Mathematics: Lecture 6 ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺱ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‬

Polar Integral:

Polar Coordinates and Graphs

Polar Coordinate system

Each point P can be assigned polar Coordinates (r, θ) where:

1) r is the distance from the pole (origin) 0 to the point P. r is positive if
measured from the pole along the terminal side of θ and negative if
measured along the terminal side extended through the pole.

2) θ is the angle from the Initial ray to (op). The angle θ is positive if the
rotation is counterclockwise and negative if the rotation is clockwise.

Review in trigonometric functions:

sin(−θ ) = − sin θ 
csc(−θ ) = − cscθ 
 odd functions
tan(−θ ) = − tan θ 
cot(−θ ) = − cot θ 

cos(−θ ) = cosθ 
 even functions
sec(−θ ) = secθ 

sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
sec 2 θ − tan 2 θ = 1
csc 2 θ − cot 2 θ = 1
sin( x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y if x = y ⇒ sin(2 x) = 2 sin x cos x
cos( x  y) = cos xcos y ± sin x sin y if x = y ⇒ cos(2 x) = cos 2 x − sin 2 x
tan x  tan y 2 tanx
tan( x  y ) = if x = y ⇒ tan 2 x =
1 ± tan x tan y 1 − tan 2 x

1 + cos 2 x
cos 2 x =
2
1 − cos 2 x
sin 2 x =
2

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Mathematics: Lecture 6 ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺱ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‬
Polar Integral:

Converting from polar to rectangular form and vice versa

We have the following relationship between rectangular Coordinates
(Cartesian) ( x, y ) and polar Coordinates (r ,θ ) :
x2 + y2 = r 2

x
cosθ = or x = r cos θ
r
y
sinθ = or y = r sin θ
r
y y
tan θ = or θ = tan −1
x x

dydx 
dA =  ⇒ r dr dθ
dxdy 

Cartesian Coordinates
y = f (x)

Polar Coordinates
r = f (θ )

Graphing polar equations

Sketch

i) symmetric about x-axis if replacing θ by (−θ ) does not change the

function.
ii) Symmetric about y-axis if replacing θ by (π − θ ) does not change the
function.
iii) Symmetric about the origin if replacing r by (−r ) does not change the
function.
iv)
θ =0
π
2
π


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Mathematics: Lecture 6 ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺱ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‬
Polar Integral:

Ex.1: Converting an equation from Cartesian form to polar form

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x2 + y2 − 4 y = 0
Since x 2 + y 2 = r 2 and y = r sin θ
⇒ x2 + y2 − 4y = 0
r 2 − 4r sin θ = 0
r (r − 4 sin θ ) = 0
r =0 or r = 4 sin θ

the graph of r = 0 is the pole. because the pole is included in the graph of r - 4sinθ = 0,
we can discared r = 0 and keep only r = 4 sinθ

Ex 2: Converting an equation from polar form to Cartesian form

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r = −3 cosθ

r 2 = −3r cosθ Multiply both sides by r

⇒ x 2 + y 2 = −3x
⇒ x 2 + y 2 + 3x = 0

Ex 3: Converting an equation from polar form to Cartesian form

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r cos(θ-π/3)=3

r(cosθ cos(π/3)+ sinθ sin(π/3))=3

1 3
r cosθ + r sin θ = 3
2 2
1 3
x+ y = 3 ⇒ x + 3y = 6
2 2

Ex 4: Converting an equation from polar form to Cartesian form

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r=4cosθ
r 2 = 4r cos θ ⇒ x 2 + y 2 = 4 x

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Mathematics: Lecture 6 ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺱ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‬
Polar Integral:

Some important curves

r=a , r = a sin θ , r = a cos θ }circle

r = a (1 - cos θ ) , r = a (1 + cos θ )
 cordioid
r = a (1 - sin θ ) , r = a (1 + sin θ ) 

r = a sin 3θ , r = a cos 3θ } 3 Leafed rose

r = a sin 2θ , r = a cos 2θ } 4 Leafed rose

r 2 = a 2 cos 2θ

Standard Polar Graphs

1) Circle
a) r = a
r=2
θ =0 ⇒ r=2
π
θ= ⇒ r=2
4
π
θ= ⇒ r=2
2


b) r = a sin θ
i) replace θ by -θ
∴ r = a sin (-θ ) ⇒ r = − a sin θ
Not symmetric about x-axis
ii ) replace θ by π-θ
∴ r = a sin (π - θ ) ⇒ r = a sin θ
symmetric about y-axis
iii ) Not symmetric about the origin.

θ r
0 0
π
a
2
π a
6 2

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Mathematics: Lecture 6 ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺱ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‬
Polar Integral:

c) r = a cos θ
i) replace θ by -θ
∴ r = a cos (-θ ) ⇒ r = a cos θ
symmetric about x-axis

θ r
0 a
π
0
2
π a
3 2

2) Cardioids
a) r = a (1 + cos θ ) Symmetric about x-axis

θ r
0 2a
π
a
2
π 0
π 3a
3 2
2π a
3 2

Rapid polar sketching

Ex: Sketch r = 4 (1 + cos θ )

θ Cos θ 4 cos θ r = 4 (1 + cos θ )

varies from varies from varies from varies from
0 to π/2 1 to 0 4 to 0 8 to 4
π/2 to π 0 to -1 0 to -4 4 to 0
π to -1 to 0 -4 to 0 0 to 4
3π/2
3π/2 to 2π 0 to 1 0 to 4 4 to 8

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Mathematics: Lecture 6 ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺱ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‬
Polar Integral:

b) r = a (1 + sin θ )

H.W
r = a (1 - cos θ )
r = a (1 - sin θ )

EX.: Find the area of the region enclosed by the cardioids

r = a (1 - cos θ )

π 1− cos θ
A = 2∫ ∫ rdrdθ
0 0
1− cos θ
2
π
r π
= 2∫ dθ = ∫ (1 − cosθ ) 2 dθ
02 0
0

π π
1
= ∫ (1 − 2 cosθ + cos θ )dθ = ∫ (1 − 2 cosθ + (1 + cos 2θ ))dθ
2

0 0 2
1 1 π 3π
= (θ − 2 sin θ + θ + sin 2θ ) =
2 4 0 2

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Mathematics: Lecture 6 ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺱ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‬
Polar Integral:

Problems
U

1) Converting equations from Cartesian form to polar form

a) x 2 + y 2 − 6 x = 0
b) y 2 = 5 y − x 2
c) y 2 = 4 x
d) 2 xy = 1
2) Converting an equation from polar form to Cartesian form

a) r + 2 sinθ = 0
b) r (3 cosθ − 4 sinθ = −1
c) r = 4
π
d) θ =
4
3) a) sketch r = 5 (1 + sin θ )
b) sketch r = 8 cos 2θ

4) change the Cartesian integral into an equivalent polar integral. Then

evaluate the polar integral
1 1− x 2
a) ∫ ∫ dydx
−1 0

1 1− x 2
b) ∫ ∫ dydx
−1 − 1− x 2

1 1− y 2

∫ ∫ (x + y 2 )dxdy
2
c)
0 0

6 y
d) ∫ ∫ x dydx
0 0

a a2 −x2
dydx
5) Use polar coordinate ∫ ∫
0 0
(1 + x 2 + y 2 )3 / 2

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Mathematics: Lecture 6 ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺱ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‬
Polar Integral:

6) Find the area of the region R that lies inside the cardioid r = (1 + cos θ )
and outside the circle r = 1 .
7) Find the area of the region R that lies inside the cardioid
r = 2(1 + cos θ ) and outside the circle r = 3 .

8) Find the area of the region R that lies inside the circle r = 4(sin θ ) and
outside the circle r = 2 .
9) Find the area of the region R cut from the first quadrant by the cardioid
r = (1 + sin θ ) .

10) Find the area of the region common to the r = (1 + cos θ ) and
r = (1 − cos θ ) .

References:
U

1- calculus & Analytic Geometry (Thomas).

2- Calculus (Haward Anton).
3- Advanced Mathematics for Engineering Studies (‫ ﺭﻳﺎﺽ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺰﺕ‬.‫)ﺃ‬