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1. TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION:
An equation involving one or more trigonometrical ratios of unknown angles is called a
trigonometrical equation.
2. SOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION:
A value of the unknown angle which satisfies the given equation is called a solution of the
trigonometric equation.
(a) Principal solution: The solution of the trigonometric equation lying in the interval
(0, 2𝜋)
(b) General solution: Since all the trigonometric functions are many one & periodic, hence
there are infinite values of 𝜃 for which trigonometric functions have the same value.
All such possible values of 𝜃 for which the given trigonometric function is satisfied is given
by a general formula. Such a general formula is called general solution of trigonometric
equation.
(c) Particular solution: The solution of the trigonometric equation lying in the given
interval.
3. GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF SOME TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS (TO BE REMEMBERED):
(a) If sin θ = 0, then θ = nπ, n ∈ I (set of integers)
π
(b) If cosθ = 0, then θ = (2n + 1) 2 , n ∈ I
(c) If tanθ = 0, then θ = nπ, n ∈ I
−π π
(d) If sinθ = sin α, then θ = nπ + (−1)n α, where α ∈ [ 2 , 2 ] , n ∈ I
(e) If cosθ = cos α, then θ = 2 nπ ± α, n ∈ I, α ∈ [0, π]
−π π
(f) If tanθ = tan α, then θ = nπ + α, n ∈ I, α ∈ ( 2 , 2 )
π π
(g) If sinθ = 1, then θ = 2nπ + 2 = (4n + 1) 2 , n ∈ I
(h) If cosθ = 1, then θ = 2nπ, n ∈ I
(i) If sin2 θ = sin2 α or cos2 θ = cos2 α or tan2 θ = tan2 α, then θ = nπ ± α, n ∈ I
(j) For n ∈ I, sin nπ = 0 and cos nπ = (−1)n , n ∈ I
sin (nπ + θ) = (−1)n sin θ cos (nπ + θ) = (−1)n cos θ
n−1
nπ nπ
(k) cos nπ = (−1)n , n ∈ I If n is an odd integer, then sin = (−1) 2 , cos = 0,
2 2
n−1
nπ
sin ( 2 + θ) = (−1) 2 cosθ
n+1
nπ
cos ( + θ) = (−1) 2 sinθ
2
tan 3x − tan2x
Illustration 1: Find the set of values of x for which 1+tan3x⋅tan2x = 1
tan 3x − tan 2x
Solution : We have, 1 + tan 3x⋅tan 2x = 1 ⇒ tan(3x − 2x) = 1 ⇒ tan x = 1
π π
⇒ tan x = tan 4 ⇒ x = nπ + 4 , n ∈ I { using tan θ = tan α ⇔ θ = nπ + α}
But for this value of x, tan 2x is not defined. Hence the solution set for x is ϕ.Ans.
Do yourself-1:
(i) Find general solutions of the following equations:
1 3θ 3θ
(a) sin θ = 2 (b) cos ( 2 ) = 0 (c) tan ( 4 ) = 0
θ
(d) cos2 2θ = 1 (e) √3sec 2θ = 2 (f) cosec (2) = −1
APNI KAKSHA 1
(MATHEMATICS) TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
4. IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED WHILE SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC
EQUATIONS:
(a) For equations of the type sin θ = k or cos θ = k, one must check that |k| ≤ 1.
(b) Avoid squaring the equations, if possible, because it may lead to extraneous solutions.
Reject extra solutions if they do not satisfy the given equation.
(c) Do not cancel the common variable factor from the two sides of the equations which are
in a product because we may loose some solutions.
(d) The answer should not contain such values of θ, which make any of the terms undefined
or infinite.
(i) Check that denominator is not zero at any stage while solving equations.
π
(ii) If tan θ or sec θ is involved in the equations, θ should not be odd multiple of 2 .
APNI KAKSHA 2
(MATHEMATICS) TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
1
Illustration 3: Solve sin2 θ − cos θ = 4, for θ and write the values of θ in the interval 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
1
Solution: The given equation can be written as 1 − cos2 θ − cosθ = 4 ⇒ cos 2 θ + cosθ − 3/4 = 0
1 3
⇒ 4cos2 θ + 4cosθ − 3 = 0 ⇒ (2cosθ − 1)(2cosθ + 3) = 0 ⇒ cosθ = 2 , − 2
APNI KAKSHA 3
(MATHEMATICS) TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
Do yourself-2:
(i) Solve the following equations:
a b c
∴ sin θ + cos θ =
√a2 + b 2 √a2 + b 2 √a2 + b 2
√3 1 1 π π 1
⇒ cos x − 2 sin x = 2 ⇒ cos cos x − sin sin x = 2 ⇒
2 6 6
π 1
cos (x + 6 ) = 2
As 0 ≤ x ≤ 3π
π π π π π 5π 7π π 3π 13π
≤ x + ≤ 3π + ⇒ x + = , , ⇒x= , ,
6 6 6 6 3 3 3 6 2 6
3π
But at x = , tan x and sec x is not defined ∴ Total number of solutions are 2.Ans.
2
Illustration 9: Prove that the equation kcos x − 3sin x = k + 1 possess a solution iff k ∈ (−∞, 4].
k 3 k+1
Solution: Here, k cosx − 3sinx = k + 1, could be re-written as: √k2 cos x − √k2 sin x = √k2
+9 +9 +9
k+1 3 k+1
or cos (x + ϕ) = √k2 , where tanϕ = k which possess a solution only if −1 ≤ √k2 ≤1
+9 +9
k+1
i.e., |√k2 | ≤ 1 i.e., (k + 1)2 ≤ k 2 + 9 i.e., k 2 + 2k + 1 ≤ k 2 + 9 or k ≤ 4
+9
APNI KAKSHA 4
(MATHEMATICS) TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
Do yourself - 3:
(i) Solve the following equations:
(a) sin x + √2 = cos x. (b) cosec θ = 1 + cot θ
(d) Solving trigonometric equations by transforming sum of trigonometric functions into
product.
e.g. cos 3x + sin 2x − sin 4x = 0
1
cos 3x − 2sin xcos 3x = 0 ⇒ (cos 3x)(1 − 2sin x) = 0 ⇒ cos 3x = 0 or sin x = 2
π 1 π
⇒ cos 3x = 0 = cos sin x = = sin
2 2 6
π π 2nπ π
⇒ 3x = 2nπ ± 2 x = mπ + (−1)m 6 ; (n, m ∈ I) ⇒ x = ± 6 Ans.
3
APNI KAKSHA 5
(MATHEMATICS) TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
π 3π 5π 7π
for n = 0, θ = 8 ; n = 1, θ = ; n = 2, θ = ; n = 3, θ = (∴ 0 ≤ θ ≤ π) and
8 8 8
from the second equation:
1
cos 2θ = − = −cos (π/3) = cos (π − π/3) = cos (2π/3)
2
2π π
∴ 2θ = 2kπ ± ⇒ θ = kπ ± , k ∈ I
3 3
π 2π π π 3π 5π 2π 7π
again for k = 0, θ = 3 ; k = 1, θ = 3 (∵ 0 ≤ θ ≤ π) ∴ θ = 8 , 3 , 8 , 8 , 3 , 8 Ans.
Do yourself-4:
(i) Solve 4sin θsin 2θsin 4θ = sin 3θ (ii) Solve for x: sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x = 0
(f) Solving equations by a change of variable:
(i) Equations of the form P(sin x ± cos x, sin x ⋅ cos x) = 0, where P(y, z) is a polynomial,
can be solved by the substitution: cos x ± sin x = t ⇒ 1 ± 2sin x ⋅ cos x = t 2
Illustration 12: Solve: sin x + cos x = 1 + sin x ⋅ cos x.
Solution : put sin x + cos x = t ⇒ sin2 x + cos2 x + 2 sin x ⋅ cos x = t 2
t2 − 1
⇒ 2sin xcos x = t 2 − 1 (∵ sin2 x + cos 2 x = 1) ⇒ sin xcos x = ( )
2
Substituting above result in given equation, we get:
t2 − 1
t=1+ ⇒ 2t = t 2 + 1 ⇒ t 2 − 2t + 1 = 0
2
⇒ (t − 1)2 = 0 ⇒ t = 1 ⇒ sin x + cos x = 1
Dividing both sides by √12 + 12 i.e. √2. we get
1 1 π 1 π 1
⇒ sin x + cos x = ⇒ cos xcos
+ sin x ⋅ sin =
√2 √2 √2 4 4 √2
π π π π
⇒ cos (x − ) = cos ⇒ x − = 2nπ ±
4 4 4 4
π π
⇒ x = 2nπ or x = 2nπ + 2 = (4n + 1) 2 , n ∈ I Ans.
(ii) Equations of the form of a sin x + bcos x + d = 0, where a, b & d are real numbers can
be solved by changing sin x&cos x into their corresponding tangent of half the angle.
Illustration 13 : Solve : 3cos x + 4sin x = 5
x x
1−tan2 x/2 2tan x/2 3−3tan2 8tan
Solution : ⇒ 3 (1+tan2 x/2) + 4 (1+tan2 x/2) = 5 ⇒ x
2
+ 2
x =5
1+tan2 1+tan2
2 2
x x x x x
⇒ 3 − 3tan2 + 8tan = 5 + 5tan2 ⇒ 8tan2 − 8tan +2 =0
2 2 2 2 2
x x x 2
⇒ 4tan2 − 4tan + 1 = 0 ⇒ (2tan − 1) = 0
2 2 2
x x 1 1
⇒ 2tan (2) − 1 = 0 ⇒ tan = 2 = tan (tan−1 2)
2
x 1 1
⇒ 2 = nπ + tan−1 (2) , n ∈ I ⇒ x = 2nπ + 2 tan−1 (2) , n ∈ IAns.
APNI KAKSHA 6
(MATHEMATICS) TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
(g) Solving trigonometric equations with the use of the boundness of the functions
involved.
1
1 2 1 2 1
Minimum value of 2cos2 x = 2 ⇒ Minimum value of √(y − 2) + (2) = 2
1
1
⇒ Minimum value of 2cos2 x √y 2 − y + is 1⇒ (i) is possible
2
1
1 2 1 2
when2cos2 x √(y − 2) + (2) ≤ 1 ⇒ cos 2 x = 1 and y = 1/2
π 5π
Thus, the required solution set is ∪ (2nπ + 6 , 2nπ + ) Ans.
n∈I 6
Illustration 18: Find the values of α lying between 0 and π for which the inequality:
Do yourself - 6:
(ii) Find the values of x in the interval [0,2π] for which 4sin2 x − 8sin x + 3 ≤ 0.
Miscellaneous Illustration:
Illustration 19: Solve the following equation: tan2 θ + sec 2 θ + 3 = 2(√2sec θ + tan θ)
(1 + log 5 cos x) ⋅ log 5 5 = log 5 (5/2) ⇒ log 5 5 + log 5 cos x = log 5 5 − log 5 2
a−b
then find the value of | |.
3
−(√6+√2) √6−√2
⇒ < sin x <
4 4
5π π π π
⇒ − 12 < x < 12 for x ∈ (− 2 , 2 )
aπ bπ
Comparing with 24 < x < , we get, a = −10, b = 2
24
a−b −10−2
∴| |=| |=4 Ans.
3 3
Illustration 22 : The number of values of x in the interval [0,5𝜋] satisfying the equation.
⇒ (3sin x − 1)(sin x − 2) = 0
∵ sin x ≠ 2
1
⇒ sin x = 3 = sin α( say)
APNI KAKSHA 9
(MATHEMATICS) TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
1
x such that sin α = 3.
π
Clearly 0 < α < 2 . We get the solution,
x = α, π − α, 2π + α, 3π − α, 4π + α and 5π − α.
Hence total six values in [0,5π] Ans.
4nπ nπ
(c) θ= ,n ∈ I (d) θ= ,n ∈ I
3 2
π
(e) θ = nπ ± 12 , n ∈ I (f) θ = 2nπ + (−1)n+1 π, n ∈ I
π nπ kπ 3π
2: (i) (a) x = nπ + (−1)n+1 6 , n ∈ I (b) α= or α = + , n, k ∈ I
2 2 8
π
(c) θ = nπ ± 3 , n ∈ I
−1+√17 −1−√17
(d) θ = nπ + (−1)n α, where α = sin−1 ( ) or sin−1 ( ),n ∈ I
8 8
π −3π −π π 3π π
(ii) θ = {− 4 , , ,4, , 2}
4 2 4
π π
3: (i) (a) x = 2nπ − 4 , n ∈ I (b) 2 mπ + 2 , m ∈ I
mπ π nπ π
4: (i) θ = nπ or θ = ± 9 ; n, m ∈ I (ii) x= , n ∈ I and kπ ± 3 , k ∈ I
3 3
π
5: (i) D (ii) x= 4
2π 2π π 5π
𝟔: (i) ∪ [2nπ − , 2nπ + ] (ii) [6 , ]
n∈I 3 3 6
APNI KAKSHA 10
(MATHEMATICS) TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
EXERCISE 1
1. The number of solutions of the equation sin 2x − 2cos x + 4sin x = 4 in the interval [0, 5π] is-
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 5
2. Let A = {θ: sin (θ) = tan (θ)} and B = {θ: cos (θ) = 1} be two sets. Then -
(A) A = B (B) A ⊂ B and B − A ≠ ϕ
(C) A ⊄ B (D) B ⊄ A
3. The complete solution set of the inequality tan2 x − 2√2tan x + 1 ≤ 0 is -
π 3π π 3π
(A) nπ + 8 ≤ x ≤ 8 + nπ, n ∈ I (B) nπ + 4 ≤ x ≤ 4 + nπ, n ∈ I
π 3π π 2π
(C) nπ + 16 ≤ x ≤ + nπ, n ∈ I (D) nπ + 3 ≤ x ≤ + nπ, n ∈ I
8 3
APNI KAKSHA 11
(MATHEMATICS) TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
15. The solution set of (5 + 4cos θ)(2cos θ + 1) = 0 in the interval [0,2π] is
π 2π π 2π 4π 2π 5π
(A) { , } (B) { , π} (C) { , } (D) { , }
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
APNI KAKSHA 12
(MATHEMATICS) TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
EXERCISE 2 (JM)
4. The possible values of θ ∈ (0, π) such that sin (θ) + sin (4θ) + sin (7θ) = 0 are[AIEEE 2011]
2π π 4π π 3π 8π π 5π π 2π 3π 8π
(1) , , , , , (2) , , , , ,
9 4 9 2 4 9 4 12 2 3 4 9
2π π π 2π 3π 35π 2π π π 2π 3π 8π
(3) ,4,2, , , (4) ,4,2, , ,
9 3 4 36 9 3 4 9
5. If 0 ≤ x < 2π, then the number of real values of x, which satisfy the equation
cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x + cos 4x = 0, is:- [JEE(Main) 2016]
(1) 9 (2) 3 (3) 5 (4) 7
6. If 5(tan2 x − cos2 x) = 2cos 2x + 9, then the value of cos 4x is: [JEE (Main)-2017]
7 3 1 2
(1) − 9 (2) − 5 (3) 3 (4) 9
π x 1
7. If sum of all the solutions of the equation 8cos x ⋅ (cos ( 6 + x) cos (6 − x) − 2) = 1 in [0, π] is
kπ, then k is equal to [JEE (Main)-2018]
20 2 13 8
(1) 9 (2) 3 (3) 9 (4) 9
1
8. All the pairs (x, y) that satisfy the inequality 2√sin2 x − 2 sin x + 5 ⋅ 4 sin2 y ≤ 1 also satisfy the
equation: [JEE (Main)-2019]
(A) 2|sin x| = 3 sin y (B) 2 sin x = sin y
(C) sin x = 2 sin y (D) sin x = |sin y|
9. If α and β are the roots of equation (k + 1)tan x − √2λtan x = 1 − k and tan2 (α + β) = 50.
2
[JEE (Main)-2021]
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 2
11. The number of solutions of |cos x| = sin x, such that −4π ≤ x ≤ 4π is: [JEE (Main)-2022]
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 12
12. If m and n respectively are the numbers of positive and negative value of θ in the interval
θ 9θ
[−π, π] that satisfy the equation cos 2θcos = cos 3θcos , then mn is equal to
2 2
APNI KAKSHA 13
(MATHEMATICS) TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
EXERCISE 3 (JA)
1. The number of integral values of k for which the equation 7cos x + 5sin x = 2k + 1 has a
solution is [JEE 2002 (Screening), 3]
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 12
𝟐. cos (α − β) = 1 and cos (α + β) = 1/e, where α, β ∈ [−π, π], numbers of pairs of α, β which
satisfy both the equations is [JEE 2005 (Screening)]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4
3. If 0 < θ < 2π, then the intervals of values of θ for which 2sin2 θ − 5sin θ + 2 > 0, is
[JEE-2006, 3]
π 5π π 5π π π 5π 41π
(A) (0, 6 ) ∪ ( 6 , 2π) (B) ( 8 , ) (C) (0, 8 ) ∪ ( 6 , ) (D) ( 48 , π)
6 6
θ θ
7. Let θ, φ ∈ [0,2π] be such that 2 cos θ(1 − sin φ) = sin2 θ (tan 2 + cot 2) cos φ − 1,
√3
tan(2π − θ) > 0 and −1 < sin θ < − . Then φ cannot satisfy –
2
π π 4π 4π 3π 3π
(A) 0 < φ < (B) 2 < φ < (C) <φ< (D) < φ < 2π.
2 3 3 2 2
8. For x ∈ (0, π), the equation sin x + 2sin 2x − sin 3x = 3 has [JEE(Advanced)-2014, 3(-1)]
(A) infinitely many solutions (B) three solutions
(C) one solution (D) no solution
5
9. The number of distinct solutions of equation 4 cos 2 2x + cos 4 x + sin4 x + cos 6 x + sin6 x
= 2 in the interval [0,2π] is [JEE 2015, 4M,-0M]
10. Let a, b, c be three non-zero real numbers such that the equation
π π π
√3acos x + 2bsin x = c, x ∈ [− 2 , 2 ] has two distinct real roots α and β with α + β = 3. Then,
b
the value a is………. [JEE (Advanced)-2018, 3(0), P- 1]
11. Answer the following appropriately matching the list based on the information given in the
paragraph.
Let f(x) = sin (πcos x) and g(x) = cos (2πsin x) be two functions defined for x > 0. Define the
following sets whose elements are written in the increasing order.
X = {x: f(x) = 0}, Y = {x: f ′ (x) = 0}
[JEE (Advanced)-2019]
Z = {x: g(x) = 0}, W = {x: g ′ (x) = 0}
APNI KAKSHA 14
(MATHEMATICS) TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
List I contains the sets X, Y, Z and W. List II contains some information regarding these sets.
List I List II
π 3π
(I) X (P) ⊇ {2 , , 4π, 7π}
2
(II) Y (Q) an arithmetic progression
(III) Z (R) NOT an arithmetic progression
π 7π 13π
(IV) W (S) ⊇ { 6 , , }
6 6
π 2π
(T) ⊇ { 3 , , π}
3
π 3π
(U) ⊇ {6 , }
4
Which of the following is the only CORRECT combination ?
(A) (I), (Q), (U)
(B) (II), (Q), (T)
(C) (I), (P), (R)
(D) (II), (R), (S)
12. Consider the following lists:
List – I List - II
2π 2π
(I) {x ∈ [− , ] : cos x + sin x = 1} (P) has two elements
3 3
5π 5π
(II) {x ∈ [− 18 , 18 ] : √3tan 3x = 1} (Q) has three elements
6π 6π
(III) {x ∈ [− , ] : 2cos (2x) = √3} (R) has four elements
5 5
7π 7π
(IV) {x ∈ [− , ] : sin x − cos x = 1} (S) has five elements
4 4
(T) has six elements
The correct option is: [JEE (Advanced)-2022]
APNI KAKSHA 15
(MATHEMATICS) TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE 1
EXERCISE 2 (JM)
1. 4 2. 2 3. 1 4. 1 5. 4 6. 1 7. 3
EXERCISE 3 (JA)
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. 3 6. 7 7. A, C, D
APNI KAKSHA 16