Mathematics Project

Nicolas Carreño Lopez

10B

George Washington School

2019

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Index

1.Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………3
2.theorical framework………………………………………………………………………………….4
3.Concluision…………………………………………………………………………………………...10
4.Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………..11

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Introduction

In this research work it is known and given a meaning that is, how they work
and how to use Cartesian and polar coordinate systems which are widely
used in physics and trigonometry.
Polar coordinates
Polar coordinates or polar systems are a two-dimensional coordinate system
in which each point on the plane is determined by a distance and an angle.
Cartesian coordinates
Cartesian coordinates or rectangular coordinates (Cartesian system) are a
type of orthogonal coordinates used in Euclidean spaces, for the graphic
representation of a mathematical relationship (mathematical functions and
analytical geometry equations), or of movement or position in physics,
characterized by having as reference orthogonal axes to each other that
concur in the origin point. With Cartesian coordinates you point to a point
saying the side distance and vertical distance
Polar Graphics
The graph of an equation with the variables in polar coordinates r and el is
the set of all points p stories that p has some pair of polar coordinates (r, θ)
that satisfies the given equation. The graph of a polar equation is constructed
using a table of values of r against θ and then graphing the corresponding
points (r, θ) on polar coordinate paper.
Cartesians
The Cartesian Plane is a diagram that allows you to locate specific points
within a coordinate system that are known as Rectangular Coordinates, since
to locate each point P (x, y), you must advance the distance indicated by the
x coordinate on the horizontal axis and the y distance and on the vertical
axis.

Cartesian coordinates

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Cartesian coordinates is the name given to the system to locate a point in
space. In this case in a two-dimensional space, a plane. René Descartes was
the first mathematician who used them formally, hence the name
"Cartesian".
How do they work?
If we want to locate something on a plane we need:
 A horizontal measurement: left-right. We will call X.
 A vertical measurement: up-down. We will call Y.
 A reference point from which to start measuring: the origin. We will
call it O.

O, the origin is called that because it is the point from which the lines that
mark the two coordinate axes start and divide the Cartesian plane into four
quadrants. In the horizontal direction (x-axis), the first value is zero and they
grow as we move to the right. And in the vertical direction (y-axis), as in the
X-axis, the values start at the origin with zero and grow as we move up. To
locate a point on a plane we need two numbers: one on the X axis and one
on the Y axis. Thus the position is defined, the first number indicates the x
axis, these numbers are separated by a comma and in parentheses: (X, Y )

For Example:
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Find the coordinates of points Q and R.

Solution: in order to obtain Q, we move three units to the right (x), in the
positive direction of the x-axis. Then two units down, in the negative
direction of the y axis.
Q: (3,−2)
The coordinates of R are similarly found. The x− coordinate is +5 (five units in
the positive direction of the x axis). The y coordinate is –2 (two units in the
negative direction of the y axis).
R: (5,−2)
Reference points do not always go one by one, they can increase by 2.5 or
even 12. The axes do not even need to have the same increments:

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Polar coordinates
The polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in
which each point or position of the plane is determined by an angle and a
distance. In this coordinate system every point on the plane corresponds to a
pair of coordinates (r, θ) where r is the distance from the point to the origin
and θ is the positive angle counterclockwise measured from the polar axis
(equivalent to the x axis of the system Cartesian).
The mathematician, who claimed to have used polar coordinates for the first
time was James Bernnoulli, who introduced them in 1691. However, there is
some evidence that Isaac Newton may have used them before.
If we want to locate a point (r, θ) in this coordinate system, the first thing we
have to do is draw a circle of radius r, then draw a line with an angle of
inclination θ and, finally, we locate the point of intersection between the
circumference and the line; This point will be the one we wanted to locate.
We can also have distances with negative directions: once the angle is
located, the line that starts from the origin in that direction will have a radius
with a positive direction and the points that are on the extension of this line
in the opposite direction to the origin will have a radius with direction
negative

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Cartesian coordinates (x, y) and polar coordinates (r, θ) are related as
follows: 

Conversions
1. From cartesians to polar
If you have a point in Cartesian coordinates (x, y) and you want it in polar
coordinates (r, θ), you need to solve a triangle from which you know two
sides.Ejemplo: ¿qué es (12,5) en coordenadas polares?

We use Pythagoras' theorem to calculate the long side (the hypotenuse):

r2 = 122 + 52
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 r = √ (122 + 52)
r = √ (144 + 25) = √ (169) = 13
Use the tangent function to calculate the angle:
tan( θ ) = 5 / 12
θ = atan( 5 / 12 ) = 22.6°
So the formulas to convert Cartesian coordinates (x, y) to polar (r, θ) are:
r = √ (x2 + y2)
θ = tan( y / x )

1. From polar to cartesians

If you have a point in polar coordinates (r, θ) and you want it in Cartesian
coordinates (x, y) you need to solve a triangle of which you know the long
side and an angle:

Example: what is (13, 23 °) in Cartesian coordinates?

 We use the cosine function for x:

cos (23 °) = x / 13
 Change order and solve:
x = 13 × cos (23 °) = 13 × 0.921 = 11.98
 
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  We use the sine function for and:
sin (23 °) = y / 13
 Change order and solve:
y = 13 × sin (23 °) = 13 × 0.391 = 5.08
So the formulas to convert polar coordinates (r, θ) to Cartesian (x, y) are:x = r
× cos( θ )
y = r × sin( θ )

Conclusions

These two coordinate systems (polar and Cartesian) are widely used in
mathematics and physics since they can be applied in several and very useful
ways.
These two coordinate systems are related to each other; and we say that:
The Cartesian work by an x axis and an y axis each separated by rational
numbers and an origin creating 4 quadrants and to pass them to polar we do:
r = √ (x2 + y2)
θ = tan( y / x )
And the polar ones work with an origin where a straight line with a certain
opening comes out, creating an angle and marking a point on the plane. To
pass them to Cartesian we do:
x = r × cos( θ )
y = r × sin( θ )

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Bibliography
1.Gloag. A (2016), Graphics in the cartesian plane, ck-12,
https://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Conceptos-de-%C3%81lgebra-Nivel-B%C3%A1sico-
en-Espa%C3%B1ol/section/4.1/

2. Pierce, Rod. "cartesian and polar cardinates" Disfruta Las Matemáticas. Ed.
Rod Pierce. 5 Oct 2011. 27 Jul 2019
http://www.disfrutalasmatematicas.com/graficos/coordenadas-polares-cartesianas.html

3.Sam.S,(2017), Polar cardinates, Matematicas puerto rico,

https://matematicaspr.com/blog/user/l2dj

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