Sistem Koordinat

Heri Sutanta

Department of Geodesy & Geomatics Engineering

A little history
• René Descartes
(1596-1650)
• philosopher
• mathematician
• joined algebra
and geometry
• credited with---
Cartesian plane

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 • A coordinate system represents
a point in the plane by an ordered
pair of numbers called coordinates.
• Usually, we use Cartesian coordinates, which
are directed distances from two perpendicular
axes.

Heri Sutanta Department of Geodesy & Geomatics Engineering, UGM

 Cartesian plane

Formed by
intersecting
two
real number
lines at
right angles

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 Cartesian plane

Horizontal
axis is
usually
called the
x-axis

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Cartesian plane
Vertical
axis is
usually
called the
y-axis

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 Cartesian plane
Also called:
• x-y plane

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 Cartesian plane
Also called:
• x-y plane
• rectangular
coordinate
system

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 Cartesian plane

Divides into
Four Quadrants

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 Cartesian plane

Divides into I
Four Quadrants

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 Cartesian plane

Divides into II I
Four Quadrants

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 Cartesian plane

Divides into II I
Four Quadrants

III

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 Cartesian plane

Divides into II I
Four Quadrants

III IV

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 Cartesian plane

Divides into II I
Four Quadrants
and…

III IV

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 Cartesian plane

The intersection
of the two axes
is called the
origin

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 Cartesian plane

Math Alert II I
The quadrants
do not include
the axes

III IV

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 Cartesian plane

Math Alert II I
A point on the x
or y axis is not
in a quadrant

III IV

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 Cartesian plane

Each point in the

x-y plane is (x,y)
associated with
an ordered pair, (x,y)
(x,y)
(x,y)
(x,y)

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 Cartesian plane

(x,y)

The x and y of the

ordered pair, (x,y)

(x,y), are called its

coordinates (x,y)
(x,y)

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 Cartesian plane

Math Alert
There is an
infinite amount
of points in the
Cartesian
plane

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 Cartesian plane

• Always start
at (0,0)---every
point “originates”
at the origin

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 Cartesian plane
y

• In plotting (x,y)
---remember the
directions of
both the x and x
y
axis

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 Cartesian plane

• (x,---)
x-axis goes
left and right

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 Cartesian plane

• (---,y)
y-axis goes
up and down

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 • Latihan

– Hitung panjang garis yang menghubungkan 2 titik di

koordinat kartesian

Heri Sutanta Department of Geodesy & Geomatics Engineering, UGM

 • Here, we describe a coordinate system
introduced by Newton, called the polar
coordinate system.

– It is more convenient for many purposes.

Heri Sutanta Department of Geodesy & Geomatics Engineering, UGM

 Points on a Plane

• Rectangular coordinate system

– Represent a point by two distances from the origin
– Horizontal dist, Vertical dist
(x, y)
•
• Also possible to represent different ways
• Consider using dist from origin, angle formed
with positive x-axis

(r, θ)
• θ

27 r
 Polar Coordinates
• Recording the position of an object using the
distance from a fixed point and an angle made
from that point uses a polar coordinate system.
• When surveyors record the locations of objects
using distances and angles, they are using polar
coordinates.
 POLE
• We choose a point in the plane
that is called the pole (or origin)
and is labeled O.
 POLAR AXIS
• Then, we draw a ray (half-line) starting
at O called the polar axis.

– This axis is usually drawn horizontally to the right

corresponding to the positive x-axis in Cartesian
coordinates.
 ANOTHER POINT
• If P is any other point in the plane, let:
– r be the distance from O to P.
– θ be the angle (usually measured in radians)
between the polar axis and the line OP.
 POLAR COORDINATES
• P is represented by the ordered pair (r, θ).
• r, θ are called polar coordinates of P.
 POLAR COORDINATES
• We use the convention that
an angle is:

– Positive—if measured in the counterclockwise

direction from the polar axis.

– Negative—if measured in the clockwise

direction from the polar axis.
 POLAR COORDINATES
• If P = O, then r = 0, and we agree that
(0, θ) represents the pole for any value
of θ.
 POLAR COORDINATES
• We extend the meaning of polar
coordinates (r, θ) to the case in which
r is negative—as follows.
 POLAR COORDINATES
• We agree that, as shown, the points (–r, θ)
and (r, θ) lie on the same line through O
and at the same distance | r | from O, but
on opposite sides of O.
 POLAR COORDINATES
• If r > 0, the point (r, θ) lies in the same quadrant as
θ.
• If r < 0, it lies in the quadrant on the opposite side
of the pole.

– Notice that (–r, θ)

represents
the same point
as (r, θ + π).
 POLAR COORDINATES
• Plot the points whose polar coordinates
are given.

a. (1, 5π/4)
b. (2, 3π)
c. (2, –2π/3)
d. (–3, 3π/4)
 POLAR COORDINATES
• The point (1, 5π/4) is plotted here.
• The point (2, 3π) is plotted.
• The point (2, –2π/3) is plotted.
 POLAR COORDINATES
Example 1 d

• The point (–3, 3π/4) is plotted.

– It is is located three
units from the pole
in the fourth quadrant.

– This is because
the angle 3π/4 is in
the second quadrant
and r = -3 is negative.
CARTESIAN VS. POLAR COORDINATES
• In the Cartesian coordinate system, every point
has only one representation.

• However, in the polar coordinate system, each

point has many representations.

• This happens because any angle in standard

position is coterminal with infinitely many other
angles.
 Polar Coordinates
• If a point has polar coordinates (r, θ), then it also
has polar coordinates (r, θ + 2π) in radians or (r,
θ + 360°) in degrees.
• In fact, you can add any integer multiple of 2π to
θ and find another pair of polar coordinates for
the same point.
 Polar Coordinates
• If you use the opposite r-value, the angle will
change by π, giving (-r, θ + π) as another
ordered pair for the same point.
• You can then find even more polar coordinates
for the same point by adding multiples of 2π to θ
+ π.
CARTESIAN VS. POLAR COORDINATES

• In fact, as a complete counterclockwise rotation is

given by an angle 2π, the point represented by
polar coordinates (r, θ) is
also represented by

(r, θ + 2nπ) and (-r, θ + (2n + 1)π)

where n is any integer.

 Polar Coordinates
• The following graphs illustrate different ways to
name the polar coordinates of the same point.
CARTESIAN VS. POLAR COORDINATES

• For instance, the point (1, 5π/4) in

Example 1 a could be written as:
– (1, –3π/4), (1, 13π/4), or (–1, π/4).
CARTESIAN VS. POLAR COORDINATES

• The connection between polar and Cartesian

coordinates can be seen here.

– The pole corresponds to the origin.

– The polar axis coincides with the positive x-axis.
CARTESIAN VS. POLAR COORDINATES

• If the point P has Cartesian coordinates (x, y) and

polar coordinates (r, θ), then, from
the figure, we have: x y
cos   sin  
r r
CARTESIAN VS. POLAR COORDINATES

• Therefore,
x  r cos 

y  r sin 
CARTESIAN VS. POLAR COORDINATES

• Although Equations 1 were deduced from

the figure (which illustrates the case where
r > 0 and 0 < θ < π/2), these equations are valid for
all values of r and θ.

– See the general

definition of sin θ
and cos θ
CARTESIAN VS. POLAR COORDINATES

• Equations 1 allow us to find

the Cartesian coordinates of a point
when the polar coordinates are known.
CARTESIAN VS. POLAR COORDINATES
Equations 2

• To find r and θ when x and y are known,

we use the equations
y
r x y
2 2 2
tan  
x
– These can be
deduced from
Equations 1 or
simply read from
the figure.
CARTESIAN VS. POLAR COORDINATES
Example 2

• Convert the point (2, π/3) from polar to

Cartesian coordinates.

– Since r = 2 and θ = π/3,  1

Equations 1 give: x  r cos   2 cos  2   1
3 2
 3
y  r sin   2sin  2.  3
3 2
3
– Thus, the point is (1, ) in Cartesian coordinates.
Heri Sutanta Department of Geodesy & Geomatics Engineering, UGM
 Cylindrical Coordinates

• Cylindrical polar coordinates

are an alternate
z=x 
perpendicular system. 3 r
– Coordinates are (r, , z)
z=q3
– Alternate: (q1, q2, q3)
y=x2
• Coordinates transformations =q2
r=q1
go between systems. x=x1
– Cylindrical to Cartesian

x  r cos  r  x2  y2
y  r sin    arctan( y / x)
zz
 POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
P(r,θ)
Polar Coordinates of a point
r
P (r, )
 Polar Axis
o
Pole
(X-axis)

(Origin) O  pole
r  distance OP
   between polar axis and OP

Any given point has an infinite number of pairs of polar coordinates.

In general, a point (r,) can also be represented as:

P(r ,  2k ) or P(r ,    2k )

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 Polar Coordinate System
• In a polar
coordinate system,
a fixed point O is
called the pole or
origin. The polar
axis is usually a
horizontal ray
directed toward the
right from the pole.
 Polar Coordinate System
• The location of a
point P in the polar
coordinate system
can be identified by
polar coordinates
in the form (r, θ).
• If a ray is drawn
from the pole
through point P,
the distance from
the pole to point P
 Polar Coordinate System
• The measure of
the angle formed
by and the polar
axis is θ. The
angle can be
measured in
degrees or radians.
• This grid is
sometimes called
the polar plane.
 Consider positive and negative
values for r
• Suppose r > 0. • Suppose r < 0.
Then θ is the Then θ is the
measure of any measure of any
angle in standard angle that has the
position that has ray opposite
as its terminal side. as its terminal side.
 The angle θ
• As you have seen, the r-coordinate can be any
real value. The angle θ can also be negative. If
θ > 0, then θ is measured counterclockwise from
the polar axis. If θ < 0, then θ is measured
clockwise from the polar axis.
• Look at examples 1 and 2.
 Example 2
• In this example, the point R(-2, -135°) lies in the
polar plane 2 units from the pole on the terminal
side of a 45° angle in standard position.
• This means that the point R could also be
represented by the coordinates (2, 45°)
 In summary…
• Here is a summary of all the ways to represent a
point in polar coordinates:
– If a point P has polar coordinates (r, θ), then P can
also be represented by polar coordinates (r, θ + 2πk)
or (-r, θ + (2k + 1)π) , where k is any integer.
Note: In degrees, the representations are (r, θ +
360k°) and (-r, θ + (2k + 1)180°). For every
angle there are infinitely many representations.
 Polar Equations
• An equation expressed in terms of polar
coordinates is called a polar equation. For
example r = 2 sin θ is a polar equation.
• A polar graph is the set of all points whose
coordinates (r, θ) satisfy a given polar equation.
 Graphing Polar Equations
• You already know how to graph equations in the
Cartesian, or rectangular, coordinate system.
Graphs involving constants like x = 2 and y = -3
are considered basic in the Cartesian coordinate
system.
 Graphing Polar Equations
• Similarly, the polar coordinate system has some
basic graphs. Graphs of the polar equations r =
k and θ = k, where k is a constant, are
considered basic.
• Look at example 4.
 Example
 Graph each point.
a. S(-4, 0°)

 3 
b. R  2, 2 
 

c. Q(-2, -240°)
 Example
• Name four different
pairs of polar
coordinates that
represent point S
on the graph with
the restriction that -
360° < θ < 360°.
 Example: Graph each polar
equation.5
a. r = -3 b.   6
HW: #17-39 odd
Converting Polar to Rectangular

• Given polar coordinates (r, θ)

– Change to rectangular

• By trigonometry r
•
y
– x = r cos θ θ
y = r sin θ
x

• Try = ( ___, ___ )

 
A   2, 
 4
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 Converting Rectangular to Polar

• Given a point (x, y)

– Convert to (r, θ) •
r
y
θ
• By Pythagorean theorem
r2 = x2 + y2 x

• By trigonometry
y
  tan 1

• Try this one … for (2, 1)

x
– r = ______
– θ = ______

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