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Harish Bhandari
Department of Mathematics
Kathmandu University
Dhulikhel, Nepal
Lecture 2
July 27, 2019
Polar Equations and Graphs
Equation Graph
r =a Circle of radius |a| centered at origin.
θ = θ0 Line through origin making an angle θ0 with the initial ray.
a. r = 1, r = −1
b. 1 ≤ r ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2
c. −3 ≤ r ≤ 2 and θ = π/4
d. 2π/3 ≤ θ ≤ 5π/6
(no restriction on r )
Figure: Graph of equation (b)
a. r = 2 b. 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/6, r ≥ 0
c. r ≥ 1 d. θ = π/2, r ≥ 0
e. 0 ≤ r ≤ 2 f. θ = π/2, r ≤ 0
g. −π/4 ≤ θ ≤ π/4, h. 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, r = 1
−1 ≤ r ≤ 1
Relation
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ (Polar - Cartesian)
y
r 2 = x 2 + y 2 , tan θ = (Cartesian - Polar)
x
Note: (2, π/2) and (−2, −π/2) label the same point.
At (−2, −π/2), r = 2 cos 2θ becomes −2 = 2 cos(−π) i.e.,
−2 = −2(True)
Harish Bhandari Coordinates systems
Graphing in Polar Coordinates
Problems: Find the slopes of the given curves at the given points
1. r = −1 + cos θ, θ = ±π/2.
Ans; -1, 1.