Traveling wave solution of driven nonlinear Schrödinger equation

M. Akbari-Moghanjoughi

Citation: Physics of Plasmas 24, 092117 (2017); doi: 10.1063/1.4999783

View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4999783
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Published by the American Institute of Physics
 PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 24, 092117 (2017)

€ dinger equation
Traveling wave solution of driven nonlinear Schro
M. Akbari-Moghanjoughi
Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, 51745-406 Tabriz, Iran

(Received 10 August 2017; accepted 11 September 2017; published online 28 September 2017)
The traveling solitary and cnoidal wave solutions of the one dimensional driven nonlinear
Schr€odinger equation with a generalized form of nonlinearity are presented in this paper. We
examine the modulation of nonlinear solitary excitations in two known weakly nonlinear
models of classic oscillators, namely, the Helmholtz and Duffing oscillators and envelope
structure formations for different oscillator and driver parameters. It is shown that two distinct
regimes of subcritical andpffiffiffiffiffiffiffisupercritical
ffi modulations
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi may occur for nonlinear excitations with
propagation speeds v < 4F0 and v > 4F0 , respectively, in which F0 is the driver force strength.
The envelope soliton and cnoidal waves in these regimes are observed to be fundamentally
different. The effect of pseudoenergy on the structure of the modulated envelope excitations is
studied in detail for both sub- and supercritical modulation types. The current model for traveling
envelope excitations may be easily extended to pseudopotentials with full nonlinearity relevant to
more realistic gases, fluids, and plasmas. Published by AIP Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4999783

I. INTRODUCTION chaos.32–35 It has also an akin relation to other fundamental

The study of nonlinear excitations is an important part
of investigation of dynamical systems such as fluids and
plasmas. The inherent nonlinearity in collective phenom-
ena1–3 is responsible for many fundamental unique proper-
ties such as various types of nonlinear excitations, radiation,
instabilities, parametric resonances, and many others. The
study of nonlinear collective phenomena started with the dis-
covery of solitons by British engineer John Scott Russell in
1844 (Ref. 4) and the development of the mathematical
Koeteweg de Vries (KdV) nonlinear wave model by French
mathematician and physicist Boussinesq5 which was solved
in 1895 by two Dutch mathematicians named Korteweg and
de Vries.6 Recently, analytical solutions for the general
variable-coefficient KdV equation have been obtained by
Hong and Jung.7 Among many other members of KdV such
as KdV Burgers or modified KdV model, only the standard
KdV model has been shown to be exactly integrable.
Zabusky and Kruskal used the inverse scattering technique8
to drive a multisoliton solution of the KdV model from
which they discovered a remarkable property of solitary
excitations. They discovered that these excitations unlike
other linear waves can collide and leave the collision scene
almost without a trace in their shape9 except a small phase-
shift in their trajectories. The theory of solitons plays a fun-
damental role in many branches of modern science and con-
stitutes one of the major cornerstones of nonlinear science.
There have been myriads of recent literatures concerning the
importance and application of nonlinear excitations in the
plasma field.10–17 Since the discovery of solitons, many tech-
niques have been developed to study both small and large
amplitude nonlinear excitations in fluids and plasmas.18–25
Nonlinearity also plays a central role in many phenomena
such as harmonic generation,26–28 ponderomotive
force,29,30,59 nonlinear resonance,31 period doubling, and
branches of science like deterministic chaos,36,37 fractal
dimensionality, and pattern formation.38,39
One of the other closely related models to KdV is the
nonlinear Schr€odinger equation (NLSE) which in many
branches of science is used to describe different phenomena.
Like its most celebrated counterpart KdV, one dimensional
NLSE can also be solved by the inverse scattering method.
The exact integrability of the one dimensional NLSE has
been shown for the first time by Zakharov and Shabat.40,41
Some of the important applications of NLSE are in ion
acoustic wave modulations,42–45 fiber optic,46 Bose-Einstein
condensate, oceanic science, and many others.47–60 There
have been extended NLSE models such as damped and
driven NLSE (DNLSE) which describe the nonlinear wave
modulation in the presence of dissipative and external or
parametric forces.61–70 The driven DNLSE has many applica-
tions in plasma science. It describes the evolution of circularly
polarized Alfven waves of finite amplitude propagating paral-
lel and near parallel to an unperturbed uniform magnetic
field.71–73 Sanchez-Arriaga et al. have studied the damping
models in truncated derivative NLSE.74 Vladomirov and Yu
have studied the coupling of Langmuir and nonlinear finite
amplitude collision dominated ion acoustic waves using
damped NLSE.75 The resonant absorption of electromagnetic
waves near the critical density in inhomogeneous plasma has
been studied using DNLSE by Pietsch et al.76 In this paper,
we present an exact traveling wave solution77 to DNLSE and
use it to study different envelope soliton and cnoidal struc-
tures. Damping of the nonlinear excitations can play a domi-
nant role in driven NLSE models in plasmas since collisions
and Landau damping effects may well affect the propagation
of plasma waves in high density and short wavelength
regimes. However, in our case, we would like to postpone the
inclusion of the damping effect for a future work.

1070-664X/2017/24(9)/092117/8/$30.00 24, 092117-1 Published by AIP Publishing.

092117-2 M. Akbari-Moghanjoughi Phys. Plasmas 24, 092117 (2017)

II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PARAMETRIC DRIVEN
NLSE
The parametric driven NLSE (DNLSE) is given by the
following model equation:61–65
 
@ @2
i þ 2 þ f ½jWðx;tÞj Wðx;tÞ  Fðx;tÞW ðx;tÞ ¼ 0; (1)
@t @x
in which W is the complex conjugate of W and F(x, t) is the
generalized driving term. We are interested in the traveling
The parameters n0 and E0 are free parameters of the pseudo-
potential coordinate. In the limit F0 ¼ 0, one obtains the
solution for the un-driven case.83
III. MODULATION AT SUBCRITICAL PROPAGATION
SPEED
By changing the variable v2 =4  F0 ¼ c2 =4 < 0, we
arrive at the subcritical propagation speed solution as
follows:
 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
wave solutions to (1). By using the change of variable
n ¼ x  vt, where v is the propagation speed, one arrives at WðnÞ ¼ /ðnÞ exp in F0  c2 =4 ;
ð 
the following equation with generalized nonlinearity and c2
force field: Vð/Þ ¼ f ð/Þ  /d/: (8)
4
( )
@2 @ The left ptraveling
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiwave solution is then Wðn0 Þ ¼ /ðn0 Þ
 iv þ f ½jWðnÞj WðnÞ  FðnÞW ðnÞ ¼ 0: (2) 0 2 0
@n2 @n pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi F0  c =4Þ with n ¼ x þ vt. It is noted that for
expðin
c > 4F0 we have decaying solutions instead of traveling
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
wave ones. Technically speaking, since v ¼ 4F  c 2 , the
A large number of situations such as laser-matter interactions pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0
involve a driving term which varies as F ¼ F0 exp ðianÞ. solution for c > 4F0 will be periodic in time and decaying
Using the latter assumption, we consider solution of the form in space quite similar to the solitary profile known as
WðnÞ ¼ /ðnÞ exp ðian=2Þ in which /ðnÞ is a real function of Kuznetsov-Ma breather.84 Note also that with the assumption
a real variable. Plugging the ansatz into (2) leads us to the v2 =4  F0 < 0, the propagation pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi speed is always less than a
following autonomous equation: critical value v < vcr ¼ 4F0 .
  The nonlinearity of the form f ð/Þ ¼ d/p with p ¼
4/00 ðnÞ  4iðv  aÞ/0 ðnÞ  4F0  2va þ a2  4f ð/Þ /ðnÞ ¼ 0: f1; 2g is considered for weakly nonlinear systems corre-
(3) sponding to KdV and modified KdV model in (4). The case
of p ¼ 1 leads to Vð/Þ ¼ c2 /2 =8 þ d/3 =3 which is the
The imaginary term can be eliminated by setting a ¼ v pseudopotential corresponding to the Helmholtz oscillator.
which then gives rise to the following ordinary second-order Also, the case p ¼ 2 with Vð/Þ ¼ c2 /2 =8 þ d/4 =4 corre-
differential equation for /ðnÞ sponds to the well-known Duffing oscillator. The autono-
  mous Eq. (3) may be considered as a complex linear system
00 v2
/ ðnÞ þ  F0 þ f ð/Þ /ðnÞ ¼ 0: (4) written in the form z0 ¼ Az þ Bz . The latter may also be
4 cast in the form of the generalized evolution equation as
Note that now f ð/Þ is the real function of a real argument. follows:
The solution is then found to be WðnÞ ¼ /ðnÞ exp ðivn=2Þ in " # " #" # " #" #
which /ðnÞ is obtained by solving (4) as follows. The same Z0 0 1 Z 0 0 Z
¼ þ ;
procedure for n0 ¼ x þ vt leads to the solution Wðn0 Þ ¼ /ðn0 Þ Y0 f ðXÞ iv Y F0 exp ðianÞ 0 Y 
expðivn0 =2Þ in which the characteristic equation has the (9)
same structure as (4)
  where Z ¼ WðnÞ, with WðnÞ ¼ /ðnÞ exp ðianÞ; X ¼ jZj
00 0 v2 ¼ /ðnÞ and the prime and asterisk denote the derivative with
/ ðn Þ þ  F0 þ f ð/Þ /ðn0 Þ ¼ 0: (5)
4 respect to n and the complex conjugate, respectively.
The solution (7) for p ¼ 1 is of Jacobi elliptic function
These two solutions denote the right and left traveling wave
form24,78,79
solutions. In order to solve for /ðnÞ, one can multiply (4) by
"rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi #
d/=dn and integrate once with respect to n to give
2 dð/3  /1 Þ ð/3  /2 Þ
/ðnÞ ¼ /2 þ ð/3  /2 Þcn n; ; (10)

2 ð  6 ð/ 3  / 1 Þ
1 @/ v2
þ Vð/Þ ¼ E0 ; Vð/Þ ¼ f ð/Þ þ  F0 /d/;
2 @n 4 where /1  /2  /3 are three roots of the Helmholtz poten-
(6) tial Uð/Þ ¼ E0  Vð/Þ given as

in which Vð/Þ is the corresponding pseudopotential with E0 1 c2 c4 T

being the total pseudoenergy80–82 of the motion. The solution /1 ¼  þ ;
8 d dT d
/ðnÞ is given as pffiffiffi  pffiffiffi
c2 17i 3 c4 16i 3 T
ð /2;3 ¼ þ þ ; (11)
d/ 8d 16dT 16d
n  n0 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi : (7)
2½E0  Vð/Þ where
092117-3 M. Akbari-Moghanjoughi Phys. Plasmas 24, 092117 (2017)

1=3
pffiffiffiqffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi The traveling cnoidal wave solution is then calculated as
T¼ 16 6 c6 d2 E0 þ 384d 4 E20  768d2 E0  c6 : follows:78,79,82
(12) ð/3  /2 Þcn2 ½hn; m
/ðnÞ ¼ /2 þ   ; (20)
The cases /1 ¼ /2 and /2 ’ /3 correspond, respectively, to 1 þ ð/3  /2 Þ=ð/4  /2 Þ sn2 ½hn; m
the soliton and sinusoidal wave limits. On the other hand, for
where the parameters are given below
p ¼ 2, the solution is given as
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð/4  /3 Þcn2 ½hn; m jdj ð/  /2 Þð/4  /1 Þ
/ðnÞ ¼ /3 þ   ; (13) h¼ ð/3  /1 Þð/4  /2 Þ; m ¼ 3 :
1 þ ð/4  /3 Þ=ð/3  /1 Þ sn2 ½hn; m 8 ð/4  /2 Þð/3  /1 Þ
(21)
where
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
d ð/ 4  / 3 Þð/ 2  / 1 Þ
h¼ ð/  / 1 Þð/ 4  / 2 Þ ; m¼ : V. THE GENERALIZED TRAVELING WAVE SOLUTIONS
8 3 ð/ 4  / 2 Þð/ 3  / 1 Þ
(14) Let us consider the parametrically driven NLSE (1) with
a general driving field F(x, t). We may seek the more general
The four roots of the Duffing potential /1  /2  /3  /4 traveling wave solution assuming n ¼ x  vt and Fðx; tÞ
are given as follows: ¼ F0 ðnÞ exp ½2iSðnÞ. Here, we assumed a variable force field
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi amplitude as F0 ðnÞ. It can be shown that (1) in the reduced
1 c2 c4 þ 64dE0 coordinate n admits a more general solution of the form
/1;2 ¼  6 ;
2 d d WðnÞ ¼ RðnÞ exp ½iSðnÞ, where RðnÞ and SðnÞ are real func-
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tions. We then find
1 c2 c4 þ 64dE0   
/3;4 ¼ 7 : (15)
2 d d R00 ðnÞ  iR0 ðnÞ v  2S0 ðnÞ þ RðnÞ f ðRÞ  F0 ðnÞ
 
þ v  S0 ðnÞ S0 ðnÞ þ iS00 ðnÞg ¼ 0: (22)
IV. MODULATION AT SUPERCRITICAL PROPAGATION Separating the real and imaginary parts and setting both to
SPEED zero lead to
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
For the case of v > 4F0 by assuming v2 =4  F0
¼ c2 =4 > 0, we find the supercritical propagation speed R00 ðnÞ þ f ðRÞRðnÞ  F0 ðnÞRðnÞ þ vRðnÞS0 ðnÞ
solution as follows:  RðnÞS0 ðnÞ2 ¼ 0; (23a)
 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
RðnÞS00 ðnÞ  vR0 ðnÞ þ 2R0 ðnÞS0 ðnÞ ¼ 0: (23b)
WðnÞ ¼ /ðnÞ exp in F0 þ c2 =4 ;
ð 
By solving Eq. (23b), one can find
c2
Vð/Þ ¼ f ð/Þ þ /d/: (16)
4 R0 ðnÞ S00 ðnÞ
¼ (24)
In this case, the Helmholtz oscillator potential E0  Vð/Þ RðnÞ v  2S0 ðnÞ
with Vð/Þ ¼ c2 /2 =8 þ d/3 =3 has the following roots:

from which by direct integration we find
1 c2 c4 T ð
/1 ¼  þ þ ; vRðnÞ2  A vn A dn
8 d dT d
p ffiffi
ffi  pffiffiffi S0 ðnÞ ¼ ; SðnÞ ¼  þ B; (25)
c2 17i 3 c4 16i 3 T 2RðnÞ2 2 2 RðnÞ2
/2;3 ¼  þ þ ; (17)
8d 16dT 16d in which A and B are real arbitrary constants. Now, using
where the coefficient T is given as follows: (25) in (23a), we arrive at the following characteristic equa-

1=3 tion for RðnÞ as
6
pffiffiffiqffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2
6 2
T ¼ c þ 16 6 c d E0 þ 384d E0  768d E0 4 2 : (18) v2 RðnÞ A
R00 ðnÞ þ f ðRÞRðnÞ  F0 ðnÞRðnÞ þ  ¼ 0: (26)
4 4RðnÞ3
However, the solution is still given by (10). On the other
hand, for the Duffing oscillator with f ð/Þ ¼ d/2 , we have The generalized right-traveling solution to DNLSE with var-
the following roots: iable driving amplitude is
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (" #)
ð
1 c2 c4 þ 64dE0 vn A dn
/1;2 ¼   7 ; WðnÞ ¼ RðnÞ exp i  þB ; (27)
2 d d 2 2 RðnÞ2
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 c2 c4 þ 64dE0 in which RðnÞ is obtained by solving (26). The other solution
/3;4 ¼  6 : (19)
2 d d for n0 ¼ x þ vt (left-traveling wave solution) is
092117-4 M. Akbari-Moghanjoughi Phys. Plasmas 24, 092117 (2017)

(" ð #)
0 0 vn0 A0 dn0 0
separation of which as before leads to
Wðn Þ ¼ Rðn Þ exp i  þB : (28)
2 2 Rðn0 Þ2
v2 R A
R00 ðnÞ  FðRÞ ¼ F0 ðnÞ; FðRÞ ¼ f ðRÞR  þ 3 : (32)
4 4R
It is obvious that evaluation of the generalized solutions requires
a numerical work and is left for a separate work. It should also The similarities of the relation R00 ðnÞ  FðRÞ ¼ F0 ðnÞ to the
be noted that the nonlinear dependence of the frequency of the model equations of Refs. 28, 31, and 35 are remarkable in
carrier wave to n leads to the nonlinear chirping effect which is which F(R) and F0 ðnÞ denote the internal and external pseu-
only present in generalized solutions (27) and (28). doforces, respectively.
For the externally driven NLSE, on the other hand, we
can write61
VI. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
 
@ @2 Figure 1 shows the parametric modulation of subcritical
i þ 2 þ f ½jWðx; tÞj Wðx; tÞ  F0 expðiXtÞ ¼ 0: (29) pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
@t @x solitary waves (v < 4F0 ) for different parameters of the
Helmholtz oscillator. Figure 1(a) shows the sinusoidally
Considering the traveling wave solution (n ¼ x  vt), we are
modulated compressive solitary wave so-called the compres-
interested in solution of the following more general exter-
sive envelope soliton. It is observed in Fig. 1(b) that the
nally driven NLSE
decrease in the parameter c leads to the decrease/increase in
( ) the amplitude/width of the envelope soliton and also increase
@2 @
 iv þ f ½jWðnÞj WðnÞ  F0 ðnÞ exp½2iSðnÞ ¼ 0: of oscillations inside the solitary envelop. It is also remarked
@n2 @n from Fig. 1(c) that the increase in the nonlinearity parameter
(30) d leads to the decrease in the amplitude of the envelope soli-
ton, which almost does not affect its spread. Moreover, Fig.
Again, assuming a general solution of polar form WðnÞ 1(4) shows that the change in the sign of the parameter d
¼ RðnÞ exp½iSðnÞ, we arrive at the following relation: leads to mirror reflection of the interior sinusoidal oscilla-
  tion. Note that the positive and negative values of the nonlin-
R00 ðnÞ þ f ðRÞRðnÞ  F0 ðnÞ  iR0 ðnÞ v  2S0 ðnÞ
   earity parameter d correspond to self-focusing and
þ RðnÞ v  S0 ðnÞ S0 ðnÞ þ iS00 ðnÞ ¼ 0; (31) defocusing NLSE solutions, respectively.

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi1. Modulation of subcritical v <

FIG.
4F0 solitary propagations in the
Helmholtz oscillator and the effects of
parameters c and d on the structure of
compressive envelope solitons.
092117-5 M. Akbari-Moghanjoughi Phys. Plasmas 24, 092117 (2017)

FIG. 2. Effect of the ppseudoenergy

ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
value on subcritical v < 4F0 modula-
tion of nonlinear periodic waves in the
Helmholtz oscillator and the structure
formation of the envelope cnoidal
excitations.

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3. Formation of subcritical v <

FIG.
4F0 modulation of nonlinear peri-
odic waves in the Duffing oscillator
and the effects of driving amplitude
and pseudoenergy value on the struc-
ture of subcritical compressive enve-
lope cnoidal waves.
092117-6 M. Akbari-Moghanjoughi
Figure 2 shows the parametric modulation of subcritical
nonlinear periodic wave propagation of the Helmholtz oscil-
lator for different values of the pseudoenergy values. Figure
2(a) shows that the periodic NLSE solution is composed of
modulation of sinusoidal oscillations inside cnoidal wave
envelops. Figures 2(b)–2(d) show the effect of pseudoenergy
on compressive envelope cnoidal waves. It is observed that
for E0 ’ Vmin , where Vmin is the minimum value of the
Helmholtz oscillator potential, the oscillation amplitude of
cnoidal envelopes decreases substantially and the modulated
wave becomes purely harmonic.
Figure 3 shows the parametric modulation of subcritical
nonlinear periodic wave propagation of the Duffing oscillator
for different values of the pseudoenergy and driving amplitude.
Figure 3(a) shows a similar modulation pattern to that for the
Helmholtz oscillator for negative values of the pseudo energy.
On the other hand, Fig. 3(b) shows that the increase in the driv-
ing field F0 leads to the increase in the frequency of oscilla-
tions. However, for positive values of the pseudoenergy, there
appear distinct nodes in oscillation, the density of which
increases further as the pseudoenergy value is increased.
Figure
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4 shows the modulation of supercritical
(v > 4F0 ) solitary and periodic wave propagations in the
Helmholtz oscillator. Figure 4(a) corresponds to a gray-type
rarefactive soliton modulation. Furthermore, Fig. 4(b) corre-
sponds to the rarefactive nonlinear periodic modulation con-
sisting of periodically arranged repeating small and big wave
Phys. Plasmas 24, 092117 (2017)
packets. Figures 4(c) and 4(d) reveal that the decrease in the
pseudoenergy towards E0 ¼ 0 leads to a sinusoidal envelope
instead of cnoidal for nonzero pseudoenergy.
Figure 5 shows the modulation of supercritical periodic
wave propagations in the Duffing oscillator. Figure 5(a)
shows that the supercritical modulation of periodic waves in
the Duffing oscillator differs slightly from that in the
Helmholtz oscillator in Fig. 4. It is also observed that with
the increase in the pseudoenergy value, quite similar to the
case of the Helmholtz oscillator, the density of envelop cnoi-
dal nodes increases. The latter however has no effect on the
frequency of the interior sinusoidal wave.
VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we solved the driven nonlinear
Schr€odinger equation (DNLSE) with the generalized form of
nonlinearity and conventional periodic parametric forcing.
We have also examined the formation of solitary and cnoidal
envelope excitations and the effect of various potential
parameters on nonlinear wave modulations in two well-
known oscillator models, namely, the Helmholtz and
Duffing. Two distinct types
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi of modulations ofpffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
nonlinear
ffi
waves with sub- v < 4F0 and supercritical v > 4F0 prop-
agation speeds were distinguished and studied in detail. It
was found that the subcritical and supercritical modulations
are fundamentally different in structure. In fact, the envelope
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi4. Formation of supercritical v >
FIG.
4F0 modulation of nonlinear solitary
and periodic waves in the Helmholtz
oscillator and the effects of pseudoe-
nergy value of the structure on rarefac-
tive envelope soliton and cnoidal
waves.
092117-7 M. Akbari-Moghanjoughi Phys. Plasmas 24, 092117 (2017)

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi5. Formation of supercritical v >

FIG.
4F0 modulation of nonlinear peri-
odic waves in the Duffing oscillator
and the effects of the pseudoenergy
value of the structure on envelope
cnoidal waves.

solitons of subcritical modulations are compressive while
those of the supercritical modulations are rarefactive. The
current model can be easily extended to other oscillator types
with more complex nonlinear functionality.
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