GEOM 315: SATELLITE GEODESY

Presented By

Basant Awasthi
basant.awasthi@ku.edu.np
 Kepler’s Equation
 True Anomaly
 Mean Anomaly
 Eccentric Anomaly
 Locating the position of orbiting body

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 𝑀 = 𝐸 − 𝑒 sin 𝐸

Where, M = Mean Anomaly

E = Eccentric Anomaly
e = eccentricity
 It helps to locate the position of satellite
in its orbit.
 Kepler's equation gives the relation
between the polar coordinates of a
celestial body (such as a planet) and the
time elapsed from a given initial point.

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 Kepler’s equation applies to the motion of any object in an elliptical orbit. For
example, Earth or Mars in orbit around the Sun, or any moon orbiting a planet, or a
rocket or satellite in orbit about any planet or moon.
 This equation is applied anywhere in the real universe.

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 Angle along orbital path from perigee to satellite’s position.
 Always measured along orbital path in the direction of satellite motion.

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 In orbit, a satellite will slow down as it moves away from the planet, reducing its
angular speed. As the satellite approaches the planet again, its angular speed
increases.
 To simplify, it is useful to find the average angular speed (in radians/sec) during
the entire orbit.
 We call this average angular speed the mean motion of the satellite.
 The mean anomaly is the angle swept out during an elapsed period of time based
on the average angular speed, or mean motion, of the satellite.

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 Satellite

Here 𝜃 = 𝜈 = 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑦

𝑀 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑦

The mean anomaly of the satellite Apogee Perigee

is the angle drawn at the center of
the circle, from perigee to the
mean motion point.
In the figure, mean anomaly for the
rocket at its current position as
shown is M = 38.50.

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 Mean Motion is simply one revolution divided by the orbital period (P).
360° 2𝜋
i.e. 𝑛 = = with dimensions of radians per unit time.
𝑃 𝑃
We know,
𝑃2 ∝ 𝑎3

4𝜋 2 3
𝑃2 = 𝑎
𝜇

𝑎3 𝜇
=
𝑃2 4𝜋 2

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 𝑎3 𝜇
=
𝑃2 4𝜋 2

𝑎3 𝜇
2 =
2𝜋 4𝜋 2
𝑛

𝑛2 𝑎 3 = 𝜇
𝜇
𝑛=
𝑎3

To get the mean anomaly, at time 𝑡,

𝑀(𝑡) = 𝑛 ∗ 𝑡

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 Satellite

 The eccentric anomaly is

defined as the angle
measured at the center of
the ellipse (and circle),
from the perigee to the Perigee

eccentric anomaly point Apogee

(K).
 The eccentric anomaly,
which is angle E, is shaded
with dark stripes in the
figure.

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From equation of ellipse;
𝑥 2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑥, 𝑦)
2
𝑎
𝑎 cos 𝐸 𝑦2
+ 2 =1 𝑟 𝑦
𝑎2 𝑎 1 − 𝑒2
𝐸 𝜈
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑎 1−𝑒 cos 𝐸 + 𝑦 = 𝑎 1 − 𝑒
𝑎𝑒
𝑥
𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2 1 − 𝑒 2 sin2 𝐸

𝑦 = 𝑎 1 − 𝑒 2 sin 𝐸

Thus,
𝑦
tan 𝜈 =
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑒

𝑎 1 − 𝑒 2 sin 𝐸 𝑎 1 − 𝑒 2 sin 𝐸 1 − 𝑒 2 sin 𝐸

tan 𝜈 = = = 12
𝑎 cos 𝐸 − ae 𝑎 (cos 𝐸 − e) (cos 𝐸 − e)
𝑟 2 = (𝑥 − 𝑎𝑒)2 +𝑦 2 [Pythagoras theorem in triangle having r]

𝑟 2 = 𝑎 cos 𝐸 − 𝑎𝑒 2
+ 𝑎2 1 − 𝑒 2 sin2 𝐸

𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 2 𝐸 − 2𝑎2 𝑒 cos 𝐸 + 𝑎2 𝑒 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑒 2 1 − cos 2 𝐸

𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 2 𝐸 − 2𝑎2 𝑒 cos 𝐸 + 𝑎2 𝑒 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 cos 2 𝐸 − 𝑎2 𝑒 2 + 𝑎2 𝑒 2 cos 2 𝐸

𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎2 𝑒 cos 𝐸 + 𝑎2 𝑒 2 cos 2 𝐸

𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 1 − 2𝑒 cos 𝐸 + 𝑒 2 cos 2 𝐸

𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 1 − 𝑒 cos 𝐸 2

𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑒 cos 𝐸)

Thus, the radius (distance from the focus to satellite point) is related to the eccentric
anomaly by the formula.

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 The Kepler's equation relates the position of the satellite with a time ‘t’.
 It relates Mean Anomaly and Eccentric Anomaly.
 If M is known, Eccentric Anomaly can be computed using Newton-Rhapson method as
given below:
 The approximate value of E must be,

𝑓 𝐸𝑖
𝐸𝑖+1 = 𝐸𝑖 − ′
𝑓 𝐸𝑖

𝐸𝑖 − 𝑒 sin 𝐸𝑖 − 𝑀
𝐸𝑖+1 = 𝐸𝑖 −
1 − 𝑒 cos 𝐸𝑖
Where, 𝐸𝑖 must be in radian.

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 Step 1: Calculate angle M, the mean anomaly, based on elapsed time t.
 Step 2: Calculate angle E, the eccentric anomaly, based on the mean anomaly M.
 Step 3: Calculate angle 𝜈, the true anomaly, based on the eccentric anomaly E.
 Step 4: Calculate r, the distance from primary to orbiting body, based on true
anomaly 𝜈, the semi-major axis a, and eccentricity, e.
 Output: Location of orbiting body in terms of distance r and true anomaly 𝜈.

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1. Discuss about true anomaly, mean anomaly and eccentric anomaly. Also develop
the relation between them.
2. Calculate the approximate value of E for the satellite moving in orbit of
eccentricity 0.27 and mean anomaly 23°5′ 26“.
Hint:
𝐸𝑖 = 0

𝐸𝑖 − 𝑒 sin 𝐸𝑖 − 𝑀
𝐸𝑖+1 = 𝐸𝑖 −
1 − 𝑒 cos 𝐸𝑖

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 Keplerian Elements
 Keplerian Elements of International Space Station (ISS).

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Thank you for your attention.

Any Queries?

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