SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

MIDTERM PERIOD
Systems of Linear Equations
❑Solving system of linear equations in two, three or
more linear equations
❑Solution of system of linear equations
❑Substitution Method and Elimination Method
❑Matrices and Determinants
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division
❑Application of System of Linear Equations
❑Gauss – Jordan Elimination
❑LU Decomposition
System of Linear Equations
➢ A consistent system is a system that has at least one solution.
➢ An inconsistent system is a system that has no solution.
Equations of System
➢ dependent – if all the solutions of one equation are also solutions of
the other equation
➢ independent – if they do not share all solutions
Solution System Equations
One Solution Consistent Independent
No Solution Inconsistent Independent
Infinite Solutions Consistent Dependent
Elimination Method
It uses the addition property of equality. The same value can be added
to each side of an equation.
1 1
𝑥+ 𝑦=2 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 30 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 30 3𝑥 = 33
3 5
1 1 1 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −3 𝑥 = 11
𝑥+ 𝑦=− 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −3
3 2 2 3𝑥 = 33

1 1 1 1 11 1
𝑥+ 𝑦=2 (11) + 𝑦 = 2 + 𝑦=2 55 + 3𝑦 = 30
3 5 3 5 3 5
−25
3𝑦 = 30 − 55 3𝑦 = −25 𝑦=
55 + 3𝑦 = 30 3

−25
The solution is 11, .
3
Substitution Method
1 1
𝑥+ 𝑦=2 eq. 1 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 30
3 5
1 1 1 2
𝑥+ 𝑦=− eq. 2 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −3 eq. 2 𝑦 = −1 − 𝑥
3 2 2 3

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2
𝑥+ 𝑦=2 𝑥+ −1 − 𝑥 = 2 𝑥− − 𝑥=2
3 5 3 5 3 3 5 15

1 2 1 1 11
𝑥− 𝑥 =2+ 𝑥= 𝑥 = 11
3 15 5 5 5

1 1 1 1 −25
𝑥+ 𝑦=2 (11) + 𝑦 = 2 3𝑦 = −25 𝑦=
3 5 3
3 5
 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 eq. 1 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6 eq. 2 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 12
3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5 5𝑥 + 5𝑧 = 15 eq. 4

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6 eq. 2 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6
3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5 eq. 3 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5
5𝑥 + 𝑧 = 11 eq. 5

5𝑥 + 5𝑧 = 15 eq. 4 5𝑥 + 5𝑧 = 15
5𝑥 + 𝑧 = 11 eq. 5 −5𝑥 − 𝑧 = −11
4𝑧 = 4
𝑧=1
 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 5𝑥 + 𝑧 = 11
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6 5𝑥 + (1) = 11
3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5 5𝑥 = 11 − 1
5𝑥 = 10
𝑥 =2
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6 eq. 2

2(2) − 𝑦 + 2(1) = 6
4−𝑦+2=6
−𝑦 = 6 − 6
𝑦=0
(2, 0, 1)
Matrices
A matrix is a set of numbers, called elements arranged in a rectangular array.

The order of the matrix describes the number of rows and number of columns
it contains.
A m x n matrix has m rows and n columns.
𝑎
is a 2 x 1 matrix
𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 is a 2 x 3 matrix
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑎 𝑏
𝑐 𝑑 is a 3 x 2 matrix
𝑒 𝑓
Matrices Operation
Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
𝑎 𝑏 𝑒 𝑓 𝑎+𝑒 𝑏+𝑓
+ =
𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ 𝑐+𝑔 𝑑+ℎ
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑗 𝑘 𝑙 𝑎+𝑗 𝑏+𝑘 𝑐+𝑙
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 + 𝑚 𝑛 𝑜 = 𝑑+𝑚 𝑒+𝑛 𝑓+𝑜
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟 𝑔+𝑝 ℎ+𝑞 𝑖+𝑟
𝑎 𝑏 𝑒 𝑓 𝑎−𝑒 𝑏−𝑓
− =
𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ 𝑐−𝑔 𝑑−ℎ
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑗 𝑘 𝑙 𝑎−𝑗 𝑏−𝑘 𝑐−𝑙
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 − 𝑚 𝑛 𝑜 = 𝑑−𝑚 𝑒−𝑛 𝑓−𝑜
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟 𝑔−𝑝 ℎ−𝑞 𝑖−𝑟
Multiplication of Matrices
𝑎 𝑏 𝑒 𝑓
𝐵= 𝐶=
𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ
𝑎 𝑏 𝑒 𝑓 𝑎𝑒 + 𝑏𝑔 𝑎𝑓 + 𝑏ℎ
𝐵𝐶 = =
𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ 𝑐𝑒 + 𝑑𝑔 𝑐𝑓 + 𝑑ℎ

−3 2 1 0
A= D=
4 0 0 2

−3 2 1 0 −3 1 + 2(0) −3 0 + 2(2) −3 4
𝐴𝐷 = = =
4 0 0 2 4 1 + 0(0) 4 0 + 0(2) 4 0
 1 4 −3 2 1 0
If A = ,B= ,C= , find 𝐴2 + 𝐵𝐶
2 1 4 0 0 2
Solution
1 4 1 4 −3 2 1 0
𝐴2 + 𝐵𝐶 = +
2 1 2 1 4 0 0 2
1 1 + 4(2) 1 4 + 4(1) −3 1 + 2(0) −3 0 + 2(2)
𝐴2 + 𝐵𝐶 = +
2 1 + 1(2) 2 4 + 1(1) 4 1 + 0(0) 4 0 + 0(2)
1+8 4+4 −3 + 0 0 + 4 9 8 −3 4
𝐴2 + 𝐵𝐶 = + = +
2+2 8+1 4+0 0+0 4 9 4 0
9−3 8+4 𝟔 𝟏𝟐
𝐴2 + 𝐵𝐶 = =
4+4 9+0 𝟖 𝟗
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑗 𝑘 𝑙 𝑎𝑗 + 𝑏𝑚 + 𝑐𝑝 𝑎𝑘 + 𝑏𝑛 + 𝑐𝑞 𝑎𝑙 + 𝑏𝑜 + 𝑐𝑟
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑚 𝑛 𝑜 = 𝑑𝑗 + 𝑒𝑚 + 𝑓𝑝 𝑑𝑘 + 𝑒𝑛 + 𝑓𝑞 𝑑𝑙 + 𝑒𝑜 + 𝑓𝑟
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟 𝑔𝑗 + ℎ𝑚 + 𝑖𝑝 𝑔𝑘 + ℎ𝑛 + 𝑖𝑞 𝑔𝑙 + ℎ𝑜 + 𝑖𝑟
 Lets Try!!!
𝑥+𝑦 =7
9𝑥 − 9𝑦 = −9

3𝑥 + 14𝑦 = 2030
11𝑥 − 11𝑦 = 2200

Find the value of two numbers if their sum is 12 and the difference is 4.

The difference of two numbers is 3. Their sum is 13. What are the numbers?
Gauss – Jordan Method
The method proceeds along the following steps.
1. Interchange and equation (or ).
2. Divide the equation by (or ).
3. Add times the equation to the equation (or ).
4. Add times the equation to the equation (or ).
5. Multiply the equation by.
Solve the system of linear equation by Gauss- Jordan Elimination.
2𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 2
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5
4𝑥 + 10 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1