Applied Ocean Research 25 (2003) 345–353

www.elsevier.com/locate/apor

Diffraction of oblique waves by thick rectangular barriers

Muhittin Söylemez*, Ömer Gören
Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
Received 13 February 2003; accepted 30 April 2004
Available online 6 July 2004

Abstract
A complete analytical solution is presented for the linear diffraction of oblique waves by horizontal rectangular cylinders either fixed at the
free surface or mounted on the sea bed in a finite-depth of water. Helmholtz equation is employed as the governing differential equation
obtained by reducing the 3-D oblique wave scattering problem to a 2-D case. According to the method proposed, the fluid region is divided
into three sub-regions in which the governing differential equation is solved by the separation of variables. The solutions for each region are
then matched on the common boundaries of sub-regions to determine the unknowns of the eigen series expansions and Fourier series. Thus
transmitted and reflected waves are obtained in the far-field, and forces and moments acting on the rectangular cylinder fixed at the free
surface are also given. Comparisons are made in order to check the accuracy of the method.
q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Linear diffraction problem; Oblique waves; Thick rectangular barriers; Separation of variables

1. Introduction approach. Dattatri et al. [8], on the other hand, provided

Wave scattering by thick barriers has been studied
widely within the frame of linear theory during the last few
decades. Now it can be said that the direction of research has
changed towards nonlinear analytical and numerical studies.
However, linear analytical studies are still seen in the
current literature [1 – 4]. Hence, the main purpose of this
study is to contribute to the problem of linear oblique wave
scattering by thick rectangular barriers by presenting a more
versatile and simpler method for ocean engineers.
Oblique wave scattering by rectangular barriers either
fixed at the free surface or mounted on the sea bottom has
been studied earlier by Kanoria [5] and Abul-Azm [6]. Bai
[7] investigated numerically the diffraction of oblique
waves by horizontal cylinders for the first time. His
numerical method is based on a variational principle used
with finite element method. Black et al. [16] treated the
radiation problem due to similar geometries by a variational
formulation. Garrison [17] investigated the interaction of
oblique waves with a cylinder by Green’s function
* Corresponding author. Address: Department of Ocean Engineering,
Istanbul Technical University, Ayazaga Kampusu, Istanbul 80626, Turkey.
Fax: þ90-212-285-6508.
E-mail addresses: soylemez@itu.edu.tr (M. Söylemez), ogoren@itu.
edu.tr (Ö. Gören).
0141-1187/$ - see front matter q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.apor.2004.04.001
experimental results for rectangular and other type of
cylinders mounted on the sea bottom with a view to incident
wave steepness, relative water depth, cylinder shape, etc.
Recently, Kanoria [5], Mandal and Kanoria [4] worked the
scattering problem of vertical barriers with different
configurations by employing multi-term Galerkin approxi-
mations involving a kind of Gegenbauer polynomials in the
integral equations.
Rigid thin barriers in different configurations are also
investigated by several researchers [2,3,9]. A semi-analyti-
cal solution for the second-order wave diffraction is given
by Huang and Taylor [10]. Second-order problems of the
same kind are also investigated analytically by Massel [11]
and numerically by Drimer and Agnon [12] by presenting a
hybrid boundary element method for the problem. Non-
linear propagation over a rectangular bar mounted on the sea
bottom is also studied numerically by Beji and Battjes [13].
Basically, the present study analyses linear diffraction of
oblique waves by thick rectangular barriers, either fixed at the
free surface or mounted on the sea bed in water of finite depth.
According to the method proposed, the fluid region is divided
into three sub-regions in which the governing differential
equation is solved by the separation of variables. The
solutions for each region are then matched on the common
boundaries of sub-regions to determine the unknowns of
346 M. Söylemez, Ö. Gören / Applied Ocean Research 25 (2003) 345–353

eigen series expansions or Fourier series. Thus, the ›F

transmitted and reflected waves are obtained in the far- ¼0 at the sea bed ð4Þ
›z
field, and forces and moments acting on the rectangular
cylinder fixed at the free surface are also given. Comparisons and a radiation condition which imposes that F /
with reliable data, both numerical and experimental, point eið^k0x xþk0y yÞ as x ! ^1 [14]; if Fðx; y; z; tÞ is given in
out a good agreement and supports the accuracy of the the form of
present solution technique.


v iðk0y y2vtÞ
Fðx; y; z; tÞ ¼ Re za fðx; zÞe ð5Þ
k0
2. The method of solution
where k0 is the real root of dispersion equation as follows:
A monochromatic small-amplitude, za ; wave train with
frequency v which propagates towards the barrier with an v2 ¼ gk tanh kd ð6Þ
angle of a is considered. Two different configurations of
rectangular barriers, one fixed at the free surface and one
obtained from Eq. (2), and k0x ¼ k0 cos a and k0y ¼ k0 
mounted on the sea bed are shown in Fig. 1(a) and (b) with
sin a: As usual, the incident wave system is then given by
its coordinate system ðx; y; zÞ fixed at the sea bottom.
The water depth below the still water level is taken as d;

v cosh k0 z iðk0x xþk0y y2vtÞ
and h denotes the gap in case (a) and the rise in case (b). Fi ¼ Re 2za e ð7Þ
k0 sinh k0 d
Assuming the fluid is inviscid and the flow is irrotational,
the fluid motion is then described in terms of the velocity
potential Fðx; y; z; tÞ satisfying Laplace’s equation of the and thus Laplace’s equation, Eq. (1), in Cartesian coordinate
form: system turns out to be modified Helmholtz equation in
spatial 2-D velocity potential fðx; zÞ by considering Eq. (5):
›2 F ›2 F ›2 F
þ þ ¼ 0: ð1Þ
›x 2
›y 2
›z 2 72 fðx; zÞ 2 k0y
2
fðx; zÞ ¼ 0 ð8Þ

The boundary conditions which should be satisfied by

According to the present solution, the fluid region is divided
Fðx; y; z; tÞ :
into three sub-regions, in which the velocity potential is
›2 F ›F expanded into series of eigen functions and into Fourier
þg ¼0 on the free surface ð2Þ series satisfying Helmholtz equation and the related
›t 2 ›z
boundary conditions.
›F In region I for the case (a) (see Fig. 1(a)), where the
¼0 on the barrier ð3Þ
›n region is bounded by 2a # x , a and h # z , 0;

Fig. 1. General configuration of barrier: (a) fixed at the free surface, (b)mounted on the sea bed.
 M. Söylemez, Ö. Gören / Applied Ocean Research 25 (2003) 345–353 347

the separation of variables yields the solution fI : and at x ¼ 2a :

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 9
0 1 ðd >
cosh½ l2n þ k0y ¼ 0 fI ð2a;zÞZ 0 ðzÞdz; n ¼ 0 >
2 x
A0 cosh k0y x X
1 0
A 0 þ B0 e
2
0 i2a k02 2k0y 0
>
fI ¼ þ A qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cosðln zÞ d h =
2 cosh k0y a n¼1 n cosh½ l2 þ k2 a pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð16Þ
n 0y
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0
0
0 22a kn2 2k0y2 1 ðd 0
>
>
>
An þ Bn e ¼ 0 fI ð2a;zÞZ n ðzÞdz; n $ 1 ;
B sinh k0y x X1 sinh½ l2n þ k0y 2
x d h
þ 0 þ Bn qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cosðln zÞ
2 sinh k0y a n¼1 sinh½ l2 þ k2 a Solutions for regions II and III can be regarded as built-in
n 0y
formulations. Region II, which consists of transmitted
ð9Þ waves, has a solution:
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffi
where ln ¼ np=h: Thus the Fourier coefficients are i k2 2k2 x X1 2 km2 þk0y x
e 0 0y e
obtained as: fII ðx;zÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi Z 0 ðzÞ þ Cm pffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi
2 a m
Z ðzÞ ð17Þ
9 i k2 2k2 a 2 km2 þk0y
2 ðh
e 0 0y m¼1 e
>
An þ Bn ¼ fI ða; zÞcos ln z dz; n ¼ 0; 1;2; … >
>
= Eigenfunctions, Zm ðzÞ; use the same form as in Eq. (13), but
h 0
ð10Þ their eigenvalues are determined from Eq. (6). Utilizing the
2 ðh >
>
An 2 B n ¼ f ð2a; zÞcos ln z dz; n ¼ 0; 1;2; … > ; orthogonality properties of eigenfunctions, Zm ðzÞ; valid in
h 0 I the sub-region bounded by 0 # z # d; gives:
For the case (b), in which the barrier is mounted on the sea qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðd ›f ða;zÞ 9
>
bottom, the region I is bounded by 2a # x # a and by the i k02 2 k0y
2
dC0 ¼ II
Z0 ðzÞdz; ðm ¼ 0Þ > >
=
0 ›x
free surface at z ¼ d and barrier at z ¼ h; having a water ð18Þ
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðd ›f ða;zÞ >
>
depth of d0 ¼ d 2 h: The dispersion equation in this case is 2 2
2 km þ k0y dCm ¼ II >
Zm ðzÞdz; ðm $ 1Þ ;
written as follows: 0 ›x

v2 The solution for region III is a combination of reflected

¼ k00 tanh k00 d0 ð11Þ waves and incident waves:
g
pffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2i k02 2k0y x X1 k2 þk2 x
Accordingly, eigenfunction expansion for fI is as follows: e e m 0y
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi fIII ðx;zÞ ¼ D0 pffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi Z0 ðzÞ þ Dm pffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi Z ðzÞ
2 a m
02 i k2 2k2 a 2 km2 þk0y
2
fI ðx;zÞ ¼ A00 eiðxþaÞ k0 2k0y Z 00 ðzÞ e 0 0y m¼1 e
X
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cosh k0 z ik0x x
02 2 2 e ð19Þ
þ A0n e2ðxþaÞ kn þk0y Z 0n ðzÞ sinh k0
n¼1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
02 In a similar manner, complex coefficients can be obtained
2
þ B00 e2iðx2aÞ k0 2k0y Z 00 ðzÞ by using the properties of ortho-normal eigenfunctions,
X1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
02 Zm ðzÞ :
2
þ B0n e2ðx2aÞ kn þk0y Z 0n ðzÞ ð12Þ 9
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi N01=2 >
n¼1 2 2
2i k0 2k0y dD0 2ik0x d >
>
sinhk0 d >
>
where >
>
ðd ›f ð2a;zÞ >
=
8 0 III
< N021=2 cosh k00 ðz 2 hÞ; n ¼ 0 ¼ Z0 ðzÞdz; ðm¼0Þ ð20Þ
0 ›x >
>
Z 0n ðzÞ ¼ ð13Þ >
>
: 0 21=2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðd ›f ð2a;zÞ >
Nn cos k0n ðz 2 hÞ; n $ 1 >
>
2 2
km þk0y dDm ¼ III
Zm ðzÞdz; ðm$1Þ >
;
and 0 ›x
8 " # Now the core of the solution technique lies in the matching
>
> 1 sinh 2k00 d0
> conditions at the junction surfaces (at x¼a and 2a), which
< 2 1 þ 2k0 d 0
> ; n¼0
0 0 assure the continuity of pressure and the mass flux:
Nn ¼   ð14Þ
>
>
>
> 1 sin 2k0n d0 fI ða;zÞ¼ fII ða;zÞ ð21Þ
: 1þ ; n$1
2 2k0n d0
fI ð2a;zÞ¼ fIII ð2a;zÞ ð22Þ
Eigenvalues k0n ðn $ 1Þ are the imaginary roots of Eq. (11).  
›fII ðx;zÞ  ›fI ðx;zÞ 
Using ortho-normal properties of Z 0n ðzÞ gives at x ¼ a : ¼ ð23Þ
›x x¼a ›x x¼a
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 9  
0 1 ðd > ›fIII ðx;zÞ  ›fI ðx;zÞ 
0 i2a k02 2k0y
þ B0 ¼ 0 fI ða;zÞZ 0 ðzÞdz; n ¼ 0 >
2 0 0
A0 e >
= ¼ ð24Þ
d h ›x x¼2a ›x x¼2a
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð15Þ
0
0 22a kn2 2k0y2
0 1 ðd 0
>
>
> Using matching conditions (21) and (22) in Eq. (10)
An e þ Bn ¼ 0 fI ða;zÞZ n ðzÞdz; n $ 1 ;
d h (in Eq. (15) for the case (b)) and the condition (23) in
348 M. Söylemez, Ö. Gören / Applied Ocean Research 25 (2003) 345–353

Eq. (18) and the condition (24) in Eq. (20) and where r is the position vector with its origin located at ð0; dÞ.
performing the necessary integrations give us the Upon nondimensionalisation of force F ¼ ðFx ;Fz Þ and
following four sets of linear equations with four sets of moment, My ; about the vertical axis to the xz plane at
complex unknowns (An ; Bn ; Cn ; Dn ): ð0; dÞ; we introduce:
9 9
X1
>
An að1Þ d þB b ð1Þ
d þ C g ð1Þ
¼0 >
> fx ¼ lFx lmax =rgza a >
>
mn mn n mn mn m mn >
> =
m¼0 >
>
>
> fz ¼ lFz lmax =rgza a ð31Þ
>
> >
>
X1 > 2;
ð2Þ > my ¼ lMy lmax =rgza a
ð2Þ ð2Þ
An amn dmn þBn bmn dmn þ Dm smn ¼ rn >
ð2Þ
>
>
m¼0
>
=
for n¼0;1;… Series of convergence tests were done to specify the
X1 X1 >
>
>
> truncation limit in the infinite series, and the numerical tests
Am að3Þ
mn þ Bm bð3Þ ð3Þ
mn þCn gmn dmn ¼0 > > pointed out that eight terms are adequate to attain a
>
>
m¼0 m¼0 >
> sensitivity of O(1023) in T and O(1022) in R; whereas 10
>
>
X1 X1 >
> terms guarantee O(1024) sensitivity for T and O(1023) for
ð4Þ >
ð4Þ
Am amn þ Bm bmn þDn smn dmn ¼ rn >
ð4Þ ð4Þ
>
; R: Numerical tests also showed that more terms are required
m¼0 m¼0 as the frequency decreases to satisfy a certain sensitivity.
ð25Þ Complex matrix equations converted into a real system first
and then solved by Gauss –Jordan method.
where dmn is the Kronecker’s delta and coefficients amn ;
bmn ; gmn and smn are expressed in Appendix A.
The solution for Eq. (25) is obtained by a proper
3. Results and discussion
truncation of infinite series. Subsequently, investigation of
asymptotic behaviour of transmitted and reflected waves
The work presented in this paper aims at developing a
makes it possible to determine the reflection and trans-
smooth and relatively simpler approach to the wave-
mission coefficients, respectively,
  diffraction problem of vertical barriers either fixed at the
ðzt Þamp  C  free surface or sitting on the seabed in water of finite depth.
T ¼ lim ¼ tanh k0 dZ0 ðdÞi ik 0 a  ð26Þ
x!1 za e 0x The computations are carried out within the boundary
conditions defined for the problem in Section 2. The
and reflection and the transmission coefficients are calculated
 
ðzr Þamp  D0  for a rectangular barrier in water of finite depth. The ratios
R ¼ lim ¼ tanh k0 dZ0 ðdÞi ik a 
 ð27Þ of breadth to depth of rectangular barriers are all set to
x!21 za e 0x
exactly the same values of those of Bai [7] in order to make
where sensible and justifiable comparisons between the results of
2 pffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffi 3 the two solution techniques.
X1 2 kn2 þk0y x
1 v2 4 eik0x x e
zt ¼ Re iza C0 ik a Z0 ðzÞ þ Cn pffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi Zn ðzÞ5 Fig. 2 shows a comparison of reflection coefficients for a
g k0 e 0x 2 kn2 þk0y
2 a
rectangular barrier fixed at the free surface of water of finite
n¼1 e
depth. Comparisons of reflection coefficients are made
 eiðk0y y2vtÞ ð28Þ among the results of the present study, Lebreton and
and Margnac [15] and Bai [7] for 45 and 758 of incoming wave
2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3 angles. As seen in Fig. 2, the results of present study are in
X1 k2 þk2 x very good agreement with those of Bai [7] for whole
1 v2 4 e2ik0x x e n 0y
zr ¼ Re iza D0 ik a Z0 ðzÞ þ Dn pffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi Zn ðzÞ5 frequency range and are in very close neighbourhood with
g k0 e 0x 2 kn2 þk0y
2 a
n¼1 e those of Lebreton and Margnac [15] at the lower frequencies
 eiðk0y y2vtÞ ð29Þ which are smaller than 0.6 ðv2 a=gÞ for the incident wave
angle of 458. Above that frequency very close comparison is
In addition to the reflection and transmission coefficients, also obtained between the results of present study and those
vertical and horizontal force and moment acting on the fixed of Lebreton and Margnac [15].
cylinder on the free surface can also be investigated by A similar tendency is also observed between the present
integrating the pressure, p on the wetted surface of the study and those of Lebreton and Margnac [15] for a ¼ 758:
cylinder, respectively, For the minimum value of the frequency (0.05), slightly
ð 9 lower values for reflection coefficients are obtained by the
>
>
F¼ pn dS >
= present analytical study for both a ¼ 45 and 758. However,
SB
ð ð30Þ the difference between two methods of solution becomes
>
>
M¼ >
pðr £ nÞdS ; very small at the high frequency range. For a ¼ 758; the
SB comparison between the results of Bai [7] and those of
 M. Söylemez, Ö. Gören / Applied Ocean Research 25 (2003) 345–353
Fig. 2. Reflection coefficients for a rectangular cylinder fixed in water of
finite depth: a=d ¼ 0:3; h=d ¼ 0:8:
present study is much better than that of Lebreton and
Margnac [15].
Fig. 3 shows the comparison of transmission coefficients
for the same configuration as depicted in Fig. 1(a). The same
trend observed for the reflection coefficients is also valid for
the transmission coefficients. A very good agreement between
the results of present study and those of Bai [7] is shown for
both a ¼ 45 and 758 of incoming wave angles. These results
are almost exactly matching with each other. The results of
the present study are slightly higher than those of Lebreton
and Margnac [15] at the lower frequencies for a ¼ 458: Better
agreement can be seen for the higher frequency range. For
a ¼ 758 of incoming wave angle, the comparison between
Fig. 3. Transmission coefficients for a rectangular cylinder fixed in water of
finite depth: a=d ¼ 0:3; h=d ¼ 0:8:
349
Fig. 4. Reflection coefficients of a rectangular cylinder fixed in water of
finite depth: a=d ¼ 0:5; h=d ¼ 0:5: k0 a : (i) 0.1, (ii) 0.2, and (iii) 0.4.
the results of present study and those of Lebreton and
Margnac [15] is much better than that of a ¼ 458:
The reflection coefficients of a rectangular barrier of
a=d ¼ 0:5; h=d ¼ 0:5 in water of finite depth are compared
between the results of present study and those of Bai [7] for
three different wave-numbers, i.e. (i) 0.1, (ii) 0.2, and (iii)
0.4. As shown in Fig. 4, the results of both studies are in very
good agreement. This figure indicates that a good
correlation between the results of the two methods justifies
the solution technique of diffraction problem presented by
this analytical study.
Fig. 5(a) shows the comparison of horizontal forces
acting on a fixed barrier at the free surface between the
results of present study and those of Bai [7] for three
different non-dimensional wave-numbers. As seen in the
figure, for all the wave-numbers and the angle of incidence
ranging from 0 to 908, horizontal forces match almost
exactly for both methods. The same comment can be
made for the comparison of the vertical forces as shown in
Fig. 5(b). There is an exceptionally good agreement
between the two methods with respect to force comparisons.
In Fig. 5(c), the non-dimensional moment on rectangular
barrier is presented for three different values of non-
dimensional wave-number k0 a : (i) 0.1, (ii) 0.2, and (iii) 0.4.
As seen clearly in Fig. 5(c), the comparison between the
present results and those of Bai [7] shows quite good
agreement for the non-dimensional wave-number k0 a ¼
0:1: However, the discrepancy between the results of two
methods becomes higher as the non-dimensional wave-
number increases to 0.2 and 0.4. Therefore, this discrepancy
might be attributed to the difficulties of the numerical
approach in representing shorter waves with the same
resolution in discretisation. There is also a variation
between the two methods for the range of angle of incidence
350 M. Söylemez, Ö. Gören / Applied Ocean Research 25 (2003) 345–353

Fig. 6. Comparison of reflection coefficients with those of Mandal and

Kanoria [4] for a cylinder fixed at the free surface: h=d ¼ 0:8; a ¼ 458:

from 0 to 908. The same difficulty appears to exist when a

tends to smaller values.
Fig. 6 shows the comparison of reflection coefficients
between the present study and those of Mandal and
Kanoria [4]. These results are obtained for three different
barrier geometries fixed at the free surface. There is a
considerable discrepancy between the two sets of results.
Indeed, the only comparison in Mandal and Kanoria’s
works [1,4,5] is given with regard to a reference ‘estimated
from Bai’s curve’ (Fig. 4 in Ref. [4]) which is not a clear
expression, since the geometrical parameters used in Ref.
[4] do not match with those of Bai’s study [7]. On the other
hand for a fixed cylinder at the free surface, the good
agreement between the present results and those of Bai [7]
and of Lebreton and Margnac [15], whereas a disagreement
with those of Mandal and Kanoria [4] has raised a question
on the results of Ref. [4].

Fig. 5. Non-dimensional (a) horizontal force, (b) vertical force, and (c) Fig. 7. Comparison of reflection coefficients with those of Mandal and
moment on rectangular cylinder fixed in water of finite depth: a=d ¼ 0:5; Kanoria [4] for the barrier geometry mounted on the sea bottom: a=d ¼ 1;
h=d ¼ 0:5: k0 a : (i) 0.1, (ii) 0.2, and (iii ) 0.4. h=d ¼ 0:5:
 M. Söylemez, Ö. Gören / Applied Ocean Research 25 (2003) 345–353 351

Mandal and Kanoria’s [4] multi-term Galerkin approxi-

mations and also with the experimental results of Dattatri
et al. [8].
The comparisons of the present results with those
obtained by Mandal and Kanoria [4] using multi-term
Galerkin approximations are not in good agreement. These
comparisons are made for exactly the same ratios of barrier
geometries used by Mandal and Kanoria [4]. However,
other comparisons with those obtained by finite element
method [7] and other analytical method [15] show excellent
agreement. The comparisons of the results with the
experimental results of Dattatri et al. [8] show some
agreement for the least-steep wave since a linear analytical
solution is employed in this study. This illustrates the
importance of nonlinearities in the problem. The nonlinear
effects with increasing wave-steepness will be considered in
Fig. 8. Comparison of transmission coefficients with those of experimental
study [8] for a rectangular barrier mounted on the sea bed: a=d ¼ 0:5; future work using second or higher-order diffraction theory.
a ¼ 08 and v2 d=g ¼ 0:89505: The discrepancies between researchers and the importance
of nonlinear effects, once again raised by the present study,
imply a need for a comprehensive and indicative exper-
Fig. 7 shows the comparisons of the reflection coeffi- imental work as well.
cients—for the rectangular cylinder mounted on the sea
bottom—between the results of the present study and those
of Mandal and Kanoria [4] obtained for three different Acknowledgements
barrier geometries: h=d ¼ 0:8; a=d ¼ 0:01; 0.1, and 1.0 for
only a ¼ 458: In this comparison, a discrepancy between the The authors would like to thank for the reviewer’s
results of the present study and the results of Mandal and comments in finalizing the manuscript for publication.
Kanoria [4] is again observed.
Fig. 8 shows a meaningful comparison of the
transmission coefficients between the present results and
those of Dattatri et al. [8] for the case (b) of a rectangular Appendix A
cylinder mounted on the sea bed. This figure shows the
effect of nonlinearities of the wave diffraction problem by Coefficients of the system of Eqs. (25) for the case (a):
comparing the results of the present linear analytical að1Þ
mn ¼ 1;
method with the experimental measurements of Dattatri
et al. [8] for three different wave steepness (H=L ¼ 0:045; and for the case (b):
0.029, 0.010) where H is the wave height and L is 0
að1Þ
m0 ¼ e
i2ap0
; ðn ¼ 0Þ
the wave length. The present study overestimates the
0
transmission coefficients when the wave-steepness or the að1Þ
mn ¼ e
22apn
; ðn $ 1Þ
degree of nonlinearity increases. The transmission coeffi-
cients measured by Dattatri et al. [8] approaches to those where
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
of the present study’s results as the wave-steepness
p00 ¼ k02 2 k0y p0n ¼ kn2 2 k0y
0 2 0 2 ; ðn $ 1Þ:
and
becomes smaller.
bð1Þ
mn ¼ 1; for both cases:
For the case (a):
4. Conclusions
2N021=2 ð21Þn k0 h sinh k0 h
gð1Þ
0n ¼ 2 ; ðm ¼ 0Þ
A relatively simpler linear analytical solution has been ðnpÞ2 þ ðk0 hÞ2
presented for the first-order wave-diffraction potential and
2Nm21=2 ð21Þn km h sinh km h
associated reflection, transmission, horizontal and vertical gð1Þ
mn ¼ 2 ; ðm $ 1Þ
force and moment coefficients for a rectangular barrier ðkm hÞ2 2 ðnpÞ2
either fixed at the free surface or sitting on the seabed in For the case (b):
water of finite depth. The findings of the study are
0 ðk0 dÞðd 0 =dÞ
compared with those of Bai’s [7] numerical finite element gð1Þ 21=2 21=2
00 ¼ 2N0 N0 sinh k0 h
method, Lebreton and Margnac’s [15] study and of ðk00 d 0 Þ2 2 ðk0 dÞ2 ðd0 =dÞ2
352 M. Söylemez, Ö. Gören / Applied Ocean Research 25 (2003) 345–353

0 ðkm dÞðd0 =dÞ and for the case (b):

gð1Þ 21=2 21=2
m0 ¼ Nm N0 sinh km h;
ðkm d Þ ðd =dÞ2 þ ðk00 d 0 Þ2
0 0 2 0
bð3Þ 0 0 ð1Þ
0n ¼ 2ip0 d gn0 ; ðm ¼ 0Þ
ðm $ 1Þ
bð3Þ 0 0 ð1Þ
mn ¼ pn d gnm ; ðm $ 1Þ:
0 ðk0 dÞðd =dÞ0
gð1Þ 21=2 21=2
0n ¼ N0 Nn sinh k0 h; For both cases (a) and (b):
ðk0 dÞ2 ðd 0 =dÞ2 þ ðk0n d0 Þ2
ðn $ 1Þ gð3Þ
m0 ¼ 2ip0 d; ðm $ 1Þ

0 ðkm dÞðd0 =dÞ gð3Þ

mn ¼ pn d; ðn $ 1; m $ 1Þ
gð1Þ 21=2 21=2
mn ¼ 2 Nm Nn sinh k0 h;
ðk0n dÞ 2 ðkm dÞ2 ðd0 =dÞ2
For the case (a):
ðn $ 1; m $ 1Þ:
að4Þ ð3Þ
mn ¼ 2amn
For the cases (a) and (b):
and for the case (b):
að2Þ
mn ¼ 1: 0
að4Þ ð3Þ i2ap0
0n ¼ a0n =e ; ðm ¼ 0Þ
For the case (a): 0
að4Þ ð3Þ 22apm
mn ¼ amn =e ; ðm $ 1Þ:
bð2Þ
mn ¼ 21;
For the case (a):
and for the case (b):
i2ap00 22ap0n
bð4Þ ð3Þ
mn ¼ bmn ;
bð2Þ
m0 ¼e and bð2Þ
mn ¼e ; ðn $ 1Þ:
and for the case (b):
For the case (a): 0
bð4Þ ð3Þ i2ap0
0n ¼ b0n e ; ðm ¼ 0Þ
2N021=2 ð21Þn k0 h sinh k0 h
sð2Þ
0n ¼ ; ðm ¼ 0Þ
bð4Þ ð3Þ 22apm 0
ðnpÞ2 þ ðk0 hÞ2 mn ¼ bmn e ; ðm $ 1Þ:

2Nm21=2 ð21Þn km h sinh km h For both cases (a) and (b):

sð2Þ
mn ¼ ðm $ 0; n $ 0Þ
ðkm hÞ2 2 ðnpÞ2 gð4Þ
m0 ¼ ip0 d; ðn ¼ 0Þ
mn ¼ gmn :
and for the case (b): sð2Þ ð1Þ
gð4Þ
mn ¼ 2pn d; ðn $ 1Þ:
The r.h.s. of the second set of Eqs. (25):
Finally, for both cases (a) and (b):
e2ik0x a 1=2 ð2Þ
rð2Þ
n ¼ N s ; ðfor the case ðaÞÞ; N01=2 e2ik0x a
sinh k0 d 0 0n r0 ¼ 2ik0x d ; ðn ¼ 0Þ
sinh k0 d
and
rð4Þ
n ¼ 0; ðn $ 1Þ:
e2ik0x a 1=2 ð2Þ
rð2Þ
n ¼2 N s ; ðfor the case ðbÞÞ:
sinh k0 d 0 0n
For the case (a): References

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