Solution to non-homogeneous higher order ordinary linear differential equations with

constant coefficients

A non-homogeneous higher order ordinary linear differential equation is one where

the right hand side, 𝑔(𝑥), is not zero. The general solution to this type of equation is comprised
of two fragments or chunks of solution--- the complementary or homogeneous solution (𝑦𝑐 )
and the particular solution (𝑦𝑝 ). In short,

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

The complementary or homogenous solution is obtained by treating the equation as

homogenous. This means that 𝑔(𝑥) is temporarily set to zero, and the techniques in the
previous section will be applied.

The particular solution is obtained using either the (i) method of undetermined
coefficients (MUC), or the (ii) method of variation of parameters (MVP).

Method of Undetermined Coefficients (MUC)

The method of undetermined coefficients for determining the particular solution is

performed as follows:

1. Propose 𝑦𝑃 based on the fundamental form of g(x).

𝑔(𝑥) Fundamental Form

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐴

𝑥 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵

𝑥2 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑥3 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷

𝐴 sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 𝑎𝑥
sin 𝑎𝑥
𝐴 sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 𝑎𝑥
cos 𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑎𝑥
𝑒

2. Substitute 𝑦𝑃 and its derivatives to the given equation.

3. Solve for the coefficients A, B, C, etc.
4. Substitute the values of coefficients to 𝑦𝑃 .
 This method applies only if 𝑔(𝑥) is a summation or product of the fundamental forms
above. For example, in cases where 𝑔(𝑥) is a ratio of the trigonometric functions 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑥) and
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑥), or where any of these two trigonometric functions appear in the denominator, the
MUC will not be applicable. Below is a sample list g(x) where MUC applies and where it can’t,
to illustrate this concept.

MUC applies MUC does not apply

𝑔(𝑥) = 5𝑒 −2𝑥 sin(3𝑥) + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) = 5𝑒 −2𝑥 csc(3𝑥) + 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐(3𝑥)

𝑔(𝑥) = sin2 (3𝑥) + 𝑥 2 𝑔(𝑥) = sin2 (3𝑥) + 𝑥 −2

𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 −2 𝑒 −5𝑥

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Example 1 Determine the general solution to +3 + 2𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 .
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Given : +3 + 2𝑦 = 4𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Required : GS
Solution :

𝑦𝐶 : 𝐷2 𝑦 + 3𝐷𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 2 = 0
(𝑚 + 2)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑚 = −1, −2
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥

𝑦𝑃 : 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 2
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦 ′ = 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝐴

Substituting 𝑦𝑃 and its derivatives to the given equation ,

2𝐴 + 3(2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵) + 2(𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 ) = 4𝑥 2
2𝐴 + 6𝐴𝑥 + 3𝐵 + 2𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 2𝐶 = 4𝑥 2
2𝐴𝑥 2 + (6𝐴 + 2𝐵)𝑥 + 2𝐴 + 3𝐵 + 2𝐶 = 4𝑥 2

𝑥2: 2𝐴 = 4
𝐴=2

𝑥1 : 6𝐴 + 2𝐵 = 0
6(2) + 2𝐵 = 0
 𝐵 = −6

𝑥0: 2𝐴 + 3𝐵 + 2𝐶 = 0
2(2) + 3(−6) + 2(𝐶 ) = 0
𝐶=7

𝑦𝑃 = 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7

𝒚 = 𝒚𝑪 + 𝒚𝑷 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟕

Example 2 Determine the general solution to 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ = 8𝑒 3𝑥 + 4 sin 𝑥 .

Given : 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ = 8𝑒 3𝑥 + 4 sin 𝑥
Required : GS
Solution :

𝑦𝐶 : 𝐷2 𝑦 − 3𝐷𝑦 = 0
𝑚2 − 3𝑚 = 0
𝑚(𝑚 − 3) = 0
𝑚 = 0,3
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

𝑦𝑃 : 𝑔(𝑥 )1 = 8𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦𝑃1 = 𝐴𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 3𝐴𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 9𝐴𝑒 3𝑥

Substituting 𝑦𝑃 and its derivatives to the given equation,

9𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 − 9𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 = 8𝑒 3𝑥

0 = 8𝑒 3𝑥 [Invalid relation]

This happens when proposing a solution which already has a similar term
in previously known aggregates of the general solution. The proposed solution
must be modified following the rule when expressing solutions from equal roots
of the auxiliary equation, i.e., propagate x as needed until the proposed solution
becomes unique.
 𝑦𝑃1 = 𝐴𝑥𝑒 3𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 𝐴(3𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 )

𝑦 ′′ = 𝐴[3(3𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 ) + 3𝑒 3𝑥 ]

= 𝐴[9𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 + 6𝑒 3𝑥 ]

Substituting the modified 𝑦𝑃 and its derivatives to the given equation,

9𝐴𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 + 6𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 − 9𝐴𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 − 3𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 = 8𝑒 3𝑥

3𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 = 8𝑒 3𝑥
8
𝐴=
3

8
𝑦𝑃1 = 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥
3

𝑦𝑃2 : 𝑔(𝑥)2 = 4 sin 𝑥

𝑦𝑃2 = 𝐴 sin 𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 𝐴 cos 𝑥 − 𝐵 sin 𝑥

𝑦 ′′ = −𝐴 sin 𝑥 − 𝐵 cos 𝑥

−𝐴 sin 𝑥 − 𝐵 cos 𝑥 − 3(𝐴 cos 𝑥 − 𝐵 sin 𝑥) = 4 sin 𝑥

(−𝐴 + 3𝐵) sin 𝑥 + (−𝐵 − 3𝐴) cos 𝑥 = 4 sin 𝑥

sin 𝑥: − 𝐴 + 3𝐵 = 4 cos 𝑥: − 𝐵 − 3𝐴 = 0

𝐵 = −3𝐴

−𝐴 − 9𝐴 = 4
4 2
𝐴=− =−
10 5

6
𝐵=+
5

2 6
𝑦𝑃2 = − sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
5 5

𝟖 𝟐 𝟔
𝒚 = 𝒚𝑪 + 𝒚𝑷 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝒙𝒆𝟑𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝟑 𝟓 𝟓
 Example 3 Determine the general solution to 𝑦 ′′ + 8𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 .

Given : 𝑦 ′′ + 8𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 2𝑒 −𝑥
Required : GS
Solution :

𝑦𝐶 : 𝐷 2 𝑦 + 8𝑦 = 0
𝑚2 + 8 = 0

𝑚 = ±2√2 𝑖 𝛼 = 0, 𝛽 = 2√2

𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1 cos 2√2𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 2√2𝑥

𝑦𝑃1 : 𝑔(𝑥 )1 = 5𝑥

𝑦𝑃1 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑦′ = 𝐴
𝑦 ′′ = 0

8𝐴𝑥 = 8𝐵 = 5𝑥
5
𝐴= 𝐵=0
8
5
𝑦𝑃1 = 𝑥
8

𝑦𝑃2 : 𝑔(𝑥)2 = 2𝑒 −𝑥

𝑦𝑃2 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −𝐴𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥

𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 8𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 = 2𝑒 −𝑥
2
𝐴=
9

2
𝑦𝑃2 = 𝑒 −𝑥
9

𝟓 𝟐
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐√𝟐 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐√𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙
𝟖 𝟗
 Example 4 Determine the general solution to 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 .

Given : 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥

Required : GS
Solution :

𝑦𝐶 : 𝐷2 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 0
𝑚2 + 1 = 0
𝑚 = ±𝑖
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥

𝑦𝑃 : 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥

𝑦𝑃 = 𝑥[(𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝐶 cos 𝑥 + 𝐷 sin 𝑥) + (𝐸 cos 𝑥 + 𝐹 sin 𝑥)]

= 𝑥[𝐴𝐶𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝐴𝐷𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝐵𝐶 cos 𝑥 + 𝐵𝐷 sin 𝑥 + 𝐸 cos 𝑥 + 𝐹 sin 𝑥]

= 𝑥[𝐺𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝐻𝑥 sin 𝑥 + (𝐼 + 𝐸) cos 𝑥 + (𝐼 + 𝐹) sin 𝑥]

𝑦𝑃 ′ = 𝐺𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐻𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝐾𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝐿𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑦 ′ = 𝐺[−𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 +

2
2𝑥 cos 𝑥] + 𝐻[𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥] + 𝐾[−𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥] + 𝐿[𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥]

𝑦 ′ = −𝐺𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 + (2𝐺 + 𝐿)𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝐻𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + (2𝐻 − 𝐾)𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝐾 cos 𝑥 + 𝐿 sin 𝑥

𝑦 ′′ = −𝐺[𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥] + [2𝐺 + 𝐿][−𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥] +𝐻[−𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 +

2𝑥 cos 𝑥] + [2𝐻 − 𝐾][𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥] − 𝐾 sin 𝑥 + 𝐿 cos 𝑥

𝑦" = −𝐺𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + (−2𝐺 − 𝐿 − 2𝐺)𝑥 sin 𝑥 + (2𝐺 + 2𝐿) cos 𝑥 − 𝐻𝑥 2 sin 𝑥
+ (2𝐻 + 2𝐻 − 𝐾)𝑥 cos 𝑥 + (2𝐻 − 2𝐾) sin 𝑥

Substituting 𝑦𝑃 and its derivatives to the given equation,

−4𝐺𝑥 sin 𝑥 + (2𝐺 + 2𝐿) cos 𝑥 + 4𝐻𝑥 cos 𝑥 + (2𝐻 − 2𝐾) sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥

𝑥 sin 𝑥: − 4𝐺 = 0 𝐺=0
1
cos 𝑥: 2𝐺 + 2𝐿 = −1 𝐿=−
2
1
𝑥 cos 𝑥: 4𝐻 = 1 𝐻=
4
1
sin 𝑥: 2𝐻 − 2𝐾 = 0 𝐾=
4

1 1 1
𝑦𝑃2 = 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 sin 𝑥
4 4 2

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒚𝑪 + 𝒚𝑪 = 𝑪𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐
Method of Variation of Parameters (MVP)

The method of variation of parameters for determining the particular solution is

performed as follows:

Given: 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑦1 + 𝑐2 𝑦2 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑛 𝑦𝑛

where 𝑦𝑖 (𝑖 = 1,2,3, … , 𝑛) are functions of x

Solution: 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑣1 𝑦1 + 𝑣2 𝑦2 + ⋯ + 𝑣𝑛 𝑦𝑛

where 𝑣𝑖 (𝑖 = 1,2,3, … , 𝑛) are unknown

functions of x

To get 𝑣𝑖 , set up the following equations:

𝑣1 ′𝑦1 + 𝑣2 ′𝑦2 + ⋯ + 𝑣𝑛 ′𝑦𝑛 = 0

𝑣1 ′𝑦1 ′ + 𝑣2 ′𝑦2 ′ + ⋯ + 𝑣𝑛 ′𝑦𝑛 ′ = 0
𝑣1 ′𝑦1 ′′ + 𝑣2 ′𝑦2 ′′ + ⋯ + 𝑣𝑛 ′𝑦𝑛 ′′ = 0
↓
𝑣1 ′𝑦1 (𝑛−2) + 𝑣2 ′𝑦2 (𝑛−2) + ⋯ + 𝑣𝑛 ′𝑦𝑛 (𝑛−2) = 0
𝑣1 ′𝑦1 (𝑛−1) + 𝑣2 ′𝑦2 (𝑛−1) + ⋯ + 𝑣𝑛 ′𝑦𝑛 (𝑛−1) = 𝑔(𝑥)

This part is about setting up n equations for the n unknown v’s. Notice that from the first
equation down to the penultimate equation, the right hand side is set to zero. The last equation,
on the other hand, is set equal to g(x). Find vi’ as a function of x through a process of elimination
and/or substitution. Integrate each vi’ then substitute to 𝑦𝑝 .

Example 5 Determine the general solution to 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 2𝑥 .

Given : 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 2𝑥
Required : GS
Solution :

𝑦𝐶 :
𝐷2 𝑦 − 4𝐷𝑦 + 4𝑦 = 0
𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
(𝑚 − 2)2 = 0
𝑚 = 2,2
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥

𝑦𝑃 :
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑣1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑣2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
[1] 𝑣1′ 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑣2′ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 = 0
[2] 𝑣1′ (2𝑒 2𝑥 ) + 𝑣2′ (2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 2𝑥

[1] 𝑣1′ + 𝑣2′ 𝑥 = 0

[2] 2𝑣1′ + 2𝑥𝑣2′ + 𝑣2′ = 𝑥 + 1

[2]-2*[1]:
𝑣2′ = 𝑥 + 1
𝑣2 = ∫(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑣2 = +𝑥
2

𝑣1′ = −𝑣2′ 𝑥 = −(𝑥 + 1)𝑥 = −𝑥 2 − 𝑥

𝑥3 𝑥2
𝑣1 = ∫(−𝑥 2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − −
3 2

𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑦𝑝 = (− − ) 𝑒 2𝑥 + ( + 𝑥) 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
3 2 2
3 2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = ( + ) 𝑒 2𝑥
6 2

𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟐
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒙𝒆𝟐𝒙 + ( + ) 𝒆𝟐𝒙
𝟔 𝟐
 Example 6 Determine the general solution to 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 .

Given : 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = sec 𝑥
Required : GS
Solution :

𝑦𝐶 :

𝐷2 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 0
𝑚2 + 1 = 0
𝑚 = ±𝑖
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥

𝑦𝑃 :

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑣1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑣2 sin 𝑥

[1] 𝑣1′ cos 𝑥 + 𝑣2′ sin 𝑥 = 0

[2] −𝑣1′ sin 𝑥 + 𝑣2′ cos 𝑥 = sec 𝑥

[1]*sin x + [2]*cos x:
𝑣2′ (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥) = 1
𝑣2′ = 1
𝑣2 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑣2 = 𝑥

𝑣2′ sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥

[1]: 𝑣1′ = − =−
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥
𝑣1 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝑣1 = 𝑙𝑛|cos 𝑥|

𝑦𝑝 = ( 𝑙𝑛|cos 𝑥|) cos 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + ( 𝒍𝒏|𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙|) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙

 Example 7 Determine the general solution to (𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = tan2 𝑥 .
Given : (𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = tan2 𝑥
Required : GS
Solution :

𝑦𝐶 :
𝑚2 + 1 = 0
𝑚 = ±𝑖
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥
𝑦𝑃 :
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑣1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑣2 sin 𝑥

[1]: 𝑣1′ cos 𝑥 + 𝑣2′ sin 𝑥 = 0

[2]: −𝑣1′ sin 𝑥 + 𝑣2′ cos 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥

[1]*sin x + [2]*cos x:
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑣2′ (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥) =
cos 𝑥
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑣2′ =
cos 𝑥
𝑣2 = ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣2 = 𝑙𝑛|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| − sin 𝑥

𝑣2′ sin 𝑥
[1]: 𝑣1′ = −
cos 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
=−
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥) sin 𝑥
=−
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
sin 𝑥
𝑣1′ = − + sin 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
sin 𝑥
𝑣1 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥

𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
𝑣1 = ∫ 2 − cos 𝑥
𝑢
1
𝑣1 = − − cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝑣1 = − sec 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = (− sec 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) cos 𝑥 + (𝑙𝑛|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) sin 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = −1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + (𝑙𝑛|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) sin 𝑥

𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 + (𝒍𝒏|𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙| − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

 Example 8 Determine the general solution to (𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 10)𝑦 = 9𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐(3𝑥).

Given : (𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 10)𝑦 = 9𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐(3𝑥)

Required : GS
Solution :

𝑦𝐶 :
𝑚2 + 2𝑚 + 10 = 0
−2±√22 −4(1)(10)
𝑚=
2(1)
𝑚 = −1 ± 3𝑖
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 3𝑥)

𝑦𝑃 :
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑣1 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑣2 sin 3𝑥)
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑣1 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑣2 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 3𝑥

[1]: 𝑣1′ 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑣2′ 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 3𝑥 = 0

[2]: 𝑣1′ [𝑒 −𝑥 (−3 sin 3𝑥 ) + (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) cos 3𝑥] + 𝑣2′ [𝑒 −𝑥 (3 cos 3𝑥) + (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) sin 3𝑥] = 9𝑒 −𝑥 sec 3𝑥

[1]: 𝑣1′ cos 3𝑥 + 𝑣2′ sin 3𝑥 = 0

[2]: 𝑣1′ [−3 sin 3𝑥 − cos 3𝑥] + 𝑣2′ [3 cos 3𝑥 − sin 3𝑥] = 9 sec 3𝑥

sin 3𝑥 0
| |
𝑣1′ = 3 cos 3𝑥 − sin 3𝑥 9 sec 3𝑥
sin 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥
| |
3 cos 3𝑥 − sin 3𝑥 −3 sin 3𝑥 − cos 3𝑥

9 sin 3𝑥 sec 3𝑥 − 0
𝑣1′ =
−3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥 − sin 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥

−3 sin 3𝑥
𝑣1′ =
cos 3𝑥

sin 3𝑥
𝑣1 = −3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 3𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥)
𝑑𝑢 = −3𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑣1 = ∫ = 𝑙𝑛|cos 3𝑥|
𝑢
 cos 3𝑥 0
| |
′
𝑣2 = −3 sin 3𝑥 − cos 3𝑥 9 sec 3𝑥
cos 3𝑥 sin 3𝑥
| |
−3 sin 3𝑥 − cos 3𝑥 3 cos 3𝑥 − sin 3𝑥

9−0
𝑣2′ =
3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥 − sin 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥

𝑣2′ = 3
𝑣2 = 3𝑥

𝑦𝑝 = (𝑙𝑛|cos 3𝑥|)𝑒 −𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 sin 3𝑥

𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆−𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆−𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙 + (𝒍𝒏|𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙|)𝒆−𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝒆−𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙