Why Study Electromagnetics?

Examples of Electromagnetic
Applications
Examples of Electromagnetic
Applications, Cont’d
Examples of Electromagnetic
Applications, Cont’d
Examples of Electromagnetic
Applications, Cont’d
Examples of Electromagnetic
Applications, Cont’d
 Research Areas of
Electromagnetics
• Antenas
• Microwaves
• Computational Electromagnetics
• Electromagnetic Scattering
• Electromagnetic Propagation
• Radars
• Optics
• etc …
Why is Electromagnetics
Difficult?
What is Electromagnetics?
What is a charge q?
Fundamental Laws of
Electromagnetics
Steps in Studying Electromagnetics
SI (International System) of
Units
Units Derived From the
Fundamental Units
Fundamental Electromagnetic Field
Quantities
Three Universal Constants
Fundamental Relationships
 Scalar and Vector Fields
• A scalar field is a function that gives us
a single value of some variable for
every point in space.
• Examples: voltage, current, energy,
temperature
• A vector is a quantity which has both a
magnitude and a direction in space.
• Examples: velocity, momentum, acceleration
and force
Example of a Scalar Field
 Scalar Fields

e.g. Temperature: Every location has

associated value (number with units)
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 Scalar Fields - Contours

• Colors represent surface temperature

• Contour lines show constant temperatures
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Fields are 3D

• T = T(x,y,z)
• Hard to visualize
 Work in 2D

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 Vector Fields
Vector (magnitude, direction) at every point
in space

Example: Velocity vector field - jet stream

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Vector Fields Explained
Examples of Vector Fields
Examples of Vector Fields
Examples of Vector Fields
 VECTOR REPRESENTATION

3 PRIMARY COORDINATE SYSTEMS:

• RECTANGULAR
Choice is based on
symmetry of problem
• CYLINDRICAL

• SPHERICAL Examples:
Sheets - RECTANGULAR

Wires/Cables - CYLINDRICAL

Spheres - SPHERICAL
Orthogonal Coordinate Systems: (coordinates mutually perpendicular)
Cartesian Coordinates z
P(x,y,z)
y
Rectangular Coordinates
P (x,y,z) x

z
z
P(r, θ, z)
Cylindrical Coordinates
P (r, Θ, z) r y
x θ

z
Spherical Coordinates P(r, θ, Φ)
θ r
P (r, Θ, Φ)

Φ
y
x

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-Parabolic Cylindrical Coordinates (u,v,z)
-Paraboloidal Coordinates (u, v, Φ)
-Elliptic Cylindrical Coordinates (u, v, z)
-Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates (ξ, η, φ)
-Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates (ξ, η, φ)
-Bipolar Coordinates (u,v,z)
-Toroidal Coordinates (u, v, Φ)
-Conical Coordinates (λ, μ, ν)
-Confocal Ellipsoidal Coordinate (λ, μ, ν)
-Confocal Paraboloidal Coordinate (λ, μ, ν)
Parabolic Cylindrical Coordinates
Paraboloidal Coordinates
Elliptic Cylindrical Coordinates
Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates
Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates
Bipolar Coordinates
Toroidal Coordinates
Conical Coordinates
Confocal Ellipsoidal Coordinate
 z z
P(r, θ, Φ)
Cartesian Coordinates P(x,y,z)
θ r P(x,y,z) y

y x
x Φ

Spherical Coordinates Cylindrical Coordinates

P(r, θ, Φ) z P(r, θ, z)

z
P(r, θ, z)

r y
x θ
 Coordinate Transformation
• Cartesian to Cylindrical
(x, y, z) to (r,θ,Φ)

(r,θ,Φ) to (x, y, z)
 Coordinate Transformation
• Cartesian to Cylindrical
Vectoral Transformation
 Coordinate Transformation
• Cartesian to Spherical
(x, y, z) to (r,θ,Φ)

(r,θ,Φ) to (x, y, z)
 Coordinate Transformation
• Cartesian to Spherical
Vectoral Transformation