DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

MATH 20063

HTTPS://WWW.GOOGLE.COM/SEARCH?Q=WAVES&SXSRF=AOAEMVI7ZCRSC8OAKZAQYTLVY6O-
BASHLG:1633757831589&SOURCE=LNMS&TBM=ISCH&SA=X&VED=2AHUKEWITMC2ZZRZZAHXNF4GKHZVGBVKQ_AUOAXOECAEQAW&BIW=1248&BIH=559&DPR=1.5#IMGRC=Q6MS0YPGB83U
XM
Differential Equation
Equation that contain derivatives or differentials of functions.
Classification of Differential Equation

1. According to type:
1.1 Ordinary Differential Equation is when it contains derivative of one
or more dependent variables with respect to one independent variable.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2

1.2 Partial Differential Equation is when it contains derivative of more

than one dependent variables with respect to more than one independent
variable.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
− 𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + 3 𝜕𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑣
𝜕𝑥
 2. According to order:
The order of differential equation is the highest order of derivative
appearing in the equation.

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦
+ 𝑥3 = is a Third Order -Differential Equation
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3
 3. According Degree
The degree of differential equation is the highest degree of the highest
order of the differential equation.
2 2
𝑑𝑦 3 2
2 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦
− 𝑥 𝑑𝑥2 +4 = 3 is a Second Degree Differential Equation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3
 3. According to linearity:
A differential equation is linear differential equation
and if and only if it conforms with
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + . . . +𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
otherwise, it is non-linear.

𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3
−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
+ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥 is a Linear Differential Equation
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANT

𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + . . . +𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥),
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥

2 2
𝑑𝑦 3 2 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦
−𝑥 +4 =4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3
RULES FOR THE ELIMINATION ARBITRARY CONSTANTS

1. The order of the differential equation is equal to the number of arbitrary

constants.
2. The differential equation is consistent with the given relation.
3. The differential equation is free from arbitrary constants.
Formulate a differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants
from the relation 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 4 + 2𝑏𝑥 2 − 𝑐 2 𝑥.
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), then 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are arbitrary constants.
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 4 + 2𝑏𝑥 2 − 𝑐 2 𝑥 ______________ (1)
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 4 + 2𝑏𝑥 2 − 𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑎𝑥 3 + 4𝑏𝑥 − 𝑐 2 ____________ (2)
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑎𝑥 3 + 4𝑏𝑥 − 𝑐 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
= 12𝑎𝑥 2 + 4𝑏 ____________ (3)
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑 𝑑2𝑦
= 12𝑎𝑥 2 + 4𝑏
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑3𝑦
= 24𝑎𝑥 _____________ (4)
𝑑𝑥 3
 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 4 + 2𝑏𝑥 2 − 𝑐 2 𝑥 _____________ (1)
𝑦′ = 4𝑎𝑥 3 + 4𝑏𝑥 − 𝑐 2 ___________ (2)
𝑦′′ = 12𝑎𝑥 2 + 4𝑏 ____________ (3)
𝑦′′′ = 24𝑎𝑥 ____________ (4)
Consider (1) and (2); Eliminate 𝑐 2 by subtraction:
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 4 + 2𝑏𝑥 2 − 𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑥 𝑦′ = 4𝑎𝑥 3 + 4𝑏𝑥 − 𝑐 2

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 4 + 2𝑏𝑥 2 − 𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑥𝑦′ = 4𝑎𝑥 4 + 4𝑏𝑥 2 − 𝑐 2 𝑥
_______________________
𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 ′ = −3𝑎𝑥 4 − 2𝑏𝑥 2 _____ (5)
Consider (5) and (3); Eliminate 𝑏 by addition:
2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 ′ = −3𝑎𝑥 4 − 2𝑏𝑥 2
𝑥 2 𝑦′′ = 12𝑎𝑥 2 + 4𝑏

2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 ′ = −6𝑎𝑥 4 − 4𝑏𝑥 2

𝑥 2 𝑦′′ = 12𝑎𝑥 4 + 4𝑏𝑥 2
_________________________
𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑥𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 6𝑎𝑥 4 ____________ (6)

Consider (6) and (4); Eliminate 𝑎 by subtraction:

4(𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑥𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 6𝑎𝑥 4 )

𝑥 3 𝑦′′′ = 24𝑎𝑥
 4𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ − 8𝑥𝑦 ′ + 8𝑦 = 24𝑎𝑥 4
𝑥 3 𝑦′′′ = 24𝑎𝑥 4
___________________________
−𝑥 3 𝑦 ′′′ + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ − 8𝑥𝑦 ′ + 8𝑦 = 0

or 𝑥 3 𝑦 ′′′ − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 8𝑥𝑦 ′ − 8𝑦 = 0
 FAMILY OF CURVES

https://www.google.com/search?q=family+of+curves&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwi47f3L4sHzAhWXlGoFHXpQALQQ_AUoA
https://www.google.com/search?q=family+of+curves&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwi47f3L4sHzAhWXlGoFHXpQALQQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw
https://www.google.com/search?q=family+of+curves&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwi47f3L4sHzAhWXlGoFHXpQALQQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1248&bih=559&dpr=1.5#imgrc=wXTc2fPNUn-9HM
https://www.google.com/search?q=family+of+curves&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwi47f3L4sHzAhWXlGoFHXpQALQQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1248&bih=559&dpr=1.5#imgrc=OI89VBQD3trOAM
https://www.google.com/search?q=family+of+curves&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwi47f3L4sHzAhWXlGoFHXpQALQQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1248&bih=559&dpr=1.5#imgrc=5HLV65eYYWrGaM
https://www.google.com/search?q=family+of+curves&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwi47f3L4sHzAhWXlGoFHXpQALQQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1248&bih=559&dpr=1.5#imgrc
=R7reEs8ptxHgkM
Write the differential equation of the family of all lines with slope - 1.

For all lines, the standard equation with slope -1

𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝑏

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), then 𝑏 is an arbitrary constant.

𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝑏 ____________(1)

𝑦 ′ = −1 ____________(2)

The differential equation for family of all lines with slope – 1.

𝑑𝑦
= −1
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 = −𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
 Mathematics is best learned by doing.

https://www.google.com/search?q=practice&sxsrf=AOaemvLeFG1isRS5auTeTnxsyFRdYGaegA:1634020324680&source=
lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved
For the group exercises to be submitted, solve the odd-numbered
exercises only in the Unit Test of the module provided.

Criteria for Grading Group Work:

Group work with complete solution and 60
Accuracy correct answer
Prompt submission of group work 20
Timelines
Presentable group work 20
Creativity