Elimination of Arbitrary

Constants
Topics
• Elimination of Arbitrary Constants
• Elimination of Arbitrary Constants Using Determinant
• Family of Curves
Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

• y = a𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

y′ = 2a𝑥 + 𝑏

y′′ = 2a

𝐲′′′ = 𝟎
Examples

• 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 3 𝑦 = 𝐶

3𝑥 2 − 3 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 2𝑥 =0 ➔ 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ − 6𝑥𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑦
𝑥− 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0 ➔ 𝑥− 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
− 2𝑦 = 0

𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Examples

• 𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ➔ eq. 1 −3𝑦 ′ = −9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

𝑦 ′′ = 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ➔ eq. 2 𝑦 ′′ = 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

-3(eq. 1) + (eq. 2):

𝒚′′ − 𝟑𝒚′ = 𝟎
Examples

• 𝑦 sin 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝐶

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 2𝑦 + 𝑦2 = 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦2 = 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶

𝐲 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Examples

• 𝑥 = 𝐶1 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐶2 sin 𝜔𝑡

𝑥 ′ = −𝜔𝐶1 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜔𝐶2 cos 𝜔𝑡

𝑥 ′′ = −𝜔2 𝐶1 cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜔2 𝐶2 sin 𝜔𝑡

𝑥 ′′ = −𝜔2 𝐶1 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐶2 sin 𝜔𝑡

𝑥 ′′ = −𝜔2 𝑥

𝒙′′ + 𝝎𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟎
Examples

• 𝑥 = 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵

𝑥 ′ = 𝜔𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵

𝑥 ′′ = −𝐴𝜔2 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵

𝑥 ′′ = −𝜔2 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵

𝑥 ′′ = −𝜔2 𝑥

𝒙′′ + 𝝎𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟎
Examples

• 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ➔ eq. 1

𝑦 ′ = −2𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ➔ eq. 2

𝑦 ′′ = 4𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ➔ eq. 3

2(eq. 1) + (eq. 2): 2𝑦 = 2𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

𝑦 ′ = −2𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

2y + 𝑦 ′ = 5𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ➔ eq. 4
Examples

(eq. 3) – 4(eq. 1): 𝑦 ′′ = 4𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

4𝑦 = 4𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 4𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 = 5𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ➔ eq. 5

(eq. 5) – (eq. 4): 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 = 5𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

2y + 𝑦 ′ = 5𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

𝒚′′ − 𝒚′ − 𝟔𝐲 = 𝟎
Elimination of Arbitrary Constants Using
Determinant
• 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ➔ 0 = −𝑦 + 𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

𝑦 ′ = −2𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ➔ 0 = −𝑦 ′ − 2𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

𝑦 ′′ = 4𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ➔ 0 = −𝑦 ′′ + 4𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

−𝑦 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
−𝑦 ′ −2𝑒 −2𝑥 3𝑒 3𝑥 = 0
−𝑦 ′′ 4𝑒 −2𝑥 9𝑒 3𝑥
Elimination of Arbitrary Constants Using
Determinant

−𝑦 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 −𝑦 𝑒 −2𝑥
−𝑦 ′ −2𝑒 −2𝑥 3𝑒 3𝑥 −𝑦 ′ −2𝑒 −2𝑥
−𝑦 ′′ 4𝑒 −2𝑥 9𝑒 3𝑥 −𝑦 ′′ 4𝑒 −2𝑥
−𝑦 −2𝑒 −2𝑥 9𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 3𝑒 3𝑥 −𝑦 ′′ + 𝑒 3𝑥 −𝑦 ′ 4𝑒 −2𝑥
− −𝑦 ′′ −2𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 − 4𝑒 −2𝑥 3𝑒 3𝑥 −𝑦
− 9𝑒 3𝑥 −𝑦 ′ 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0
Elimination of Arbitrary Constants Using
Determinant

𝑦 1 1 𝑦 1 1 𝑦 1
𝑦′ −2 3 −1 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 = 0 = 𝑦 ′ −2 3 𝑦 ′ −2
𝑦 ′′ 4 9 𝑦 ′′ 4 9 𝑦 ′′ 4
−18𝑦 + 3𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ − −2𝑦 ′′ + 12𝑦 + 9𝑦 ′ = 0

−30𝑦 + 5𝑦 ′′ − 5𝑦 ′ = 0 ➔ −6𝑦 + 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ = 0

𝒚′′ − 𝒚′ − 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟎
Examples

• 𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ➔ 0 = −𝑦 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ➔ 0 = −𝑦 ′ + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

𝑦 ′′ = 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ➔ 0 = −𝑦 ′′ + 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

−𝑦 1 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑦 1 1
−𝑦 ′ 0 3𝑒 3𝑥 = 0 = 𝑦 ′ 0 3 −1 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 ′′ 0 9
−𝑦 ′′ 0 9𝑒 3𝑥
Examples

𝑦 1 1 𝑦 1 1 𝑦 1
𝑦′ 0 3 = 0 = 𝑦′ 0 3 𝑦′ 0
𝑦 ′′ 0 9 𝑦 ′′ 0 9 𝑦 ′′ 0
0 + 3𝑦 ′′ + 0 − 0 + 0 + 9𝑦 ′ = 0

3𝑦 ′′ − 9𝑦 ′ = 0 ➔ 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ = 0

𝒚′′ − 𝟑𝒚′ = 𝟎
Examples

• 𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −4𝑥 ➔ 0 = −𝑦 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −4𝑥

𝑦 ′ = −4𝐶2 𝑒 −4𝑥 ➔ 0 = −𝑦 ′ − 4𝐶2 𝑒 −4𝑥

𝑦 ′′ = 16𝐶2 𝑒 −4𝑥 ➔ 0 = −𝑦 ′′ + 16𝐶2 𝑒 −4𝑥

−𝑦 1 𝑒 −4𝑥 𝑦 1 1
−𝑦 ′ 0 −4𝑒 −4𝑥 = 0 = 𝑦 ′ 0 −4 −1 𝑒 −4𝑥
′′
−𝑦 ′′ 0 16𝑒 −4𝑥 𝑦 0 16
Examples

𝑦 1 1 𝑦 1 1 𝑦 1
𝑦′ 0 −4 = 0 = 𝑦 ′ 0 −4 𝑦 ′ 0
𝑦 ′′ 0 16 𝑦 ′′ 0 16 𝑦 ′′ 0
0 − 4𝑦 ′′ + 0 − 0 + 0 + 16𝑦 ′ = 0

−4𝑦 ′′ − 16𝑦 ′ = 0 ➔ 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ = 0

𝒚′′ + 𝟒𝒚′ = 𝟎
Examples

• 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ➔ 0 = −𝑦 + 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ➔ 0 = −𝑦 ′ + 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

𝑦 ′′ = 4𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ➔ 0 = −𝑦 ′′ + 4𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

−𝑦 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑦 1 1
−𝑦 ′ 2𝑒 2𝑥 3𝑒 3𝑥 = 0 = 𝑦 ′ 2 3 −1 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 ′′ 4 9
−𝑦 ′′ 4𝑒 2𝑥 9𝑒 3𝑥
Examples

𝑦 1 1 𝑦 1 1 𝑦 1
𝑦′ 2 3 = 0 = 𝑦′ 2 3 𝑦′ 2
𝑦 ′′ 4 9 𝑦 ′′ 4 9 𝑦 ′′ 4
18𝑦 + 3𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 ′′ + 12𝑦 + 9𝑦 ′ = 0

6y + 𝑦 ′′ − 5𝑦 ′ = 0

𝒚′′ − 𝟓𝒚′ + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟎
Examples

• 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ➔ 0 = −𝑦 + 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ➔ 0 = −𝑦 ′ + 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 + 1 𝑒 𝑥

𝑦 ′′ = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ➔ 0 = −𝑦 ′′ + 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 + 2 𝑒 𝑥

−𝑦 𝑒𝑥 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 1 𝑥
−𝑦 ′ 𝑒𝑥 𝑥 + 1 𝑒 𝑥 = 0 = 𝑦′ 1 𝑥 + 1 −1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
−𝑦 ′′ 𝑒𝑥 𝑥 + 2 𝑒𝑥 𝑦 ′′ 1 𝑥+2
Examples

𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑦′ 1 𝑥 + 1 = 0 = 𝑦′ 1 𝑥 + 1 𝑦′ 1
𝑦 ′′ 1 𝑥+2 𝑦 ′′ 1 𝑥 + 2 𝑦 ′′ 1

𝑥 + 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑥𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥 + 1 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 2 𝑦 ′ = 0

𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 − 1 y + 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2 𝑦 ′ = 0

𝒚′′ − 𝟐𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝟎
Family of Curves
• Line
• Circle
• Parabola
• Ellipse
• Hyperbola
Line
Circle
𝑥−ℎ 2 + 𝑦−𝑘 2 = 𝑟2
Where: (h,k) is the center, r is
the radius
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Examples
• Family of parabolas having their vertices at the origin and their foci on
y-axis:
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 ➔ eq. 1
𝑦′
𝑦′ = 2𝑎𝑥 ➔ 𝑎= ➔ eq. 2
2𝑥
Substitute eq. 2 to eq. 1:
𝑦′
𝑦= 𝑥2 ➔ 2x𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 ′
2𝑥
𝒙𝒚′ − 𝟐𝐱𝒚 = 𝟎
Examples
• Family of circles having their center on the y-axis:
𝑥2 + 𝑦 − 𝑘 2 = 𝑟2
2𝑥 + 2 𝑦 − 𝑘 𝑦 ′ = 0 ➔ 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 ′ − 𝑘𝑦 ′ = 0
2
1+𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′
1 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ 𝑦′ − 𝑘𝑦 ′′ = 0 ➔ 𝑘=
𝑦 ′′
Substitute eq. 2 to eq. 1:
2
1+𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′
𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 ′ − 𝑦′ = 0
𝑦 ′′
𝑥𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′′ −
𝑦 ′ − 𝑦𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦′ 3 =0 ➔ 𝑥𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ′ 3 =0
𝒙𝒚′′ − 𝒚′ 𝟑 − 𝒚′ = 𝟎
Examples

• Family of lines with slope and y-intercept equal:

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 ➔ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 𝑦′
𝑦′ = 𝑚

𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 ′ ➔ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 𝑦′

𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒚′ − 𝒚 = 𝟎
Examples

• Family of circles with center at the origin:

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2

2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0

𝐲𝒚′ + 𝒙 = 𝟎
Examples
• Family of lines with slope and x-intercept equal:
𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 ➔ 0 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 ➔ 𝑥= −
𝑚
𝑏
𝑚= − ➔ 𝑏 = −𝑚2
𝑚
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑚2 ➔ eq. 1
𝑦′ = 𝑚 ➔ eq. 2
Substitute eq. 2 to eq. 1:
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ′ 2 ➔ 𝒚′ 𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝟎
Examples
• Family of parabolas having their vertices at the origin and their foci on
y-axis:
𝑦 =𝑎 𝑥−ℎ 2 ➔ eq. 1
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑎 𝑥 − ℎ ➔ 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑎ℎ ➔ eq. 2
𝑦 ′′
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑎 ➔ 𝑎= ➔ eq. 3
2
Substitute eq. 3 to eq. 2:
𝑦 ′′ 𝑦′
𝑦′ = 2 𝑥−ℎ ➔ 𝑦′ = 𝑦 ′′ 𝑥−ℎ ➔ ℎ=𝑥 − ′′ ➔eq. 4
2 𝑦
Examples
Substitute eq. 3 and eq. 4 to eq. 1:
2
𝑦 ′′ 𝑦′
𝑦= 𝑥− 𝑥−
2 𝑦 ′′
2 2
𝑦 ′′ 𝑦′ 𝑦 ′′ 𝑦′
𝑦= − ′′ ➔ 𝑦=
2 𝑦 2 𝑦 ′′ 2
2
𝑦′
𝑦= ➔ 2𝑦𝑦 ′′ = 𝑦 ′ 2
2𝑦 ′′
𝟐𝒚𝒚′′ − 𝒚′ 𝟐 =𝟎
Examples
• Family of parabolas with vertex and focus on x-axis:
𝑥 − ℎ = 𝑎𝑦 2
1
1= 2𝑎𝑦𝑦 ′ ➔ 𝑎=
2𝑦𝑦 ′
2
2 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′
0=− ➔ 0 = − 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ 2
2𝑦𝑦 ′ 2
𝒚𝒚′′ + 𝒚′ 𝟐 = 𝟎
Examples
• Family of ellipse with center at the origin:
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
+ 2=1 ➔ + =1
𝑎2 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
2𝑥 2𝑦𝑦 ′
+ =0 ➔ 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0 ➔ eq. 1
𝑎 𝑏
𝑏 + 𝑎𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑎 𝑦′ 2 = 0 ➔ 𝑏 = −𝑎𝑦𝑦 ′′ − 𝑎 𝑦 ′ 2 ➔ eq. 2
Substitute eq. 2 to eq. 1:
−𝑎𝑦𝑦 ′′ − 𝑎 𝑦 ′ 2 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0➔ −𝑎𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′′ − 𝑎𝑥 𝑦 ′ 2 + 𝑎𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
𝒙𝒚𝒚′′ + 𝒙 𝒚′ 𝟐 − 𝒚𝒚′ = 𝟎