UNIT 4.

POLAR COORDINATES and POLAR GRAPHS MATH 27 STUDENT GUIDE

For the fourth Unit, polar coordinate system and and polar graphs will be discussed. Moreover,
the conversion of Cartesian coordinates(equations) to Polar coordinates(equations), and vice-versa will
also be introduced. We will also solve for the intersections of polar curves. Lastly, we solve areas of
regions bounded by polar curves.

Our goals for this unit are as follows. By the end of the unit, you should be able to

 convert Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates, and vice-versa;

 convert Cartesian equations to polar equations , and vice-versa;
 graph polar curves;
 determine intersections of polar curves; and
 find area of polar regions.

It will be helpful to review your circular function values.

𝜋 √3 𝜋 √2 𝜋 1 𝜋
cos 0 = 1 cos = cos = cos = cos =0 ⋯
6 2 4 2 3 2 2
𝜋 1 𝜋 √2 𝜋 √3 𝜋
sin 0 = 0 sin = sin = sin = sin = 1 ⋯
6 2 4 2 3 2 2
4.1 Relation between Cartesian and Polar Coordinate Systems (TC7 pp. 790-796)

First we recall the Cartesian coordinate, then we give the polar coordinate. Plotting of points
in polar coordinates will immediately follow. Lastly, we will discuss how to convert Cartesian
coordinates(equations) to polar coordinates(equations).

RECALL: Cartesian coordinate: 𝑷 𝒙, 𝒚

𝒙: directed distance from the 𝒚 − axis 𝒚: directed distance from the 𝒙 − axis

A polar coordinate system consists of a horizontal ray (pointing to the right) called polar
axis. The initial point of the polar axis is called the pole, usually denoted by 𝑂. A point 𝑃 in the polar
coordinate system is represented by the ordered pair 𝑟, 𝜃 , where 𝑟 is the directed distance of 𝑃
from the pole 𝑂 and 𝜃 is the angle made by segment 𝑂𝑃 with the polar axis measured counter-
clockwise.
𝒙
− axis 𝒓, 𝜽
𝟐
𝒚

𝒓
𝜽 polar
axis
O
𝑥

MUST REMEMBER‼!: Polar coordinate: 𝑷 𝒓, 𝜽

𝒓: distance from the origin (maybe less than 0)

𝜽: angle in standard position made by segment 𝑶𝑷 with the positive 𝒙 − axis

(measured in radians)

The following are the steps in plotting points in polar coordinate system.

1. Locate the 𝜃 −axis.

2. If 𝑟 > 0, the point is plotted 𝑟 units from the pole along the 𝜃 −axis.

If 𝑟 < 0, the point is plotted −𝑟 units from the pole on the opposite side of the 𝜃 −axis.

In the polar coordinate system, each point has many representations. For example, the point
5𝜋 3𝜋 13𝜋 𝜋
(2, ) can be represented as (2, − ) , (2, ) or (−2, ).
4 4 4 4
ILLUSTRATION:

Plot the followings points in polar coordinates.

𝟓𝝅
1. 𝐴 (𝟐, )
𝟒

2. 𝐵 𝟑, 𝟑𝝅

𝟐𝝅
3. 𝑪 (𝟑, − 𝟑
) B

3𝜋 A
4. 𝐷 (−4, 4
)
C D

TO DO:
Plot the followings points in polar coordinates.
𝝅
1. 𝐅 (𝟐, )
𝟔

𝟓𝝅
2. 𝐆 (𝟑, 𝟒
)

𝟐𝝅
3. 𝐇 (𝟏, − 𝟑
)

𝜋
4. I (−2, 4 )

𝟓𝝅
5. 𝑱 (𝟒, 𝟔
)

𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
From the figure below, we can see that cos 𝜃 = , sin 𝜃 = , tan 𝜃 = and 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2.
𝑟 𝑟 𝑥
MUST REMEMBER‼!: CONVERSIONS

Cartesian coordinate: 𝑷 𝒙, 𝒚

𝒚
to POLAR: 𝒓 = ± 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝜽 = 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( ) with some adjustments
𝒙

Polar coordinate: 𝑷 𝒓, 𝜽

to CARTESIAN: 𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

ILLUSTRATION:

1. Convert −4,4 to polar coordinates, take 𝑟 > 0 and 0 ≤ 𝜃 < 2𝜋.

Solution:
We have 𝑥 = −4 and 𝑦 = 4. ⇒𝑟= −4 2 + 42 = 4√2 and
4
tan 𝜃 = = −1
−4
3𝜋 7𝜋
⇒𝜃= or 𝜃 =
4 4
3𝜋
Since −4,4 ∈ 𝑄𝐼𝐼 and 𝑟 > 0, then 𝜃 = .
4
Therefore, the polar coordinates of −4,4 is
3𝜋
(4√2, 4
).

ILLUSTRATION:

2. Convert (√3, 1) to polar coordinates, take 𝑟 < 0 and −2𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 < 0.

Solution:
2
We have 𝑥 = √3 and 𝑦 = 1. ⇒ 𝑟 = −√(√3) + 12 = −√4 = −2 and
1
tan 𝜃 = = −1
√3
11𝜋 5𝜋
⇒𝜃= − 6 or 𝜃 = −
6
5𝜋
Since (√3, 1) ∈ 𝑄𝐼 and 𝑟 < 0, then 𝜃 = − .
6
Therefore, the polar coordinates of (√3, 1) is
5𝜋
(−2, − 6
).

ILLUSTRATION:

𝜋
3. Convert (2, ) to Cartesian coordinates.
4

Solution:
𝜋
We have 𝑟 = 2 and 𝜃 = .
4
𝜋 √2
⇒ 𝑥 = 2 cos = 2 ( ) = √2 and
4 2
𝜋 √2
⇒𝑦= 2 sin = 2 ( ) = √2 and
4 2
𝜋
Therefore, the Cartesian coordinates of (2, ) is
4
(√2, √2).
 TO DO:
Convert the following to polar coordinates for Convert the following to Cartesian coordinates.
specified conditions for 𝑟 and 𝜃.
7𝜋
1. 4, −4 ; 𝑟 > 0 and −2𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 < 0 3. (3,
6
)

2𝜋
2. −3, −1 ; 𝑟 < 0 and 0 ≤ 𝜃 < 2𝜋 4. (−2, )
3

3𝜋
5. (5, 4
)

For converting Cartesian equations to polar, and vice-versa, we will still use the conversions
in the coordinates and apply it to the given equation.

ILLUSTRATION:
1. Express the equation of a circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 in polar form.

Solution:
𝑟 cos 𝜃 2 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 2 = 4
𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 = 4
𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 4
𝑟2 1 = 4
𝑟 = ±2

ILLUSTRATION:
2. Express 𝑟 = −4 cos 𝜃 in Cartesian form.
Solution:
𝑥
𝑟 = −4 ( )
𝑟
𝑟 = −4𝑥
2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = −4𝑥
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 = 0

Commented [SCM1]: Illu#3 same as ToDo#1 except -4x

TO DO: to +3y
1. Express 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 = 0 in polar form.

2. Convert the Cartesian equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 to its polar form. Simplify the expression.

3. Express 𝑟 = 3 sin 𝜃 in Cartesian form.

6
4. Express 𝑟 = in Cartesian form, then identify its graph.
2 sin 𝜃+cos 𝜃

For more exercises, you can refer to:

Ron Larson & Bruce H. Edwards. (2016). Calculus, 10 th Edition. Philippines: Cengage
Learning Asia Pte. Ltd., p. 722

For an online tutorial, follow these links:

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-
functions/double-integrals-a/v/polar-coordinates-1

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcII/PolarCoordinates.aspx
4.2 Graphs of Polar Equations (TC7 pp. 798-803)

Now, we discuss some special polar graphs. In particular, we present equations and graphs
of lines, circles, limacons, rose, lemniscates and spirals.

The graph of a polar equation 𝐹 𝑟, 𝜃 = 0 consists of all points 𝑟, 𝜃 whose coordinates

satisfy the equation.

MUST REMEMBER‼!: Equations of Lines

Form Graph
𝜃=𝐶 diagonal line passing through the pole and making angle
of measure 𝐶 radians with the polar axis

𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 𝐶 vertical line

𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 𝐶 horizontal line

ILLUSTRATIONS:
𝜋
1. Sketch the graph of 𝜃 = . 2. Sketch the graph of 𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 1.
4

Answer: Answer:

Commented [SCM2]: Labels of graphs

Add To Do items

3. Sketch the graph of 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = −2.

Answer:
MUST REMEMBER‼!: Equations of Circles

Form Graph
𝑟=𝐶 circle centered at the pole with radius 𝐶

𝑎 𝑎
𝑟 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 circle centered at Cartesian point ( , 0) with radius
2 2

𝑎 𝑎
𝑟 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 circle centered at Cartesian point (0, ) with radius
2 2

ILLUSTRATIONS:
1. Sketch the graph of 𝑟 = 3. 2. Sketch the graph of 𝑟 = 4 cos 𝜃.

Answer: Answer:

Commented [SCM3]: Labels of graphs

Table of values for cos sin

3. Sketch the graph of 𝑟 = −5 sin 𝜃.

Answer:

TO DO:
1. Sketch the graph of 𝑟 = −2 cos 𝜃 .

2. Sketch the graph of 𝑟 = 3 sin 𝜃 .

Commented [SCM4]: r=C
 MUST REMEMBER‼!: Equations of Limacons

Form Graph
𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 cos 𝜃 limacon pointing to the right

𝑟 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 cos 𝜃 limacon pointing to the left

𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 sin 𝜃 limacon pointing above

𝑟 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 sin 𝜃 limacon pointing below

where 𝑎, 𝑏 > 0.

𝑎
The value of determines the limacon’s shape.
𝑏

MUST REMEMBER‼!: Types of Limacons

Condition Graph
𝑎
0<𝑏<1 limacon with a loop

𝑎
𝑏
=1 cardioid

𝑎
1<𝑏<2 limacon with a dent

2 ≤ 𝑎/𝑏 convex limacon

where 𝑎, 𝑏 > 0.

The following are the steps in graphing limacons.

𝑎
1. Identify the type of limaçon by considering .
𝑏

𝜋 3𝜋
2. Plot points at 𝜃 = 0, , 𝜋, .
2 2

3. Using the four points you plotted, trace the proper graph as identified. Remember that
limaçons are smooth, rounded graphs.
 ILLUSTRATION:
Scaling 1:1/2
1. Identify and sketch the graph of 𝑟 = 1 + 2 cos 𝜃.

Solution:
𝑎 1
=
𝑏 2
So its graph is a limacon with a loop.
Commented [SCM5]: label x-axis
𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
θ 0 𝜋
3 2 3 2 3
𝑟 3 2 1 0 -1 1 2

ILLUSTRATION:
2. Identify and sketch the graph of 𝑟 = 2 − 2 sin 𝜃.

Solution:
𝑎 2
𝑏
=2=1
So its graph is a cardioid.

𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 3𝜋 11𝜋
θ 0 𝜋
6 2 6 6 2 6
𝑟 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 3
Commented [SCM6]: Add Illustrations for with a dent and
convex
Add To Do “”

TO DO:
1. Identify and sketch the graph of 𝑟 = 3 − 2 cos 𝜃.

2. Identify and sketch the graph of 𝑟 = 3 + sin 𝜃 .

MUST REMEMBER‼!: Equations of Roses

Form Graph
𝑟 = 𝑎 cos 𝑛𝜃 If 𝑛 is even: rose with 2𝑛 congruent petals Commented [SCM7]: n is positive integer
𝑟 = 𝑎 sin 𝑛𝜃 If 𝑛 is odd: rose with 𝑛 congruent petals.

The following are the steps in graphing roses.

1. Determine the number of petals/leaves.

2. For the tips of the petals, solve for 𝜃 such that sin 𝑛𝜃 = ±1 or cos 𝑛𝜃 = ±1.

3. The curve passes through the pole (origin) at such that sin 𝑛𝜃 = 0 or cos 𝑛𝜃 = 0.

4. Using the points you solved for, trace the proper graph as identified. Remember that petals of
a rose are smooth and rounded.
ILLUSTRATION:
1. Identify and sketch the graph of 𝑟 = 4 cos 2𝜃 .

Solution:
𝑛 = 2, which is even
So its graph is a rose with 2𝑛 = 4 = 4 congruent petals.
Commented [SCM8]: remove AV
Consider 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋. So, 0 ≤ 2𝜃 ≤ 4𝜋.
For the tips:
cos 2𝜃 = 1 cos 2𝜃 = −1
2𝜃 = 0, 2𝜋, 4𝜋 2𝜃 = 𝜋, 3𝜋
𝜋 3𝜋
𝜃 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋 𝜃 = 2, 2

For the receptacles:

cos 2𝜃 = 0
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
2𝜃 = 2 , 2 , 2 , 2
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
𝜃= , , ,
4 4 4 4
Commented [SCM9]: receptacles
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
𝜃 0 𝜋 2𝜋
4 2 4 4 2 4
𝑟 4 0 -4 0 4 0 -4 0 4

ILLUSTRATION:
2. Identify and sketch the graph of 𝑟 = −5 sin 3𝜃 .

Solution:
𝑛 = 3, which is odd
So its graph is a rose with 𝑛 = 3 = 3 congruent petals.

Consider 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋. So, 0 ≤ 3𝜃 ≤ 6𝜋.

For the tips:
sin 3𝜃 = 1 We don’t have to solve sin 3𝜃 = −1
𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋
3𝜃 = , , since we already have 3 distinct tips.
2 2 2
𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋
𝜃= , ,
6 6 2

For the receptacles:

sin 3𝜃 = 0
3𝜃 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋, 3𝜋, 4𝜋, 5𝜋, 6𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋
𝜃 = 0, 3 , 3 , 𝜋, 3 , 3 , 2𝜋

𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋
𝜃 0
6 6 2 Commented [SCM10]: complete the table
add receptacles
𝑟 0 -5 -5 -5
 TO DO:
1. Identify and sketch the graph of 𝑟 = 3 sin 2𝜃 .

2. Identify and sketch the graph of 𝑟 = 4 cos 3𝜃 .

MUST REMEMBER‼!: Equations of Lemniscates (propellers)

Form Graph
𝑟 2 = 𝑎 cos 2𝜃 Horizontal lemniscate
𝑟 2 = 𝑎 sin 2𝜃 Diagonal lemniscate

Note that in both forms, the right-hand side cannot be negative. Hence, there should be no
graph for the values of 𝜃 that will make the right-hand side negative. Commented [SCM11]: paraphrase

The following are the steps in graphing lemniscates.

1. For the two tips:

a. If 𝑎 > 0, solve for 𝜃 such that sin 2𝜃 = 1 or cos 2𝜃 = 1.
b. If 𝑎 < 0, solve for 𝜃 such that sin 2𝜃 = −1 or cos 2𝜃 = −1.

2. The curve passes through the pole (origin) at such that sin 2𝜃 = 0 or cos 2𝜃 = 0.

3. Use the values in step 2 as a guide to avoid the values of 𝜃 that will make the right-hand side
negative.

4. Using the points you solved for, trace the proper graph as identified. Remember that
propellers are smooth and rounded.

ILLUSTRATION:
1. Sketch the graph of 𝑟 2 = 4 cos 2𝜃 .

Solution: Scaling 1:1/2

For the two tips (𝑎 > 0 :
cos 2𝜃 = 1. Commented [SCM12]: label x-axis
2𝜃 = 0, 2𝜋 put receptacle
𝜃 = 0, 𝜋
For the pole:
cos 2𝜃 = 0
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
2𝜃 = , , ,
2 2 2 2
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
𝜃 = 4, , ,
4 4 4

𝜋
𝜃 0 𝜋
4

𝑟 2 0 2

𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
Note that there is no graph for <𝜃< and <𝜃< .
4 4 4 4
 ILLUSTRATION:
2. Sketch the graph of 𝑟 2 = −9 sin 2𝜃 .

Solution:
For the two tips (𝑎 < 0 :
sin 2𝜃 = −1.
3𝜋 7𝜋
2𝜃 = 2 2
,
3𝜋 7𝜋
𝜃= ,
4 4
For the pole:
sin 2𝜃 = 0
2𝜃 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋, 3𝜋
𝜋 3𝜋
𝜃 = 0, 2 , 𝜋, 2

3𝜋 7𝜋
𝜃 0
4 4
𝑟 0 3 3

𝜋 3𝜋
Note that there is no graph for 0 < 𝜃 < and 𝜋 < 𝜃 < .
2 2

TO DO:
1. Sketch the graph of 𝑟 = 16 sin 2𝜃 .

2. Sketch the graph of 𝑟 = −25 cos 2𝜃 .

MUST REMEMBER‼!: Equations of Spirals

Form Graph
𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝜃 Archimedean spiral
𝑟 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑏𝜃 logarithmic spiral

NOTE: To sketch a graph of a spiral, it is advisable to plot at least ten points, then connect
them to form a spiral.

ILLUSTRATION:
1. Sketch the graph of 𝑟 = 𝜃.

Solution:

𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝜃 0 𝜋
4 2 4
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋   3 2
𝑟 0 𝜋
2 2

4 2 4
5𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋
𝜃 2𝜋
4 2 4 4
5𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋
𝑟 2𝜋
4 2 4 4
 TO DO:
1. Sketch the graph of 𝑟 = 1 + 2𝜃 .

𝜃
2. Sketch the graph of 𝑟 = 𝑒 𝜋 (use a calculator to approximate the values).

For more exercises, you can refer to:

Ron Larson & Bruce H. Edwards. (2016). Calculus, 10 th Edition. Philippines: Cengage
Learning Asia Pte. Ltd., p. 722-723

For an online tutorial, follow these links:

https://youtu.be/qVn_Lfec-Ac

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcII/PolarCoordinates.aspx
4.3 Area in Polar Coordinates (TC7 pp. 807-812)

In this section, formulas for solving areas bounded by polar curves are given. Moreover, we
give a brief discussion on how to determine the intersection/s of polar curves.

First, let’s consider a single polar curve. Suppose 𝑟 = 𝑓 𝜃 ≥ 0 for 𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽.

MUST REMEMBER‼!: Area of a Region Bounded By Polar Curves

The area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑟 = 𝑓 𝜃 , 𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽, is given by

𝟏 𝜷
∫ [𝒇
𝟐 𝜶
𝜽 ]𝟐 𝒅𝜽.

In most cases, it is better to sketch the graph of polar curve and identify the bounded region.

ILLUSTRATION:
1. Set-up the integral that gives the area of the region inside the cardioid defined by
𝑟 = 2 + 2 sin 𝜃.

Solution:
𝑟 = 2 + 2 sin 𝜃
1 𝛽
𝐴 = 2 ∫𝛼 [𝑓 𝜃 ]2 𝑑𝜃
1 2𝜋
= 2 ∫0 2 + 2 sin 𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃

Since 𝑟 = 2 + 2 sin 𝜃 is symmetric with respect

A
𝜋
to −axis, then alternatively we may also express A as
2

𝜋 3𝜋
𝐴 = ∫ 2𝜋 2 + 2 sin 𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃 = ∫𝜋2 2 + 2 sin 𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃
−
2 2

Before we solve for the area of regions bounded by two polar curves, let’s first discuss how to
get the intersections of polar curves.

The following are the steps to solve for the intersections of two polar curves.

1. Solve for 𝑟 in one of the equations.

2. Substitute it to the other equation.

3. Solve for 𝜃.

4. Solve for 𝑟.

5. Check if they also intersect at the pole. Commented [SCM13]:

 ILLUSTRATION:
2. Determine the point/s of intersection of 𝑟 = 2 + 2 cos 𝜃 and 𝑟 = 3.

Solution:

2 + 2 cos 𝜃 = 3
2 cos 𝜃 = 1 Commented [SCM14]: show the values of r and the points
1
cos 𝜃 = 2 of intersection in the graph
𝜋 5𝜋
𝜃= ,
3 3

ILLUSTRATION:
3. Determine the point/s of intersection of 𝑟 2 = 4 cos 2𝜃 and 𝑟 = √2.
Scaling 1:1/2
Solution: Commented [SCM15]: label x-axis
show values of r and the points of intersection in the graph
2
(√2) = 4 cos 2𝜃
4 cos 2𝜃 = 2
1
cos 2𝜃 = 2
𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
2𝜃 = , , ,
3 3 3 3
𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
𝜃= , ,
6 6 6
, 6

Suppose 𝑓 𝜃 ≥ 𝑔 𝜃 ≥ 0 for 𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽.

MUST REMEMBER‼!: Area of a Region Bounded By Polar Curves

The area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑟 = 𝑓 𝜃 and 𝑟 = 𝑔 𝜃 , 𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽, is given by

𝟏 𝜷
∫ [𝒇 𝜽 ]𝟐 − [𝒈 𝜽 ]𝟐 𝒅𝜽.
𝟐 𝜶
ILLUSTRATION:
1. Set-up the integral that gives the area of the shaded region.

Solution: 𝑟 = 2 + 2 cos 𝜃
𝑟=3
From Illustration 2 above, they intersect
𝜋 5𝜋
at 𝜃 = and 𝜃 = .
3 3
𝜋
1 3 2
𝐴 = ∫ [ 2 + 2 cos 𝜃
𝜋 − 3 2 ]𝑑𝜃
2 −3
7𝜋
1 3 2
= ∫ [ 2 + 2 cos 𝜃
5𝜋 − 3 2 ]𝑑𝜃
2
3
𝜋
2
= ∫0 [ 2 + 2 cos 𝜃
3 − 3 2 ]𝑑𝜃

ILLUSTRATION:
2. Set-up the integral that gives the area of the shaded region.

Solution: 𝑟 = 2 + 2 cos 𝜃
𝑟=3
5𝜋
1 3 2
𝐴= ∫ [ 3𝜋 − 2 + 2 cos 𝜃 2 ]𝑑𝜃
2 3

𝜋 2
= ∫𝜋 [ 3 − 2 + 2 cos 𝜃 2 ]𝑑𝜃
3

ILLUSTRATION:
3. Set-up the integral that gives the area of the shaded region.

Solution: 𝑟 = 2 + 2 cos 𝜃
𝑟=3
𝜋
𝜋
𝐴 = ∫03 32 𝑑𝜃 + ∫𝜋 2 + 2 cos 𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃
3

Commented [SCM16]: Add To Do with graphs din

Pwedeng gamitin ang illustration 3 sa intersection
 TRY THESE!

Set-up the integral that gives the area of the indicated region .

1. the region inside the cardioid 𝑟 = 5 − 5 cos 𝜃

2. the region enclosed by the petals of 𝑟 = cos 2𝜃

3. the region inside the circle 𝑟 = 3 and the cardioid 𝑟 = 2 − 2 cos 𝜃

4. the region outside the circle 𝑟 = 3 but inside the cardioid 𝑟 = 2 − 2 cos 𝜃

5. the region inside the circle 𝑟 = 1 but outside the petals of 𝑟 = sin 2𝜃

6. the region inside the circle 𝑟 = 3 but outside the limaçon with a loop 𝑟 = 1 + 2 cos 𝜃

7. the region inside the loop of 𝑟 = 1 + 2 cos 𝜃

For more exercises, you can refer to:

Ron Larson & Bruce H. Edwards. (2016). Calculus, 10 th Edition. Philippines: Cengage
Learning Asia Pte. Ltd., p. 731-733

For an online tutorial, follow these links:

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-bc/bc-advanced-functions-new/bc-9-
8/v/formula-area-polar-graph

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcII/PolarArea.aspx

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END OF UNIT 4 Student Guide