight line. [ JEE 2001 (Mains) , 6 out of 100 ]
9. The value of for which the system of equations 2x – y – z = 12, x – 2y + z = –4, x + y + z = 4 has no
solution is
(A) 3 (B) –3 (C) 2 (D) –2 [JEE 2004 (Scr.)]
10. (a) Consider three points P = sin( ), cos , Q = cos( ), sin and
11. The number of values of k, for which the system of equations : [IIT Mains - 2013]
(k + 1) x + 8y = 4k
kx + (k + 3)y = 3k – 1
has no solution, is :
(A) 3 (B) infinite (C) 1 (D) 2
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3 1 f (1) 1 f (2)
12. If , 0, and f(n) = n + n and 1 f (1) 1 f (2) 1 f (3) = K (1 – )2 (1 – )2 (– )2, then K is equal to :
1 f (2) 1 f (3) 1 f (4)
1
(A) –1 (B) (C) (D) 1 [IIT Mains - 2014]
13. The set of all values of for which the system of linear equations : [IIT Mains - 2015]
2x1 – 2x2 + x3 = x1
2x1 – 3x2 + 2x3 = x2
–x1 + 2x2 = x3
has a non-trivial solution,
(A) contains more than two elements (B) is an empty set
(C) is a singleton (D) contains two elements
(1 )2 (1 2 )2 (1 3 )2
2 2
14. Which of the following values of satisfy the equation (2 ) (2 2 ) (2 3 )2 648 ?
(3 )2 (3 2 )2 (3 3 )2
x x2 1 x3
2
16. The total number of distinct x R for which 2 x 4 x 1 8 x 3 10 is : [IIT Advance - 2016]
3 x 9 x 2 1 27 x 3
17. Let , , . Consider the system of linear equations [IIT Advance - 2016]
x + 2y =
3x – 2y =
Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct?
(A) If = –3, then the system has infinitely many solutions for all values of and .
(B) If –3, then the system has a unique solution for all values of and .
(C) If + = 0, then the system has infinitely many solutions for = –3
(D) If + 0, then the system has no solution for = –3
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ANSWER KEY
DETERMINANT
EXERCISE–I
1. (c) p 4. 1 10. (ab ab) (bc bc) (ca ca) 13. x = 1 or x = 2
16. 2
( a2 + b2 + c2 + ) 18. x = 4 20. Triangle ABC is isosceles.
EXERCISE–II
1. x = 7 , y = 4 2. (a) x = 1 , y = 2 , z = 3 ; consistent (b) inconsistent
33 15
3. x = (a + b + c) , y = ab + bc + ca , z = abc 4. K = , x: y: z = :1: 3 7. 2
2 2
x y z 1 1 2
10. If K2, 2(K6) 2K3 6(K2)
2 K 2 2K15 , If K= 2, then x = , y = 2 and z = 0 where R
a b c
11. 19 13. b c a
c a b
4 9
14. If –5 then x = ; y = – and z = 0 ;
7 7
4 5K 13K 9
If = 5 then x = ;y= and z = K where K R
7 7
EXERCISE–III
1. (a) A 2. D 4. r = 2 ; x = k; y = k/2 ; z = k where k R {0}
5. x = n, n I
6. If = 5, system is consistent with infinite solution given by z = K,
1 1
y= (3K + 4) and x = – (5K + 2) where K R
2 2
1 1
If 5, system is consistent with unique solution given by z = (1 – ); x = ( + 2) and y = 0.
3 3
8. B 9. D 10. (a) D; (b) A 11. C 12. D 13. D
14. B, C 15. D 16. 2 17. B, C, D
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