Chinese Journal of Physics 56 (2018) 2805–2816

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Chinese Journal of Physics

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cjph

New exact solutions of nonlinear conformable time-fractional Phi-4

T
equation
Hadi Rezazadeha, Hira Tariqb, Mostafa Eslamic, Mohammad Mirzazadehd, Qin Zhoue,
⁎

a
Faculty of Engineering Technology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
b
Department of Mathematics, GC women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
c
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
d
Department of Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, East of Guilan, University of Guilan, Rudsar-Vajargah, Iran
e
School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Wuhan Donghu University, Wuhan 430212, PR China

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: In this paper, new exact analytical solutions of time-fractional Phi-4 equation are developed
Nonlinear time-fractional Phi-4 equation using extended direct algebraic method by means of conformable fractional derivative. The
Conformable derivative obtained new results reveal that the proposed method is effective to studythe nonlinear dis-
New extended direct algebraic method persive equations in mathematical physics.
New exact solutions

1. Introduction

There are a variety of nonlinear dispersive equations occur in one spatial dimension that have a wide range of physical appli-
cations. Studies on the physical structures of these nonlinear dispersive equations by means of different analytical methods have
gained a lot of attention in the recent decades [1–15]. The Klein-Gordon equation has played an important role in mathematical
physics [16]. The equation has attracted much attention in studying solitons in condensed matter physics,in investigating the in-
teraction of solitons in a collisionless plasma, and the recurrence of initial states [17]. The Phi-4 equation can be considered as a
particular form of the Klein-Gordon equation that models the phenomenon in particle physics where kink and anti-kinksolitary waves
interact [18,19]. The Phi-4 equation has played an important role in nuclear and particle physics over the decades.Akter and Akbar
[20] implemented the modified simple equation method to find the exact solutions of the Phi-4 equations. Travelling wave solutions
for a nonlinear variant of the Phi-4 equation are studied by using the Weierstrass elliptic function method in [19]. Bhrawy et al. [21]
developed the Jacobi-Gauss-Lobatto collocation method to obtain spectral solutions of nonlinear time-dependent Phi-4 equations.
Triki and Wazwaz [22] established the Envelope solitons for generalized forms of the Phi-4 equations. Exact analytical solutions of
Phi-4 equation are developed using tanh method by means of fractional complex transform in [23]. Alquran et al. [24] implemented
the residual power series method to obtain the solution of fractional Phi-4 equation. Let us consider the time-fractional Phi-4 equation
is in the form

ut(µ) uxx + 2u + u3 = 0, t 0, 0<µ 1, (1)

where ρ and λ are real valued constants and is the conformable derivative operator. Khalil et al. [25] introduced conformable
(.)t(µ)
fractional derivative in 2014. It is a new well-behaved definition of local fractional derivative. The conformable fractional derivative
is theoretically very easier to handle. The conformable calculus is very captivating and is gaining an interest. In recent years, many

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: qinzhou@whu.edu.cn (Q. Zhou).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjph.2018.08.001
Received 12 April 2018; Received in revised form 14 June 2018; Accepted 2 August 2018
Available online 06 August 2018
0577-9073/ © 2018 The Physical Society of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
H. Rezazadeh et al. Chinese Journal of Physics 56 (2018) 2805–2816

efficient methods for obtaining exact traveling wave solutions of various nonlinear fractional partial differential equations by using
this fractional derivative have been presented [26–38]. The definition of conformable fractional derivative of order μ ∈ (0, 1) defined
as the following expression [25]
d µf (t ) f (t + t 1 µ ) f (t )
= lim , f : (0, ) .
dt µ 0 (2)
Conformable fractional derivative has the following important properties [25,26]
d µt µ,
i) = t µ .
dt µ (3)

d µfg d µg d µf
ii) =f g+g .
dt µ dt µ dt µ (4)

d µ (fog )
iii ) = t 1 µg (t ) f (g (t )).
dt µ (5)
In this work, new exact solutions are created for time-fractional Phi-4 equations using a relatively new technique. This method is
considered among those general ones from which, under certain cases, various methods can be deduced such as the (G′/G)–expansion
method [39], the Kudryashov method [40], modified Kudryashov method [41], the direct algebraic method [41], the tanh-function
method [42], the extended tanh-function method [43,44], and so on.
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the general structure of the new extended direct algebraic method. In section
3, the proposed method is applied to establish new exact solutions for the time-fractional Phi-4 equation.

2. Description of the new extended direct algebraic method

In this Section, we give the description of the new extended direct algebraic method [45].
Consider a nonlinear partial differential equation of the form

P (u , ut(µ) , ux , utt(2µ), uxx , …) = 0, (6)

where u is an unknown function, P is a polynomial of u and its partial derivatives and partial conformable fractional derivatives. We
give the main steps of the new extended direct algebraic method:
Step 1. Using the wave transformation, as
tµ
u (x , t ) = U ( ), =x v ,
µ (7)
where v is arbitrary constant to be determined later, we can rewrite Eq. (6) in the following nonlinear ODE:
G (U , U , U , …) = 0, (8)
here prime shows the derivative with respect to ξ.
Step 2. Let us consider that Eq. (8) has a formal solution of the form
N
U( ) = bj Q j ( ), bN 0,
j =0 (9)
where bj(0 ≤ j ≤ N) are constant coefficients to be determined later, N is a positive integer which is found by balancing the highest
order derivatives and nonlinear terms in Eq. (8) and Q(ξ) satisfies the ODE in the form
Q ( ) = Ln (A)( + Q ( ) + Q2 ( )), A 0, 1, (10)
where α, β and σ are constants. Some special solutions of the solutions of ODE (10) are

(1) When 2 4 < 0 and σ ≠ 0,

( 2 4 ) ( 2 4 )
Q1 ( ) = + tanA ,
2 2 2

( 2 4 ) ( 2 4 )
Q2 ( ) = cotA ,
2 2 2

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( 2 4 )
Q3 ( ) = + (tanA ( ( 2 4 ) )± pq secA ( ( 2 4 ) )),
2 2

( 2 4 )
Q4 ( ) = + ( cotA ( ( 2 4 ) )± pq cscA ( ( 2 4 ) )),
2 2

( 2 4 ) ( 2 4 ) ( 2 4 )
Q5 ( ) = + tanA cotA .
2 4 4 4

(2) When 2 4 > 0 and σ ≠ 0,

2 4 2 4
Q6 ( ) = tanhA ,
2 2 2

2 4 2 4
Q7 ( ) = cothA ,
2 2 2

2 4
Q8 ( ) = + ( tanhA ( 2 4 ) ± i pq sechA ( 2 4 )),
2 2

2 4
Q9 ( ) = + ( cothA ( 2 4 )± pq cschA ( 2 4 )),
2 2

2 4 2 4 2 4
Q10 ( ) = tanhA + cothA .
2 4 4 4

(3) When ασ > 0 and = 0,

Q11 ( ) = tanA ( ),

Q12 ( ) = cotA ( ),

Q13 ( ) = (tanA (2 )± pq secA (2 )),

Q14 ( ) = ( cotA (2 )± pq cscA (2 )),

1
Q15 ( ) = tanA cotA .
2 2 2

(4) When ασ < 0 and = 0,

Q16 ( ) = tanhA ( ),

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Q17 ( ) = cothA ( ),

Q18 ( ) = ( tanhA (2 ) ± i pq sechA (2 )),

Q19 ( ) = ( cothA (2 )± pq cschA (2 )),

1
Q20 ( ) = tanhA + cothA .
2 2 2

(5) When = 0 and = ,

Q21 ( ) = tanA ( ),

Q22 ( ) = cotA ( ),

Q23 ( ) = tanA (2 )± pq secA (2 ),

Q24 ( ) = cotA (2 )± pq cscA (2 ),

1
Q25 ( ) = tanA cotA .
2 2 2

(6) When = 0 and = ,

Q26 ( ) = tanhA ( ),

Q27 ( ) = cothA ( ),

Q28 ( ) = tanhA (2 ) ± i pq sechA (2 ),

Q29 ( ) = cothA (2 )± pq cschA (2 ),

1
Q30 ( ) = tanhA + cothA .
2 2 2

(7) When 2 =4 ,
2 ( LnA + 2)
Q31 ( ) = 2 LnA
.

(8) When =k, = mk (m 0) and = 0,

Q32 ( ) = Ak m.

(9) When = = 0,

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Q33 ( ) = LnA.

(10) When = = 0,
1
Q34 ( ) = .
LnA

(11) When = 0 and β ≠ 0,

p
Q35 ( ) = ,
(coshA ( ) sinhA ( ) + p)

(sinhA ( ) + coshA ( ))
Q36 ( ) = ,
(sinhA ( ) + coshA ( ) + q)

(12) When =k, = mk (m 0) and = 0,

pAk
Q37 ( ) = .
q mpAk

Remark 1. The generalized hyperbolic and triangular functions are defined as [46]

pA qA pA + qA
sinhA ( ) = , coshA ( ) = ,
2 2

pA qA pA + qA
tanhA ( ) = , cothA ( ) = ,
pA + qA pA qA

2 2
sechA ( ) = , cschA ( ) = ,
pA + qA pA qA

pAi qA i pAi + qA i
sinA ( ) = , cosA ( ) = ,
2i 2

pAi qA i pAi + qA i
tanA ( ) = i , cotA ( ) = i ,
pAi + qA i pAi qA i

2 2i
secA ( ) = , cscA ( ) = ,
pAi + qA i pAi qA i

where ξ is an independent variable, pand q are arbitrary constants greater than zero and called deformation parameters.
Step 3. Substituting Eqs. (9) and (10) into Eq. (8) and setting the coefficients of to zero, one gets nonlinear algebraic system in and
Step 4. Then substituting these constants and the solutions of Eq. (10) into Eq. (9) and with (7), we get the exact solutions for Eq.
(6).

3. Solutions to the time-fractional Phi-4 equation

Here, we use Eq. (7) to reduce Eq. (1) to the nonlinear ODE below
v 2U U + 2U + U 3 = 0. (11)
3
Balancing the highest order derivative term U″with nonlinear term U in Eq. (11), we get N = 1, thus we can write
U ( ) = b0 + b1 Q ( ). (12)
j
Substituting Eq. (12) along with Eq. (10) into Eq. (11), collecting the coefficients of Q (ξ) and equating them to zero. A set of
algebraic equations is obtained in b0, b1 and v as follows:
Coefficients of Q(ξ) as follows:
Q0: (Ln2A) b1 (v 2 1) + 2b
0 + b03 = 0,

Q1: b1 (Ln2A ((2 + 2 )(v 2 1)) + 2 + 3 b02 ) = 0,

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Q 2: b1 (3(Ln2A) (v 2 1) + 3 b0 b1) = 0,

Q3: b1 (2(Ln2A) 2 (v2 1) + b12) = 0.

Solving these algebraic equations with Maple, we get

b0 = ± ,
(4 2)

2
b1 = ± ,
(4 2)

2 2
1
v = ± Ln2A 2
.
LnA 4 (13)

The solutions of (1) corresponding to (7), (12) and (13) are

If 2 4 < 0 and σ ≠ 0, then the singular periodic solutions are given by

2
1 2 tµ
u1,2 (x , t ) = ± tanA x± Ln2A + ,
2 LnA µ

2
1 2 tµ
u3,4 (x , t ) = ± cotA x± Ln2A + ,
2 LnA µ

2
1 2 tµ
u5,6 (x , t ) = ± tanA x± Ln2A +
LnA µ

2
1 2 tµ
± pq secA x± Ln2A + ,
LnA µ

2
1 2 tµ
u7,8 (x , t ) = ± cotA x± Ln2A +
LnA µ

2
1 2 tµ
± pq cscA x± Ln2A + ,
LnA µ

2
1 2 tµ
u9,10 (x , t ) = ± tanA x± Ln2A +
2 4 LnA µ

2
1 2 tµ
cotA x± Ln2A + ,
4 LnA µ

where = 2 4 .
If 2 4 > 0 and σ ≠ 0, then the dark and the singular soliton solutions are given by

2
1 2 tµ
u11,12 (x , t ) = ± tanhA x± Ln2A + ,
2 LnA µ

2
1 2 tµ
u13,14 (x , t ) = ± cothA x± Ln2A + ,
2 LnA µ

2
1 2 tµ
u15,16 (x , t ) = ± tanhA x± Ln2A +
LnA µ

2
1 2 tµ
± i pq sechA x± Ln2A + ,
LnA µ

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2
1 2 tµ
u17,18 (x , t ) = ± cothA x± Ln2A +
LnA µ

2
1 2 tµ
± pq cschA x± Ln2A + ,
LnA µ

2
1 2 tµ
u19,20 (x , t ) = ± tanhA x± Ln2A +
2 4 LnA µ

2
1 2 tµ
cothA x± Ln2A + ,
4 LnA µ

where = 2 4 .
If ασ > 0 and = 0, then the singular periodic solutions are given by

2
1 tµ
u21,22 (x , t ) = ± tanA x± Ln2A ,
LnA 2 µ

2
1 2 tµ
u23,24 (x , t ) = ± cotA x± Ln2A ,
LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
u25,26 (x , t ) = ± tanA 2 x± Ln2A
LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
± pq secA 2 x± Ln2A ,
LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
u27,28 (x , t ) = ± cotA 2 x± Ln2A
LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
± pq cscA 2 x± Ln2A ,
LnA 2 µ

2
1 2 tµ
u29,30 (x , t ) = ± tanA x± Ln2A
2 2 LnA 4 µ

2
1 2 tµ
cotA x± Ln2A .
2 LnA 4 µ

If ασ < 0 and = 0 , then the singular, dark and bright soliton solutions are given by

2
1 tµ
u31,32 (x , t ) = ± tanhA x± Ln2A ,
LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
u33,34 (x , t ) = ± cothA x± Ln2A ,
LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
u35,36 (x , t ) = ± tanhA 2 x± Ln2A
LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
± i pq sechA 2 x± Ln2A ,
LnA 2 µ

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2
1 tµ
u37,38 (x , t ) = ± cothA 2 x± Ln2A
LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
± pq cschA 2 x± Ln2A ,
LnA 2 µ

2
1 2 tµ
u39,40 (x , t ) = ± tanhA x± Ln2A
2 2 LnA 4 µ

2
1 2 tµ
+ cothA x± Ln2A .
2 LnA 4 µ

If = 0 and = , then the singular periodic solutions are given by

2
1 tµ
u41,42 (x , t ) = ± tanA x± Ln2A 2
,
LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
u43,44 (x , t ) = ± cotA x± Ln2A 2
,
LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
u45,46 (x , t ) = ± tanA 2 x± Ln2A 2
LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
± pq secA 2 x± Ln2A 2
,
LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
u47,48 (x , t ) = ± cotA 2 x± Ln2A 2
LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
± pq cscA 2 x± Ln2A 2
,
LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
u49,50 (x , t ) = ± tanA x± Ln2A 2
2 2 LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
cotA x± Ln2A 2
.
2 LnA 2 µ

If = 0 and = , then the singular, dark and bright soliton solutions are given by

2
1 tµ
u51,52 (x , t ) = ± tanhA x± Ln2A + 2
,
LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
u53,54 (x , t ) = ± cothA x± Ln2A + 2
,
LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
u55,56 (x , t ) = ± tanhA 2 x± Ln2A + 2
LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
± i pq sechA 2 x± Ln2A + 2
,
LnA 2 µ

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H. Rezazadeh et al. Chinese Journal of Physics 56 (2018) 2805–2816

2
1 tµ
u57,58 (x , t ) = ± cothA 2 x± Ln2A + 2
LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
± pq cschA 2 x± Ln2A + 2
,
LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
u59,60 (x , t ) = ± tanhA x ± Ln2A + 2
2 2 LnA 2 µ

2
1 tµ
+ cothA x ± Ln2A + 2
.
2 LnA 2 µ

If = 0 and β ≠ 0, then the bright and dark-like solitons are given by

2p
u61,62 (x , t ) = ± 1 ,
1 2 tµ 1 2 tµ
coshA x± LnA
Ln2A + 2 2 µ
sinhA x± LnA
Ln2A + 2 2 µ
+p

1 2 2 tµ 1 2 2 tµ
sinhA x ± LnA Ln2A + 2 µ
+ coshA x ± LnA Ln2A + 2 µ
u63,64 (x , t ) = ± 1 .
1 2 2 tµ 1 2 2 tµ
sinhA x ± LnA Ln2A + 2 µ
+ coshA x ± LnA Ln2A + 2 µ
+ q

If =k, = mk (m 0) and = 0, then the rational solution is given by

µ 2
1
k x ± LnA Ln2A + 2 2 tµ
k
2mpA
u65,66 (x , t ) = ± 1+ .
µ 2
1
k x ± LnA Ln2A + 2 2 tµ
k
q mpA

Remark 2. All the solutions nonlinear time-fractional Phi-4 equation are new, which cannot be found in literature to our knowledge.
In Figs. 1–5, we present some numerical simulations for u1,u14, u37, u49 and u61 in 3D plots when 0 ≤ t ≤ 5, 5 x 5.

Fig. 1. 3D plot of u1 with =3; =2; =3; A = 2.7; p = 0.9; q = 0.9; =1.2; =1.5;µ=0.98.

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Fig. 2. 3D plot of u1 with =3; =2; =1; A = 2.6; p = 0.95; q = 0.9; =1.5; = 1.1;µ=0.9 .

Fig. 3. 3D plot of u37 with =0; = 4; =2; A = 2.65; p = 0.98; q = 0.95; =1.5; = 2.1;µ=0.95.

4. Conclusions

The new extended direct algebraic method via conformable fractional derivative has been successfully implemented to find the
new traveling wave solutions of very importeant nonlinear dispersive equation, namely, the time-fractional Phi-4 equation. The
proposed method is very easy, concise, direct and straightforward to implement as compared with other existing methods in the
literature. Also, it is quite capable and almost well appropriate for developing new exact solutions of other nonlinear dispersive
equations occur in mathematical physics.

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Fig. 4. 3D plot of u49 with =0; =2; =2; A = 2.8; p = 0.95; q = 0.95; =2; =1;µ=1.

Fig. 5. 3D plot of u49 with = 2; =0; =3; A = e; p = 1; q = 1; = 3; = 2;µ=0.85 .

Acknowledgments

This work of Qin Zhou was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11705130 and 1157149),
this author was also sponsored by the Chutian Scholar Program of Hubei Government in China.

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