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1 Corinthians 13:4-8
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Learning Outcomes
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Polar Coordinate System
Plot the following points
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
A= 1, B= 2, − C= −2, D= −3, −
4 4 6 3
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Polar Coordinate System
Remarks
𝜋 9𝜋 5𝜋
A= 1, = 1, = −1,
4 4 4
𝜋 7𝜋
B= 2, − 4 = 2, 4
𝜋 7𝜋
C= −2, 6 = 2, 6
𝜋 2𝜋
D= −3, − 3 = 3, 3
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Polar Coordinate System
𝜋
Let 𝑃 3, 6 . Find another representation of this point in which
a. 𝑟 > 0 and 2𝜋 < 𝜃 < 4𝜋 c. 𝑟 > 0 and −2𝜋 < 𝜃 < 0
b. 𝑟 < 0 and 0 < 𝜃 < 2𝜋
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋 13𝜋
a. 3, 6 = 3, 6 + 2𝜋 = 3, 6
𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋
b. 3, 6 = −3, 6 + 𝜋 = −3, 6
𝜋 𝜋 11𝜋
c. 3, 6 = 3, 6 − 2𝜋 = 3, − 6
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Polar Coordinate System
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Polar Coordinate System
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Polar Coordinate System
Express the following Cartesian equations to polar equations.
a. 4𝑥𝑦 = 7 b. (𝑥 − 1)2 +𝑦 2 = 1
Solution
a. 4𝑥𝑦 = 7 ⟹ 4 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 7 ⟹ 4𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 = 7
⟹ 2𝑟 2 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 = 7 ⟹ 2𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃 = 7
2
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⟹ 𝑟 = csc 2𝜃
2
b. (𝑥 − 1)2 +𝑦 2 = 1 ⟹ 𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 1 2 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 2 = 1
⟹ 𝑟 2 cos2 𝜃 − 2𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 1 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 = 1
⟹ 𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 − 2𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 0
⟹ 𝑟 2 −2𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 0 ⟹ 𝑟 2 = 2𝑟 cos 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑟 = 2 cos 𝜃
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Polar Coordinate System
Convert the following polar equations into Cartesian
equations.
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a. 𝑟 = 6 b. 𝑟 = 2 cos 𝜃−3 sin 𝜃 c. 𝑟 = 2 sin 𝜃
Solution
a. 𝑟 = 6 ⟹ 𝑟 2 = 36 ⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 36 (circle)
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b. 𝑟 = ⟹ 𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 − 3 sin 𝜃 = 5
2 cos 𝜃−3 sin 𝜃
⟹ 2𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 3𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 5 ⟹ 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 5 (line)
c. 𝑟 = 2 sin 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑟 2 = 2𝑟 sin 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 0 (circle)
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Polar Equations and Polar Curves
Sketch the graph of 𝑟 = 2.
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Symmetry in the Polar Plane
Symmetry about the polar axis 𝜽 = 𝟎
A polar curve is symmetric about the polar axis (or x-axis)
whenever 𝑟, 𝜃 , in its equation, is replaced by 𝑟, −𝜃 or by
−𝑟, 𝜋 − 𝜃 , and an equivalent equation is obtained.
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Symmetry in the Polar Plane
Symmetry about the pole
A polar curve is symmetric about the pole whenever 𝑟, 𝜃 , in its
equation, is replaced by −𝑟, 𝜃 or by 𝑟, 𝜋 + 𝜃 , and an equivalent
equation is obtained.
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Symmetry in the Polar Plane
𝝅
Symmetry about 𝜽 =
𝟐
𝜋
A polar curve is symmetric about the line 𝜃 = 2 (or y-axis)
whenever 𝑟, 𝜃 , in its equation, is replaced by −𝑟, −𝜃 or by
𝑟, 𝜋 − 𝜃 , and an equivalent equation is obtained.
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Special Curves
Limacons
Limacons are curves whose equations are of the form
• 𝑟 = 𝑎 ± 𝑏 cos 𝜃
• 𝑟 = 𝑎 ± 𝑏 sin 𝜃
where 𝑎, 𝑏 > 0
𝑎
The graph is called a cardiod. Note that = 1.
𝑏 21
Limacons
Sketch the graph of 𝑟 = 3 + 2 cos 𝜃
𝑎 3
The graph is called a limacon with a dent. Note that = .
𝑏 2 22
Limacons
Sketch the graph of 𝑟 = 2 + cos 𝜃
𝑎
The graph is called a convex limacon. Note that = 2.
𝑏 23
Limacons
Type of Limacons
In general, for 𝑟 = 𝑎 ± 𝑏 cos 𝜃 or 𝑟 = 𝑎 ± 𝑏 sin 𝜃, with 𝑎, 𝑏 > 0, the
polar curve will be
𝑎
i. 0 < 𝑏 < 1 (limacon with a loop)
𝑎
ii. = 1 (cardiod)
𝑏
𝑎
iii. 1 < 𝑏 < 2 (limacon with a dent)
𝑎
iv. 𝑏
> 2 (convex limacon)
Remarks
• The graph of 𝑟 = −𝑎 ± 𝑏 cos 𝜃 is the same as that of 𝑟 = −𝑎 ± 𝑏 cos 𝜃.
• The graph of 𝑟 = −𝑎 ± 𝑏 sin 𝜃 is the same as that of 𝑟 = −𝑎 ± 𝑏 sin 𝜃.
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Limacons
The graph of 𝑟 = 𝑎 ± 𝑏 cos 𝜃 is a limacon oriented horizontally
(symmetric with respect to the polar axis)
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Limacons
The graph of 𝑟 = 𝑎 ± 𝑏 sin 𝜃 is a limacon oriented vertically
𝜋
(symmetric with respect to the line 𝜃 = 2 )
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Special Curves
Roses
Roses are curves whose equations are of the form
• 𝑟 = 𝑎 cos 𝑛𝜃
• 𝑟 = 𝑎 sin 𝑛𝜃
where 𝑎 > 0, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
Testing for symmetry:
• 𝑟 = 𝑎 cos 𝑛𝜃
• 𝑟 = 𝑎 cos −𝑛𝜃 ⟹ 𝑟 = 𝑎 cos 𝑛𝜃
• Thus, symmetric with respect to the polar axis
𝜋
• Additionally, symmetric with respect to 𝜃 = 2 if 𝑛 is even
• 𝑟 = 𝑎 sin 𝑛𝜃
• −𝑟 = 𝑎 sin −𝑛𝜃 ⟹ −𝑟 = −𝑎 sin 𝑛𝜃 ⟹ 𝑟 = 𝑎 sin 𝑛𝜃
𝜋
• Thus, symmetric with respect to the line 𝜃 = 2
• Additionally, symmetric with respect to the polar axis if 𝑛 is even
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Roses
Sketch the graph of 𝑟 = 2 cos 2𝜃.
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Roses
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Interesting curves
The graph of 𝑟 2 = 6 cos 2𝜃 is a lemniscate.
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Interesting curves
The graph of 𝑟 = 𝜃, 𝜃 > 0 is the Archimedean spiral.
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Interesting curves
8𝜃
𝑟 = 1 + 4 cos 5𝜃 𝑟 = sin 5
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Interesting curves
𝑟 = 𝑒 sin 𝜃 − 2 cos 4𝜃 𝑟 = sin2 2.4𝜃 + cos 4 2𝜃
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Interesting curves
𝜃
𝑟 = 𝑒 cos 𝜃 − 2 cos 4𝜃 + sin3 𝑟 = sin2 1.2𝜃 + cos 6 6𝜃
3
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Interesting curves
The “cannabis” curve
9 1 9 1
𝑟 = 1 + cos 8𝜃 1 + cos 24𝜃 + cos 200𝜃 1 + sin 𝜃
10 10 10 10
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Your Turn
A. Determine the type of limacon the following equations
pertain to.
1. 𝑟 = 3 − 2 cos 𝜃 4. 𝑟 = 3 sin 𝜃
2. 𝑟 = 1 + 4 sin 𝜃 5. 𝑟 = 3 + 4 cos 𝜃
3. 𝑟 = 2 − 2 cos 𝜃 6. 𝑟 = −1 + cos 𝜃
B. Sketch the graph of the following curves.
1. 𝑟 = 4 cos 𝜃 5. 𝑟 = 3 sin 3𝜃
𝜋
2. 𝜃 = 6. 𝑟 = 1 − 2 sin 𝜃
3
3. 𝑟 = 1 − sin 𝜃 7. 𝑟 = −3 cos 2𝜃
4. 𝑟 = 2 cos 2𝜃 8. 𝑟 = sin 4𝜃
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References
◼ Stewart J. (2012). Calculus Early Transcendentals, 7th
Edition, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning