Eur. Phys. J.

Plus (2017) 132: 339

DOI 10.1140/epjp/i2017-11607-5
THE EUROPEAN
PHYSICAL JOURNAL PLUS
Regular Article

Solitary waves for the nonlinear Schrödinger problem with the

probability distribution function in the stochastic input case

Mahmoud A.E. Abdelrahmana and M.A. Sohalyb

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt

Received: 14 May 2017 / Revised: 19 June 2017

Published online: 7 August 2017 – 
c Società Italiana di Fisica / Springer-Verlag 2017

Abstract. This work deals with the construction of the exact traveling wave solutions for the nonlinear
Schrödinger equation by the new Riccati-Bernoulli Sub-ODE method. Additionally, we apply this method
in order to study the random solutions by finding the probability distribution function when the coeffi-
cient in our problem is a random variable. The travelling wave solutions of many equations physically or
mathematically are expressed by hyperbolic functions, trigonometric functions and rational functions. We
discuss our method in the deterministic case and also in a random case, by studying the beta distribution
for the random input.

1 Introduction
Nonlinear phenomena arise in many areas of science, for example, biology, optical fibers, fluid mechanics, chemical
kinematics, plasma physics an so on. In fact these phenomena are reflected in interesting nonlinear partial differential
equations (NPDEs). Due to the importance of these equations, many researchers are concentrated on soliton solutions of
them and, therefore, on investigating new methods to solve more complicated problems. Furthermore, different methods
for finding exact solutions to nonlinear evolution equations have been proposed, developed and extended, such as Jacobi
elliptic function method [1–4], tanh-sech method [5–7], extended tanh-method [8–10], sine-cosine method [11–13], F-

expansion method [14–16], exp-function method [17–19], trigonometric function series method [20], ( GG )-expansion
method [21, 22], and so on.
In our paper, we used the Riccati-Bernoulli sub-ODE method [23], to construct exact solutions, solitary wave
solutions, of NPDEs. By using a traveling wave transformation and the Riccati-Bernoulli equation, these equations
can be transferred to a set of algebraic equations. We can get the exact solutions of NPDEs, by solving these equations.
The Schrödinger equation is chosen to illustrate the validity of this method. If we get a solution of NPDEs, we obtain
a new infinite sequence of solutions of these equations by using the Bcklund transformation.
The emphasis in this work is on building an understanding of the essential ideas that underlie the development,
analysis and practical use of our method. Besides providing a basis for the later development of the Riccati-Bernoulli
sub-ODE method for solving the nonlinear Schrödinger problem in this paper, this allows us to investigate the random
case for this problem. Stochastic Schrödinger equations provide a powerful tool to discuss the dynamics of open
quantum systems, specifically in quantum mechanics, where the stochastic Schrödinger equation is an equation that
describes how the quantum state of a noise system changes in time or by disturbance parameter in the equation itself.
Many papers have studied the stochastic Schrödinger equation by using the Brownian motion process [24–27] and, also,
the nonlinear Schrödinger equations with a random potential are studied in [28–30]. In this work, we are concerned
with the probability distribution function for random solutions according to our problem by using the transformations
of random variable techniques.

2 The Riccati-Bernoulli sub-ODE method

Let us consider the following nonlinear evolution equation:
G(ψ, ψt , ψx , ψtt , ψxx , . . .) = 0, (1)
a
e-mail: mahmoud.abdelrahman@mans.edu.eg
b
e-mail: m stat2000@yahoo.com
Page 2 of 9 Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2017) 132: 339

where G is a polynomial in ψ(x, t) and its partial derivatives with even highest-order derivatives and nonlinear terms.
The main steps of this method [31] are given as follows.
Step 1. We use the wave transformation
ψ(x, t) = ψ(ξ), ξ = k(x + vt), (2)
where the localized wave solution ψ(ξ) travels with speed v and k is a positive constant. Using eq. (2), one can
transform eq. (1) into the following ODE:
H(ψ, ψ  , ψ  , ψ  , . . .) = 0, (3)
2
where H is a polynomial in ψ(ξ) and its total derivatives,while ψ  (ξ) = dψ
dξ , ψ  (ξ) = d ψ
dξ 2 , and so on.

Step 2. We assume that eq. (3) has the formal solution in the following form:
ψ  = aψ 2−n + bψ + cψ n , (4)
where a, b, c and n are constants to be determined in sequence. From eq. (4), we get
ψ  = ab(3 − n)ψ 2−n + a2 (2 − n)ψ 3−2n + nc2 ψ 2n−1 + bc(n + 1)ψ n + (2ac + b2 )ψ, (5)
 
ψ = (ab(3 − n)(2 − n)ψ 1−n
+ a (2 − n)(3 − 2n)ψ
2 2−2n
+ n(2n − 1)c ψ 2 2n−2
+ bcn(n + 1)ψ n−1 2
+ (2ac + b ))ψ . (6)
Remark 1. When ac = 0 and n = 0, eq. (4) is a Riccati equation. When a = 0, c = 0, and n = 0, eq. (4) is a Bernoulli
equation. Equation (4) is called the Riccati-Bernoulli equation.

2.1 Classification of the solutions

Here we give the cases of solutions for the Riccati-Bernoulli equation (4).
Case 1. When n = 1, the solution of eq. (4) is

ψ(ξ) = μe(a+b+c)ξ . (7)

Case 2. When n = 1, b = 0 and c = 0, the solution of eq. (4) is
1
ψ(ξ) = (a(n − 1)(ξ + μ)) n−1 . (8)
Case 3. When n = 1, b = 0 and c = 0, the solution of eq. (4) is
  n−1
r
−a b(n−1)ξ
ψ(ξ) = + μe . (9)
b

Case 4. When n = 1, a = 0 and b2 − 4ac < 0, the solution of eq. (4) is

 √  √  1−n
1

−b 4ac − b2 (1 − n) 4ac − b2
ψ(ξ) = + tan (ξ + μ) (10)
2a 2a 2

and    1−n
√ √ 1

−b 4ac − b2 (1 − n) 4ac − b2
ψ(ξ) = − cot (ξ + μ) . (11)
2a 2a 2
Case 5. When n = 1, a = 0 and b2 − 4ac > 0, the solution of eq. (4) is
 √  √  1−n
1

−b b2 − 4ac (1 − n) b2 − 4ac
ψ(ξ) = − coth (ξ + μ) (12)
2a 2a 2

and    1−n
√ √ 1

−b b2 − 4ac (1 − n) b2 − 4ac
ψ(ξ) = − tanh (ξ + μ) . (13)
2a 2a 2
Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2017) 132: 339 Page 3 of 9

Case 6. When n = 1, a = 0 and b2 − 4ac = 0, the solution of eq. (4) is

  1−n
1
1 b
ψ(ξ) = − , (14)
a(n − 1)(ξ + μ) 2a
Here μ is an arbitrary constant.
Step 3. Superseding the derivatives of ψ into eq. (3) gives an algebraic equation of ψ. Noticing the symmetry of the
right-hand item of eq. (4) and setting the highest power exponents of u to equivalence in eq. (3), n can be determined.
Comparing the coefficients of ψ i crops a set of algebraic equations for a, b, c, and v. Solving these algebraic equations
and substituting n, a, b, c, v, and ξ = k(x + vt) into eqs. (7)–(14), we get traveling wave solutions of eq. (1). For detail,
see appendix A.

2.2 Bäcklund transformation

When ψm−1 (ξ) and ψm (ξ)(ψm (ξ) = ψm (ψm−1 (ξ))) are the solutions of eq. (4), we obtain

dψm (ξ) dψm (ξ) dψm−1 (ξ) dψm (ξ) 2−n n

= = (aψm−1 + bψm−1 + cψm−1 ),
dξ dψm−1 (ξ) dξ dψm−1 (ξ)
namely,
dψm (ξ) dψm (ξ)
2−n n
= 2−n n
. (15)
aψm + bψm + cψm aψm−1 + bψm−1 + cψm−1
Integrating eq. (15) once with respect to ξ, we get
  1−n
1
−cA1 + aA2 (ψm−1 (ξ))1−n
ψm (ξ) = , (16)
bA1 + aA2 + aA1 (ψm−1 (ξ))1−n
where A1 and A2 are arbitrary constants.
Equation (16) is a Bäcklund transformation of eq. (4). If we obtain a solution of this equation, we use eq. (16) in
order to get an infinite sequence of solutions of eq. (4), and likewise of eq. (1).

3 Applications
In this section, the Riccati-Bernoulli sub-ODE method is presented for solving the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, in
both cases deterministic and random as we will show.

3.1 The nonlinear deterministic Schrödinger equation

Here we apply the Riccati-Bernoulli sub-ODE method to solve the deterministic nonlinear Schrödinger equation [32],
given as follows:
iψt + ψxx + A|ψ|2 ψ = 0. (17)
This equation arises in many physical contexts in the description of nonlinear waves, such as propagation of a laser
beam in a medium, whose index of refraction is sensitive to the wave amplitude [33].
Using the transformation

ψ(x, t) = eiθ ψ(ξ), θ = αx − βt, ξ = k(x − wt), (18)

eq. (17) transforms into the following ODEs, using (18):

(β − α2 )ψ(ξ) + i(2αk − kλ)ψ  (ξ) + k 2 ψ  (ξ) + Aψ 3 (ξ) = 0. (19)

If we choose λ = 2α, then (19) becomes

k 2 ψ  + (β − α2 )ψ + Aψ 3 = 0. (20)

Substituting eqs. (5) into eq. (20), we obtain

k 2 (ab(3 − m)ψ 2−m + a2 (2 − m)ψ 3−2m + mc2 ψ 2m−1 + bc(m + 1)ψ m + (2ac + b2 )ψ) + (β − α2 )ψ + Aψ 3 = 0. (21)
Page 4 of 9 Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2017) 132: 339

Fig. 1. Solution ψ = ψ1 (x, t) of eq. (17) for α = 0.1, β = 1, A = 2, k = 1.5, μ = 0 and w = 3.

Setting m = 0, eq. (21) is reduced to

3k 2 abψ 2 + 2k 2 a2 ψ 3 + k 2 bc + k 2 (2ac + b2 )ψ + (β − α2 )ψ + Aψ 3 = 0. (22)
i
Equating all the coefficients of ψ (i = 0, 1, 2, 3) to zero, we respectively get
bck 2 = 0, (23)
k (2ac + b ) + (β − α ) = 0,
2 2 2
(24)
2
3k ab = 0, (25)
2 2
2k a + A = 0. (26)
Solving eqs. (23)–(26), we get
b = 0, (27)
(α − β) 2
ac = , (28)
2k 2

−A
a=± . (29)
2k 2
Case I. When (α2k−β)
2
2 < 0, substituting eqs. (27)–(29) and (18) into eqs. (10) and (11), we obtain traveling wave
solutions of eq. (17):   
β − α2 β − α2
ψ1,2 (x, t) = ± tan (k(x − wt) + μ) (30)
A 2k
and   
β − α2 β − α2
ψ3,4 (x, t) = ± cot (k(x − wt) + μ) , (31)
A 2k
where μ, k, and w are arbitrary constants. The solution ψ1 is depicted in fig. 1.
Case II. When (α2k−β)
2
2 > 0, substituting eqs. (27)–(29) and (18) into eqs. (12) and (13), we obtain traveling wave
solutions of eq. (17):   
α2 − β α2 − β
ψ5,6 (x, t) = ± tanh (k(x − wt) + μ) (32)
A 2k
and   
α2 − β α2 − β
ψ7,8 (x, t) = ± coth (k(x − wt) + μ) , (33)
A 2k
where μ, k, and w are arbitrary constants. The solution ψ5 is depicted in fig. 2.
Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2017) 132: 339 Page 5 of 9

Fig. 2. Solution ψ = ψ5 (x, t) of eq. (17) for α = 0.1, β = −1, A = 2, k = 1.5, μ = 0 and w = 3.

Remark 2. Applying eq. (16) to ψi (x, t) (i = 1, 2, . . . , 8) once, we can obtain an infinite sequence of solutions of eq. (17).

3.2 The nonlinear stochastic Schrödinger equation

In this part, we will study the nonlinear random Schrödinger equation as in the form

iψt + ψxx + A|ψ|2 ψ = 0, (34)

where A is a positive random variable.

By applying the Riccati-Bernoulli sub-ODE method to eq. (34) using the same steps as in deterministic case, we
can find the random solutions are as follows.
Case I. When (α2k−β)
2
2 < 0, substituting eqs. (27), (29) and (18) into eqs. (10) and (11), we obtain random traveling
wave solutions of eq. (34):
  
β − α2 β − α2
ψ1,2 (x, t) = ± tan (k(x − wt) + μ)
A 2k

and   
β − α2 β − α2
ψ3,4 (x, t) = ± cot (k(x − wt) + μ) ,
A 2k
where μ, k, and w are arbitrary constants but A is a random variable. The expected values for the random solutions
(ψ1 , ψ3 ) are depicted in fig. 3.
Case II. When (α2k−β)
2
2 > 0, substituting eqs. (27), (29) and (18) into eqs. (12) and (13), we obtain random traveling
wave solutions of eq. (34):
  
α2 − β α2 − β
ψ5,6 (x, t) = ± tanh (k(x − wt) + μ)
A 2k

and   
α2 − β α2 − β
ψ7,8 (x, t) = ± coth (k(x − wt) + μ) ,
A 2k
where μ, k, and w are arbitrary constants but A is a random variable. The expected values for the random solutions
(ψ5 , ψ7 ) are depicted in fig. 4.
Page 6 of 9 Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2017) 132: 339

Fig. 3. E[ψ1 (x, t), ψ3 (x, t)] of eq. (34) for w = 3, μ = 0, k = 1.5, α = 0.1, β = 1, A has beta distribution and −10 ≤ t ≤ 10,
0 ≤ x ≤ 6, where E[ ] denotes the expectation value operator.

Fig. 4. E[ψ5 (x, t), ψ7 (x, t)] of eq. (34) for w = 3, μ = 0, k = 1.5, α = 0.1, β = −1, A has Beta distribution and −10 ≤ t ≤ 10,
0 ≤ x ≤ 6, where E[ ] denotes the expectation value operator.

3.2.1 The inverse mapping technique

If X is a random variable having a density function fx (X), and if we have another random variable Y , such that

Y = ψ(X),

then we can get the probability distribution function of the random variable Y by the inverse mapping technique (if
exists) as follows:

Y = ψ(X),

X = ψ −1 (Y ),
 
fy (Y ) = fx ψ −1 (Y ) |J|.
Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2017) 132: 339 Page 7 of 9

−1
Since J(Jacobian) = | dψ dY(Y ) |, we can apply the inverse mapping technique in order to find the probability
distribution functions for our random relations (ψ1 − ψ8 ), where A is a beta random variable with parameter λ as
follows:

P DF (ψ1 ) =
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 0 s 12
⎟
⎜ − tan@ 12 √2 − α(k(−tw+x)μ) 2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)
A (α2 −β)   √  2 ⎟
⎜ k(k(−tw+x)μ)
 α(k(−tw+x)μ) −β(k(−tw+x)μ)  ⎟
⎜ λ e−λ  tan 2 2 − (α2 − β) ⎟
2
2 1
⎜ ψ1
k(k(−tw+x)μ) ⎟
2 ⎜⎛ r !2 ⎞  ⎟ ,
⎜ √  ψ 3  ⎟
⎜ − tan 12 2 − α(k(−tw+x)μ)  ⎟
2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)
(α2 −β) 1
⎜⎜ k(k(−tw+x)μ)
⎟ ⎟
⎝⎝ ψ12 ⎠! ⎠

P DF (ψ2 ) =
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 0 s 12
⎟
⎜ − tan@ 12 √2 − α(k(−tw+x)μ) 2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)
A (α2 −β)   √  2 ⎟
⎜ k(k(−tw+x)μ)
 α(k(−tw+x)μ) −β(k(−tw+x)μ)  ⎟
⎜ λ e−λ  tan 2 2 − (α2 − β) ⎟
2
2 1
⎜ ψ2
k(k(−tw+x)μ) ⎟
2 ⎜⎛ r !2 ⎞  ⎟ ,
⎜ √  ψ 3  ⎟
⎜ − tan 12 2 − α(k(−tw+x)μ)  ⎟
2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)
(α2 −β) 2
⎜⎜ k(k(−tw+x)μ)
⎟ ⎟
⎝⎝ ψ2
2
⎠! ⎠

P DF (ψ3 ) =
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 0 s 12
⎟
⎜ − cot@ 12 √2 − α(k(−tw+x)μ) 2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)
A (α2 −β)   √   ⎟
⎜ k(k(−tw+x)μ)
 α(k(−tw+x)μ)2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)
2  ⎟
⎜ λ 2
e−λ  cot 2 2 −
1
(α2 − β) ⎟
⎜ ψ3
k(k(−tw+x)μ) ⎟
2 ⎜⎛ r !2 ⎞  ⎟ ,
⎜ √  3
ψ3  ⎟
⎜ − cot 12 2 − α(k(−tw+x)μ)  ⎟
2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)
(α2 −β)
⎜⎜ k(k(−tw+x)μ)
⎟ ⎟
⎝⎝ ψ2
3
⎠! ⎠

P DF (ψ4 ) =
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 0 s 12
⎟
⎜ − cot@ 12 √2 − α(k(−tw+x)μ) 2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)
A (α2 −β)   √  2 ⎟
⎜ k(k(−tw+x)μ)
 2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)  ⎟
⎜ λ e−λ  cot 2 2 − (α2 − β) ⎟
2 1 α(k(−tw+x)μ)
⎜ ψ4
k(k(−tw+x)μ) ⎟
2 ⎜⎛ r !2 ⎞  ⎟ ,
⎜ √  ψ43 ⎟
⎜ − cot 2 2 −
1 α(k(−tw+x)μ)2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)
(α −β)
2
 ⎟
⎜⎜ k(k(−tw+x)μ)
⎟ ⎟
⎝⎝ 4ψ 2 ⎠ ! ⎠

P DF (ψ5 ) =
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 0 s 12
⎟
⎜ − tanh@ 21 √2 − α(k(−tw+x)μ) 2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)
A (α2 −β)   √  2 ⎟
⎜ k(k(−tw+x)μ)
 2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)  ⎟
⎜ λ e−λ  tanh 2 2 − (α2 − β) ⎟
2 1 α(k(−tw+x)μ)
⎜ ψ5
k(k(−tw+x)μ) ⎟
2 ⎜⎛ r !2 ⎞  ⎟ ,
⎜ √  ψ 3  ⎟
⎜ − tanh 12 2 −  ⎟
2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)
α(k(−tw+x)μ)
(α2 −β) 5
⎜⎜ k(k(−tw+x)μ)
⎟ ⎟
⎝⎝ 5ψ2 ⎠! ⎠
Page 8 of 9 Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2017) 132: 339

P DF (ψ6 ) =
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 0 s 12
⎟
⎜ − tanh@ 21 √2 − α(k(−tw+x)μ) 2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)
A (α2 −β)   √   ⎟
⎜ k(k(−tw+x)μ)
 α(k(−tw+x)μ)2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)
2  ⎟
⎜ λ 2
e−λ  tanh 2 2 −
1
(α2 − β) ⎟
⎜ ψ6
k(k(−tw+x)μ) ⎟
2 ⎜⎛ r !2 ⎞  ⎟ ,
⎜ √  ψ63  ⎟
⎜ − tanh 12 2 − α(k(−tw+x)μ)  ⎟
2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)
(α2 −β)
⎜⎜ k(k(−tw+x)μ)
⎟ ⎟
⎝⎝ ψ62 ⎠! ⎠

P DF (ψ7 ) =
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 0 s 12
⎟
⎜ − coth@ 12 √2 − α(k(−tw+x)μ) 2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)
A (α2 −β)   √  2 ⎟
⎜ k(k(−tw+x)μ)
 α(k(−tw+x)μ) −β(k(−tw+x)μ)  ⎟
⎜ λ e−λ  coth 2 2 − (α2 − β) ⎟
2
2 1
⎜ ψ6
k(k(−tw+x)μ) ⎟
2 ⎜⎛ r !2 ⎞  ⎟ ,
⎜ √  ψ 3  ⎟
⎜ − coth 12 2 − α(k(−tw+x)μ)  ⎟
2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)
(α2 −β) 7
⎜⎜ k(k(−tw+x)μ)
⎟ ⎟
⎝⎝ ψ72 ⎠! ⎠

P DF (ψ8 ) =
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 0 s 12
⎟
⎜ − coth@ 12 √2 − α(k(−tw+x)μ) 2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)
A (α2 −β)   √  2 ⎟
⎜ k(k(−tw+x)μ)
 2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)  ⎟
⎜ λ 2
e−λ  coth 2 2 −
1 α(k(−tw+x)μ)
(α2 − β) ⎟
⎜ ψ8
k(k(−tw+x)μ) ⎟
2 ⎜⎛ r !2 ⎞  ⎟ .
⎜ √  ψ 3  ⎟
⎜ − coth 12 2 −  ⎟
2 −β(k(−tw+x)μ)
α(k(−tw+x)μ)
(α2 −β) 8
⎜⎜ k(k(−tw+x)μ)
⎟ ⎟
⎝⎝ ψ82 ⎠! ⎠

4 Conclusions

The aim of this work was to construct the Riccati-Bernoulli sub-ODE method and apply it to find the exact solutions
of the nonlinear (stochastic) Schrödinger equation. Under appropriate cases on the data and, also, on the random
coefficient we used our method in order to get the (stochastic) solutions of the nonlinear (stochastic) Schrödinger
equation. In addition, the main statistical functions, such as the mean and the probability distribution function of
the solution stochastic process generated by the Riccati-Bernoulli sub-ODE method in a beta distribution case are
given.

Appendix A.

In the following we explain in detail step 3 of the Riccati-Bernoulli sub-ODE method:

1) Substituting the derivatives of ψ into eq. (3) gives an algebraic equation of ψ.

2) Determining the value of n, using the symmetry of the right-hand item of eq. (4) and setting the highest power
exponents of u to equivalence in eq. (3).
3) Comparing the coefficients of ψ i yields a set of algebraic equations for a, b, c, and v.
4) Solving these algebraic equations and substituting n, a, b, c, v, and ξ = k(x + vt) into eqs. (7)–(14), we have
traveling wave solutions of eq. (1).

These items are clearly reflected explicitly and mathematically, in sect. 3.1, namely, in (21), (22) and solving eqs. (23)–
(26), then we get the exact traveling wave solutions of eq. (17).
Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2017) 132: 339 Page 9 of 9

References
1. M.A.E. Abdelrahman, M.M.A. Khater, Adv. Phys. 11, 3134 (2015).
2. C.Q. Dai, J.F. Zhang, Chaos, Solitons Fractals 27, 1042 (2006).
3. E. Fan, J. Zhang, Phys. Lett. A 305, 383 (2002).
4. S. Liu, Z. Fu, S. Liu, Q. Zhao, Phys. Lett. A 289, 69 (2001).
5. W. Malfliet, Am. J. Phys. 60, 650 (1992).
6. W. Malfliet, W. Hereman, Phys. Scr. 54, 563 (1996).
7. A.M. Wazwaz, Appl. Math. Comput. 154, 714 (2004).
8. S.A. EL-Wakil, M.A. Abdou, Chaos, Solitons Fractals 31, 840 (2007).
9. E. Fan, Phys. Lett. A 277, 212 (2000).
10. A.M. Wazwaz, Appl. Math. Comput. 187, 1131 (2007).
11. A.M. Wazwaz, Comput. Math. Appl. 50, 1685 (2005).
12. A.M. Wazwaz, Math. Comput. Model. 40, 499 (2004).
13. C. Yan, Phys. Lett. A 224, 77 (1996).
14. M.A. Abdou, Chaos, Solitons Fractals 31, 95 (2007).
15. Y.J. Ren, H.Q. Zhang, Chaos, Solitons Fractals 27, 959 (2006).
16. J.L. Zhang, M.L. Wang, Y.M. Wang, Z.D. Fang, Phys. Lett. A 350, 103 (2006).
17. M.A.E. Abdelrahman, E.H.M. Zahran, M.M.A. Khater, Int. J. Mod. Nonlinear Teory Appl. 4, 37 (2015).
18. H. Aminikhad, H. Moosaei, M. Hajipour, Numer. Methods Part. Differ. Eq. 26, 1427 (2009).
19. J.H. He, X.H. Wu, Chaos, Solitons Fractals 30, 700 (2006).
20. Z.Y. Zhang, Turk. J. Phys. 32, 235 (2008).
21. M.L. Wang, J.L. Zhang, X.Z. Li, Phys. Lett. A 372, 417 (2008).
22. S. Zhang, J.L. Tong, W. Wang, Phys. Lett. A 372, 2254 (2008).
23. M.A.E. Abdelrahman, M.A. Sohaly, J. Phys. Math. 8, 214 (2017).
24. A. de Bouard, A. Debussche, Commun. Math. Phys. 205, 161 (1999).
25. G.E. Falkovich, I. Kolokolov, V. Lebedev, S.K. Turitsyn, Phys. Rev. E 63, 025601 (2001).
26. C.M. Mora, R. Rebolledo, Ann. Appl. Probab. 18, 591 (2008).
27. W.T. Strunz, Chem. Phys. 268, 237 (2001).
28. J. Bourgain, Illinois J. Math. 50, 183 (2006).
29. L. Cioletti, L.C.F. Ferreira, M. Furtado, On nonlinear Schrödinger equations with random potentials: existence and proba-
bilistic properties, arXiv:1304.2449 (2013).
30. S. Fishman, Y. Krivolapov, A. Soffer, Nonlinearity 25, R53 (2012).
31. X.F. Yang, Z.C. Deng, Y. Wei, Adv. Differ. Equ. 1, 117 (2015).
32. F.K. Chand, A. Malik, Int. J. Nonlinear Sci. 14, 416 (2012).
33. C. Sulem, P.L. Sulem, The Nonlinear Schrödinger equation Self-Focusing and Wave Collapse (Springer, New York, 1999).