Optics Communications 285 (2012) 364–367

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Optics Communications
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom

Dark-in-the-Bright solitary wave solution of higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger

equation with non-Kerr terms
Amitava Choudhuri, K. Porsezian ⁎
Department of Physics, School of Physical, Chemical and Applied Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry 605014, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: We present new type of Dark-in-the-Bright solution also called dipole soliton for the higher order nonlinear
Received 2 August 2011 Schrödinger (HNLS) equation with non-Kerr nonlinearity under some parametric conditions and subject to con-
Received in revised form 19 September 2011 straint relation among the parameters in optical context. This equation could be a model equation of pulse prop-
Accepted 21 September 2011
agation beyond ultrashort range in optical communication systems. The solitary wave solution is composed of
Available online 6 October 2011
the product of bright and dark solitary waves. This type of pulse shape to be formed both the group velocity dis-
Keywords:
persion and third-order dispersion must be compensated. We also investigated the stability of the solitary wave
HNLS equation solution under some initial perturbation on the parametric conditions. We have shown that the shape of pulse
Non-Kerr nonlinearities remains unchanged up to 20 normalized lengths even under some very small violation in parametric conditions.
DITB or Dipole solution © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Parametric stability
Ultra short optical communication

1. Introduction of the NLS equation is based on the so-called multi-scale asymptotic

Optical solitons have promising potential to become principal in-
formation carriers in telecommunication due to their capability of
propagating long distance without attenuation and changing their
shapes. Considerable attentions are being paid theoretically and ex-
perimentally to analyze the dynamics of optical solitons in optical
waveguide. The waveguides used in the picosecond optical pulse
propagation in Nonlinear optical communication systems are usually
of Kerr type and consequently the dynamics of light pulses are de-
scribed by Nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) family of equations with
cubic nonlinear terms. In present days applications, in telecommuni-
cation and ultrafast signal routing systems, as the intensity of the in-
cident light field becomes stronger, non-Kerr nonlinearity effect
comes into play and due to this additional effect, the physical features
and the stability of the NLS soliton can change. The way through the
non-Kerr nonlinearity influences NLS soliton propagation is described
by the NLS family of equations with higher degree of nonlinear terms
[1]. The scalar NLS equation, for both temporal and spatial wave prop-
agation, is considered to be rather universal model. It is derived from
the first principles on the basis of very general assumptions about dis-
persive (or diffractive) and nonlinear properties of physical systems.
NLS equation has some validity limit. First of all, a standard derivation
⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: amitava_ch26@yahoo.com (A. Choudhuri), ponzsol@yahoo.com
(K. Porsezian).
technique, sometimes called reductive perturbation method [2]. It as-
sumes nonresonant nonlinearities when the most important effects
are described by an envelope of the field of the fundamental frequen-
cy ω propagating with the carrier wave number k. All higher-order
harmonics, even being excited, are assumed to be very small and,
therefore, they do not modify the field evolution on the main fre-
quency which, in the case of the cubic nonlinearity, is described by
the NLS equation. However, when some multiple frequencies are gen-
erated, they may strongly affect the wave propagation at the funda-
mental harmonic provided the so-called matching conditions are
satisfied. For example, strong interaction between the main frequen-
cy ω and two other frequencies ω1 and ω2 occurs provided ω = ω1 +
ω2 and the phase mismatch δk = k−(k1 + k2) vanishes. This kind of
three wave mixing is possible in a medium where the lowest-order
nonlinearity is quadratic in nature. When the medium nonlinearity
is cubic, the wave coupling is possible in the form of a four-wave mixing
process. When any of such resonance conditions is satisfied, the enve-
lope of the fundamental field becomes strongly coupled to a secondary
field (or more than one field) and a single NLS equation becomes not
valid. Coupling between the modes support multi-component solitary
waves which differ very much from the conventional solitons of the
scalar NLS equation. Additionally, the intermode interaction may lead
to instability of solitary waves. Moreover, along with the development
of the known theories, new problems have been considered and new
means have been developed to describe the propagation of optical
waves in nonlinear media.
Here in this paper, we present the solitary wave solutions for the
higher-order NLS (HNLS) equation with non-Kerr term, can be

0030-4018/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2011.09.043
 A. Choudhuri, K. Porsezian / Optics Communications 285 (2012) 364–367 365

written in terms of slowly varying complex envelope of the electric Here ξ is the shift of inverse group velocity and η and ζ are the
field E(z, t), as pulse width. Since the envelope function Aðz; t Þ is complex, the ampli-
tude of Aðz; t Þ is


2  






2
Ez ¼ i α1 Ett þ α2
E
E þ α3 Ettt þ α4
E
E n o1
2 2 2







t


 ð1Þ jAðz; t Þj ¼ β þ ½λsech½ηðt−ξzÞtanh½ζðt−ξzÞ ð4Þ


2



4

4
þ α5 E
E
þ iα6

E

4 E þ α7
E
E þ α8 E
E
:
t t t
and its corresponding nonlinear phase shift ϕNL is in the form
 
Here z is the normalized distance along the fiber, t is the normal- β
ϕNL ðz; t Þ ¼ arctan : ð5Þ
ized time with the frame of the reference moving along the fiber at λsech½ηðt−ξzÞtanh½ζðt−ξzÞ
the group velocity. The subscripts z and t denote the spatial and tem-
poral partial derivatives respectively. The coefficients αi(i = 1, 2, …, 5)
When η = 0 and β = 0, Eq. (3) reduces to an original dark soliton.
are the real parameters related to group velocity dispersion (GVD),
When η ≠ 0, we substitute Eq. (3) into Eq. (2) and setting the coeffi-
self phase modulation (SPM), third-order dispersion (TOD), self
cients for the independent terms containing independent composi-
steepening and self-frequency shift due to stimulated Raman scatter-
tion of hyperbolic functions equal to zero, we obtain the following
ing (SRS) and α6, α7, α8 are the quintic non-Kerr terms. These non-Kerr
overdetermined system of equations:
terms are crucial when one increases the intensity of the incident light
power to produce shorter (femtosecond) pulses. The quintic nonline-
−a6 β þ a3 β3 þ a7 β5 ¼ 0;
arities arise from the expansion of the refractive index in terms of
  ð6aÞ
intensity I of the light pulse : n = n0 + n2I + n4I 2 + …. Here n0 is the
ζλ ða1 −ξÞ−ða4 þ a5 Þβ2 −ða8 þ a9 Þβ4 þ
linear refractive index coefficient and n2, n4 are the nonlinear refrac-
tive index coefficients which originate from the third- and fifth-  
2 2
order susceptibilities. The polarizations induced through these sus- ζλ 3α3 η þ 2α3 ζ ¼ 0; ð6bÞ
ceptibilities give the cubic and quintic (non-Kerr) terms in nonlinear
Schrodinger equation respectively. The nonlinearity coming from a2 ηζλ ¼ 0; ð6cÞ
fifth-order susceptibility can be obtained in many optical materials
such as semiconductors, semiconductor doped glasses, polydiacctylene 2
α3 η ζλ ¼ 0; ð6dÞ
toluene sulfonate (PTS), calcogenide glasses and some transparent or-
ganic materials. When the last three terms related to α6, α7, α8 of the  
2 2
βζλ a5 þ a9 β ¼ 0; ð6eÞ
Eq. (1) are ignored, the resulting equation becomes the HNLS equation.
In recent years this equation become well analyzed by many authors  
2 4 2 2
from different points of view, (e.g., Painlevé property, inverse scattering λ −a6 þ a3 β þ a7 β −a2 η −2a2 ζ ¼ 0; ð6fÞ
transform, Hirota direct method, conservation laws) [3], to show its in-
tegrability nature and obtained some types of exact solutions such as  
2 2 4 4 2 2
ηλ a1 −ξ−a4 β þ a5 β −a8 β þ a9 β þ 5α3 η þ 6α3 ζ ¼ 0; ð6gÞ
new solitary wave solution, w-shaped solution, bright and dark optical
solitary wave solutions. Very recently, R. V. J. Raja et. al. [4] have suc-
2
cessfully investigated new theoretical design of chloroform filled PCF a2 η λ ¼ 0; ð6hÞ
to achieve high efficient soliton pulse propagation and numerically in-
3
vestigated the dynamical behavior of the soliton pulses in PCF using 6α3 η ¼ 0; ð6iÞ
HNLS equation with loss effect.
2 3 2
a3 βλ þ 2a7 β λ ¼ 0; ð6jÞ
2. DITB solitary wave solution

ζλ a1 −ξ−a4 β2 þ a5 β2 −a8 β4 þ a9 β4 þ 3α3 η2 þ 8α3 ζ2 þ a4 λ2
We now proceed with the analysis of Eq. (1) by separating E(z, t)
 ð6kÞ
into the complex envelope function A(z, t) and linear phase shift þa5 λ2 þ 2a8 β2 λ2 ¼ 0;
ϕL(z, t) = kz− ωt according to Eðz; t Þ ¼ Aðz; t ÞeiϕL ðz;t Þ . Substituting
the expression in Eq. (1) and removing the exponential term, we    
2 2 2
write the resulting equation as ζλ 6α3 η þ a4 þ a5 þ 2a8 β λ ¼ 0; ð6lÞ

2

2  




2 2
2β a5 þ a9 β ηλ ¼ 0; ð6mÞ
iAz þ ia1 At þ a2 Att þ a3
A
A−ia4
A
At −ia5 A2 At −a6 A






ð2Þ


4

4 2


þ a7
A
A−ia8
A
At −ia9 A
A
At −ia3 Attt ¼ 0 2 2 4
−2a5 βζλ −2a9 βζλ þ 2a9 βζλ ¼ 0; ð6nÞ

where 2 3
2a2 ζ λ þ a3 λ þ 2a7 β λ ¼ 0;
2 3
ð6oÞ
   
a1 ¼ −2α1 ω þ 3α3 ω2 ; a2 ¼ α1 −3ωα3 2 2 2
ηλ 6α3 ζ þ a4 þ a5 þ 2a8 β λ ¼ 0; ð6pÞ
a3 ¼ α2 −ωα4 ; a4 ¼ 2α4 þ α5
a5 ¼ α4 þ α5 ; a6 ¼ k þ ω2 α1 −ω3 α3   
2 2
a7 ¼ α6 −ωα7 ; a8 ¼ 3α7 þ 2α8 2βζ a5 þ a9 β −2λ ¼ 0; ð6qÞ
a9 ¼ 2ðα7 þ α8 Þ:
 
2 3
a3 þ 2a7 β λ ¼ 0; ð6rÞ
Now we make some ansatz
 
2 3
Aðz; t Þ ¼ iβ þ λsech½ηðt−ξzÞtanh½ζðt−ξzÞ: ð3Þ a4 þ a5 þ 2a8 β ηλ ¼ 0; ð6sÞ
366 A. Choudhuri, K. Porsezian / Optics Communications 285 (2012) 364–367

4
a9 βζλ ¼ 0; ð6tÞ compensated experimentally by using grating pair, prism sequences,
and chirped dielectric mirrors in mode-locked lasers and chirped-
4 pulse amplifiers [6]. Recently C. Xu et. al. [7] simulate TOD compensa-
a7 βλ ¼ 0; ð6uÞ
tion in a passively mode-locked ring fiber laser with two sections of
2 2 2 2 4 Yb-doped SC-PBG fibers, which has better output than that of the tra-
9α3 ζ þ 2ða4 þ a5 Þλ þ 4a8 β λ −4ða8 þ a9 Þλ ¼ 0; ð6vÞ
ditional structure. Moreover, the cavity group velocity dispersion
  GVD and TOD could be compensated independently by changing the
3 2 2
ζλ ða4 þ a5 Þ þ 2a8 β −2ða8 þ a9 Þλ ¼ 0; ð6wÞ length of the two different kinds of Yb-doped fiber. Very recently,
S. Chouli et. al. [8] investigate the intracavity pulse dynamics inside
5
ða8 þ a9 Þηλ ¼ 0; ð6xÞ dispersion-managed mode-locked fiber lasers, and show numerically
that for a relatively wide range of parameters, pulse compression dy-
ða8 þ a9 Þζλ ¼ 0
5
ð6yÞ namics in the passive anomalous fiber can be accompanied by a sig-
nificant enhancement of the spectral width by a factor close to 3.
and Although simultaneous compensation of both GVD and TOD is diffi-
cult in optical systems, day by day progress in high repetition rate be-
5
a7 λ ¼ 0: ð6zÞ yond ultrashort pulse sources based on fiber technology is going on
[9].
Obviously, from the above Eqs. (6a)–(6z), if β ≠ 0, it will result in Recently, Ding et. al. [10] showed that the phenomenon of dissipa-
that λ = 0, or all the coefficients of Eq. (2) equal to zero. This is not tive soliton resonance (DSR) predicts that an increase of pulse energy
our expected results. So we must require β equal to zero. Then we by orders of magnitude can be obtained in laser oscillators. It is in fact
can get the following solitary wave solution for Eq. (2) that DSR is achievable with realistic laser settings. They provide an ex-
cellent design tool for optimizing the mode-locking performance and
Aðz; t Þ ¼ λsech½ηðt−ξzÞtanh½ζðt−ξzÞ ð7Þ the enhancement of energy delivered per pulse by orders of magnitude.
The DITB solution in Eq. (10) of the HNLS equation with non-Kerr terms
under the following parametric conditions can be applied to systems beyond ultrashort pulses because here ideally
GVD and TOD approaches zero value i.e. the solitary wave cannot be
a1 ¼ ξ; a2 ¼ a3 ¼ a6 ¼ a7 ¼ 0
ð8Þ destroyed.
a4 þ a5 ¼ 0 and a8 þ a9 ¼ 0:
The intensity profile of the DITB soliton is shown in Fig. 1 as com-
puted from Eq. (11) for the value η = λ = 1 and ζ = 1. This is one type
Then from Eq. (2) and Eq. (8) we can easily get that under the con-
of double hump (dipole) soliton (DS) [11] because the DITB soliton
ditions
has two symmetrical humps and the light intensity in the middle of
α1 ¼ α3 ¼ 0 and 3α4 þ 2α5 ¼ 0; 5α7 þ 4α8 ¼ 0; ð9Þ the soliton is zero. These two humps of the DITB soliton form two di-
poles. If we choose the values of η different from ζ the exact DITB so-
Eq. (1) has solitary wave solution lution is possible except some change in pulse width and height of the
DITB profile. As a result of this the intensity of the DITB pulse profile
Eðz; t Þ ¼ λsech½ηðt−ξzÞtanh½ζðt−ξzÞe
iðkz−ωt Þ
; ð10Þ will change. The higher the intensity of DITB profile, lower the
width. In Fig. 2 we have shown the evolution of the solitary wave
α α up to a distance of 20 normalized lengths with ξ = 0. Here we have
subject to the constraint relation 2 ¼ 6 with intensity
α4 α7 used the same values η, λ and ζ as that in case of Fig. 1. It is an inter-







2

2 esting point to note that as long as the value of the functional param-

Aðz; t Þ
¼
λsech½ηðt−ξzÞtanh½ζðt−ξzÞ
; ð11Þ
eter ξ is much less than zero the shape of the pulse profile remains
unchanged. Fig. 3 shows the evolution of the solitary wave up to a dis-
where
tance of 20 normalized lengths with ξ = 0.001. Our calculated physi-
α2 cal parameter values are α1 = 0, α2 = 1, α3 = 0, α4 =−0.0247, α5 =
ξ ¼ 0; ω ¼ ; k ¼ 0; ð12Þ
α4 0.03705, α6 = 1, α7 =−0.0247 and α8 = 0.030875.
To analyze the stability of the solitary wave solutions, one have to
and η, ζ and λ are discretional in theory. study the numerical evolution of the initial pulses under some
The solitary wave is composed of the product of a bright solitary
wave and a dark solitary wave. The most important features are
that the shift of inverse group velocity (ξ) and linear phase shift k re- A 0,t ^2
main unchanged along with the transmitting distance. The parameter 0.25
β = 0 of the solitary wave means that it is not possible for this solitary
wave solution to have a platform underneath it. This solution can de-
0.20
scribe the propagation of dark optical pulses embedded in a broader
finite-width background bright one. For brevity, we called this type
of solitary wave solutions as Dark-in-the-Bright (DITB) solitons. In 0.15
this context, Kevrekidis et. al. [5] studied dark-in-bright solitons in
Bose–Einstein condensates with attractive interactions. They demon-
0.10
strate a possibility to generate localized states in effectively one-di-
mensional Bose–Einstein condensates with a negative scattering
length in the form of a dark soliton in presence of an optical lattice 0.05
and/or a parabolic magnetic trap. From the theory, to form this kind
of DITB pulse shape both the GVD and TOD must be compensated.
t
Generally, the simultaneous compensation of both GVD and TOD is 6 4 2 2 4 6
more difficult in optical systems. But it is possible to optimize these
systems. Spectral broadening caused by GVD and TOD could be Fig. 1. Intensity profile of the DITB pulse at z = 0, with λ = η = ζ = 1.
 A. Choudhuri, K. Porsezian / Optics Communications 285 (2012) 364–367
0.4
20
A z,t
0.2
15
0.0
10
5 10
5 0
0 t
t
5 0
Fig. 2. Evolution of the DITB solitary wave up to a distance of 20 dispersion lengths with
ξ = 0.
perturbations. It may be amplitude perturbation, random noises and
the slight violation of the parametric conditions. In the following
study we will not consider the perturbation of the amplitude because
the amplitude of the DITB solution is free. Here we have checked the
stability of the DITB pulse profile only considering the violation of the
parametric conditions. The DITB pulses remain stable after propagat-
ing a distance of twenty normalized lengths except a slight shifting of
the pulse peak when small values of the parameter α1 related to the
GVD are consider. We have checked it for α1 = 0.0001. But small var-
iation of the parametric condition related to TOD from α3 = 0 to
α3 = 0.0001 influences the stable propagation of the DITB pulse large-
ly both in shape and in the position of the peak. In this context if we
see the effect of the GVD and TOD on the Gaussian pulse, the Gaussian
pulse remains Gaussian when only the GVD term contributes. The
TOD distorts the pulse such that it becomes asymmetric with an oscil-
latory structure near one of its edges [12]. Thus our results agree the
basic theory. Slight violation of the parametric condition 3α4 +
2α5 = 0 and 5α7 + 4α8 = 0 given in Eq. (9) will not affect the stability
of the DITB pulse profile propagating a distance of 20 normalized
lengths. We have verified it for 3α4 + 2α5 = 0.0001 and 5α7 +
4α8 = 0.00016667. Thus under these small parametric violation ex-
cept in case of TOD, the DITB solution exists in a numerical form.
3. Conclusion
We have seen that HNLS equation with non-Kerr terms given in
Eq. (1) for some parametric conditions satisfies the new type of soli-
tary wave solution, so called Dark-in-the-Bright (DITB) solitary wave
solution. We also called this type of solution as dipole soliton (DS) be-
cause the DITB soliton has two symmetrical humps and the light in-
tensity in the middle of the soliton is zero. These two humps of the
DITB soliton form two dipoles. We have investigated the stability of
the DITB solitary wave profile under some initial perturbation on
the parametric conditions. It is shown that the shape of pulse remains
unchanged up to 20 normalized lengths even under some slight vio-
lation in parametric conditions. We have seen here that dispersion
management technique is needed to maintain the shape of the DITB
or DS pulse in photonic optics. This is analogous to control of the dis-
persion of matter wave packets utilizing periodic potential (optical
lattice) in Bose–Einstein condensate context [13]. Thus the DITB or
DS solitary wave solutions for the HNLS equation with non-Kerr
term can be applied practically to the systems to describe the propa-
gation of dark optical pulses beyond femtosecond embedded with
finite-width background bright pulses because here ideally GVD and
367
0.4
A z,t
20
0.2
15
0.0
5
z
5
5 0
Fig. 3. Evolution of the DITB solitary wave up to a distance of 20 dispersion lengths with
ξ = 0.001.
TOD approaches zero value i.e. the solitary wave cannot be destroyed.
The DITB or DS not only, could find applications in telecommunica-
tion because the dark pulses are less prone to disperse than regular
bright pulses, but also the HNLS with non-Kerr terms may be the
new theoretical model equation for experimental designing of Pho-
tonic Crystal Fiber to achieve high efficient dark soliton pulse propa-
gation and to study the laser pulse compression dynamics to
achieve significant enhancement of the spectral width.
Acknowledgment
K. Porsezian acknowledges the Department of Science and Tech-
nology (DST), the Department of Atomic Energy — Board of Research
in Nuclear Sciences (DAE-BRNS), the University Grants Commission
(UGC), the Government of India for financial support through major
projects. AC would like to acknowledge the DST, Government of
India for a project fellowship through grant No. SR/S2/LOP-12/2009
dated 30/09/2010.
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