Homogenous Differential

Equations
Topics
• Homogenous Functions
• Homogenous Differential Equations
• Solution to Homogenous Differential Equations
Homogenous Functions
A function f(x,y) is homogenous of the nth degree if
𝑓 𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑛 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦

• 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 2
𝑓 𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2 + 2 𝑘𝑥 𝑘𝑦 − 4 𝑘𝑦 2

𝑓 𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑘 2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑘 2 𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑘 2 𝑦 2
𝑓 𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑘 2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 2
Homogenous Functions
• 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑓 𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦 = 2 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑘𝑦
𝑓 𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑘1/2 2𝑥 − 𝑦
• 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = tan 𝑦/𝑥
𝑓 𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦 = tan 𝑘𝑦/𝑘𝑥
𝑓 𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑘 0 tan 𝑦/𝑥
Homogenous Functions
𝑦/𝑥
• 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑒
𝑘𝑦/𝑘𝑥
𝑓 𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑒
𝑓 𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑘 0 𝑒 𝑦/𝑥
Homogenous Differential Equations
A differential equation
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ⇒ (1)
Is said to be homogenous if M and N are homogeneous functions of
the same degree. Such equation can be transform into
𝑑𝑦 𝑀
+ = 0 ⇒ (2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑁
Where M/N is of degree zero. From the previous example, a function of
the degree zero is a function of y/x, and (2) can be written into
𝑑𝑦 𝑀
+𝑔 = 0 ⇒ (3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑁
Homogenous Differential Equations
By putting y/x = v
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ (4)
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 ⇒ (4)
It can be shown that (1) will be transformed into an equation in v and x in
which the variables are separable. Substituting (4) to (3), we have
𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣
+𝑔 𝑣 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑥 + 𝑣+𝑔 𝑣 =0
𝑑𝑥
In which variables are separable
Homogenous Differential Equations
The substitution
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 ⇒ (5)
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 ⇒ (5)
May be used in place of (4). An advantage is gained by using (4) when N
is simpler than M and (5) when M is simpler than N.
Solution to Homogenous Differential
Equations
The steps in solving Homogeneous Differential Equations are
summarized below for convenience:
1) Test the given for homogeneity
2) Let y = vx and dy = vdx + xdv if N simpler than M or Let x = vy and dx
= vdy + ydv if M is simpler than N
3) Simplify the equation and solve it using Separation of Variables
4) Restore the original variable by substitution
Examples
• 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 @ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
let: 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣
2
𝑥 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0  𝑣 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
‫𝑥׬‬ − ‫𝑣 ׬‬2 = ‫׬‬0
1
𝑙𝑛 𝑥 +𝑣 =𝐶
Examples
Substitute v = y/x
𝑥
𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + = 𝐶 @ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
𝑦
1
𝑙𝑛 1 + = 𝐶
1
𝐶=1
𝒙
𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + = 𝟏
𝒚
Examples
• 𝑦 sin 𝑥/𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥/𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
let: 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 ; 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣
𝑦 sin 𝑣 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 − 𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 𝑑𝑦 = 0
v𝑦 sin 𝑣 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 sin(𝑣) 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑣𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 2 sin(𝑣) 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0  𝑦 sin(𝑣) 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
‫ ׬‬sin 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 −‫𝑦 ׬‬ = ‫׬‬0  cos 𝑣 − ln 𝑦 = 𝐶
cos 𝑥/𝑦 − ln 𝑦 = 𝐶
Examples
• 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
let: 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0  𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑑𝑣
1 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0  𝑥
− 1−𝑣
=0
𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑑𝑣
‫𝑥׬‬ −‫׬‬ = ‫׬‬0
1−𝑣
Examples
𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑑𝑣
‫𝑥׬‬ −‫׬‬ = ‫׬‬0
1−𝑣
let: 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑣 ; 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑢 ; 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑢𝑑𝑢
‫𝑥׬‬ − ‫׬‬− = ‫׬‬0  ‫𝑥׬‬ +‫𝑢 ׬‬ − = ‫׬‬0
𝑢 𝑢
ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑢 − 𝑢 = 𝐶  ln 𝑥 + ln 1 − 𝑣 − 1 − 𝑣 = 𝐶
ln 𝑥 + ln 1 − 𝑣 + 𝑣 = 𝐶  𝑒 ln 𝑥+ln 1−𝑣 +𝑣 = 𝑒𝐶
𝑒 ln 𝑥+ ∙ 𝑒 ln 1−𝑣
∙ 𝑒𝑣 = 𝑒𝐶  𝑥 1 − v 𝑒𝑣 = 𝐶
𝑦 𝒚
y
𝑥 1− 𝑒 =𝐶𝑥  𝒙−𝒚 𝒆 =𝑪𝒙
x
Examples
• 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
let: 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 ; 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣
𝑣𝑦 𝑦 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑣 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 3 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑣 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑣𝑑𝑣
2
2𝑣 + 1 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦𝑑𝑣 = 0  𝑦
+ 2𝑣 2 +1
=0
𝑑𝑦 𝑣𝑑𝑣
‫𝑦׬‬ +‫׬‬ = ‫׬‬0
2𝑣 2 +1
Examples
𝑑𝑦 𝑣𝑑𝑣
‫𝑦׬‬ +‫׬‬ = ‫׬‬0
2𝑣 2 +1
2 𝑑𝑢
let: 𝑢 = 2𝑣 + 1 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑣𝑑𝑣 ; 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 4
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 1
‫𝑦׬‬ + ‫ ׬‬4𝑢 = ‫ ׬‬0  ln 𝑦 + 4
ln 𝑢 =𝐶
1
ln 𝑦 + 4 ln 2𝑣 2 + 1 =𝐶  4 ln 𝑦 + ln 2𝑣 2 + 1 = 𝐶
ln 𝑦 4 + ln 2𝑣 2 + 1 =𝐶  𝑦 4 2𝑣 2 + 1 = 𝐶
4 𝑥 2
𝑦 2 +1 =𝐶  𝒚𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝑪
𝑦
Examples
𝑦
• 𝑥 csc − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥
let: 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣
𝑥 csc 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥 csc 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥 csc 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 = 0  csc 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
+ csc 𝑣
=0  ‫𝑥 ׬‬ + ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ‫ ׬‬0
𝒙 𝒚
ln 𝑥 − cos 𝑣 = 𝐶  ln 𝑥 − 𝐶 = cos 𝑣  𝒍𝒏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝑪 𝒙
Examples
• 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
let: 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣
𝑥 2 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 2 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0  𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
− 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 0  ‫𝑥 ׬‬ − ‫ ׬ = 𝑣𝑑𝑣 ׬‬0
𝑣2 2 𝟐 𝒙
ln 𝑥 − =𝐶  2 ln 𝑥 − 𝐶 = 𝑣  𝟐𝒙 𝒍𝒏 = 𝒚𝟐
2 𝑪
Examples
• 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
let: 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 ; 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣
𝑣𝑦 2 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 − 𝑣 2 𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑣 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 3 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑣 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑣𝑦 3 𝑑𝑣 − 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0  𝑣𝑦𝑑𝑣 − 3𝑑𝑦 = 0
3𝑑𝑦 3𝑑𝑦
𝑣𝑑𝑣 − 𝑦 =0  ‫ 𝑣𝑑𝑣 ׬‬− ‫𝑦 ׬‬ = ‫׬‬0
𝑣2 𝒚
−3 ln 𝑦 =𝐶  𝑣2 = 6 ln 𝑦 + 𝐶  𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐
𝟔𝒚 𝒍𝒏 𝑪
2
Examples
• 𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
let: 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣
𝑥 − 2 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑣+2 𝑑𝑣
1 + 𝑣2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 + 𝑣 𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0  𝑥
+ 𝑣 2 +1
=0
𝑑𝑥 𝑣+2 𝑑𝑣
‫𝑥׬‬ +‫׬‬ = ‫׬‬0
𝑣 2 +1
Examples
𝑑𝑥 𝑣+2 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑑𝑣 2𝑑𝑣
‫𝑥׬‬ +‫׬‬ = ‫׬‬0  + +
‫ 𝑣 ׬ 𝑥 ׬‬2 +1 ‫ 𝑣 ׬‬2 +1 = ‫׬‬0
𝑣 2 +1
𝑑𝑢
let: 𝑢 = 𝑣2 + 1 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑣𝑑𝑣 ; 2
= 𝑣𝑑𝑣
let: 𝑢 = 𝑣 ; 𝑎 = 1 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
ln 𝑥 + ‫׬‬ + 2‫׬‬ = ‫׬‬0  ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑢 + 2 arctan = 𝐶
2𝑢 𝑢2 +12 2 𝑎
1
ln 𝑥 + 2 ln 𝑣 2 + 1 + 2 arctan 𝑣 = 𝐶
ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑣 2 + 1 + 4 arctan 𝑣 = 𝐶
2

𝑦2 𝑦
ln 𝑥2 𝑣2 +1 + 4 arctan 𝑣 = 𝐶  2
ln 𝑥 𝑥 2 +1 + 4 arctan 𝑥 =𝐶
𝒚
𝒍𝒏 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 =𝑪