Onishi et al. Vol. 28, No. 8 / August 2011 / J. Opt. Soc. Am.

A 1747

Formulation of rigorous coupled-wave theory

for gratings in bianisotropic media

Michihisa Onishi,* Karlton Crabtree, and Russell A. Chipman

College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1630 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
*Corresponding author: monishi@optics.arizona.edu

Received April 11, 2011; revised June 24, 2011; accepted June 25, 2011;
posted June 30, 2011 (Doc. ID 145665); published July 28, 2011
A formulation of rigorous coupled-wave theory for diffraction gratings in bianisotropic media that exhibit linear
birefringence and/or optical activity is presented. The symmetric constitutive relations for bianisotropic materials
are adopted. All of the incident, exiting, and grating materials can be isotropic, uniaxial, or biaxial, with or without
optical activity. The principal values of the electric permittivity tensor, the magnetic permeability tensor, and the
gyrotropic tensor of the media can take arbitrary values, and the principal axes may be arbitrarily and indepen-
dently oriented. Procedures for Fourier expansion of Maxwell’s equations are described. Distinctive polarization
coupling effects due to optical activity are observed in sample calculations. © 2011 Optical Society of America
OCIS codes: 050.1950, 050.1960, 160.1585.

1. INTRODUCTION can be isotropic, uniaxial, or biaxial, with or without optical

Rigorous coupled-wave theory (RCWT) can be applied to var-
ious types of diffraction grating problems. The solutions are
always rigorous and no special assumptions are needed, ex-
cept for periodicity. The history of RCWT may be traced back
to the theory provided by Tamir et al. [1]. They analyzed the
properties of sinusoidally stratified dielectric volume gratings.
Then Knop [2] applied RCWT to rectangular surface-relief
gratings. In the following decades, RCWT has been applied
to various types of diffraction gratings, including dielectric
planar gratings [3], dielectric surface-relief gratings [4], metal-
lic gratings [5–7], and anisotropic gratings [8–10], for example.
The difficulty of the slow convergence for the TM mode dif-
fraction problem was solved by Lalanne and Morris [11], Gran-
et and Guizal [12], and Li [13]. A good review of the RCWT
formulation for isotropic gratings can be found in [14,15],
and that for anisotropic gratings in [16]. While much literature
exists for gratings in nongyrotropic media, few papers for
gratings made with gyrotropic materials can be found. Some
related work has been done by Rokushima and Yamakita [17],
Lakhtakia et al. [18], and Wang and Lakhtakia [19,20].
If asymmetric constitutive relations [21–24] are used, the
diffraction gratings made with gyrotropic materials can be
modeled by the previously developed RCWT [25,26], in which
only the permittivity tensor should be modified according to
the gyrotropy of the materials. However, as shown by Silver-
man [27,28] and Peterson [29], the asymmetric and symmetric
constitutive relations [30–34] are not equivalent and have
differences in many aspects. Thus, it is necessary and useful
to have an RCWT algorithm that can deal with the symmetric
constitutive relations. However, no such RCWT algorithms
can be found in literature to the best of the authors’
knowledge.
Here, we provide an RCWT formulation that adopts the
symmetric constitutive relations. The present algorithm is ap-
plicable to gratings made with either gyrotropic or nongyro-
tropic materials. The incident, exiting, and grating materials
activity. The principal values of the electric permittivity ten-
sor, the magnetic permeability tensor, and the gyrotropic ten-
sor can take arbitrary values and the principal axes may be
arbitrarily and independently oriented. The present RCWT for-
mulation can also deal with the asymmetric constitutive rela-
tions as a special case. The scattering matrix method [35–37]
is employed to solve the boundary condition equations for nu-
merical stability. As examples, the diffraction efficiency pro-
files of single-layer bi-isotropic gratings and multilayer biaxial
gyrotropic gratings are investigated. Distinctive polarization
coupling effects due to optical activity are observed in both
cases. The convergence property of the present RCWT formu-
lation is demonstrated. As a special case, diffraction efficien-
cies for a multilayer grating made with nongyrotropic uniaxial
material are shown to exhibit good agreement with simulation
data available in literature.
2. FORMULATION
A. Description of Grating Diffraction Problem
The geometry of the grating diffraction problem analyzed here
is depicted in Fig. 1 using a single-layer binary grating as an
example. The media in regions I and II and the grating region
may be birefringent, gyrotropic, or both. An electromagnetic
wave is obliquely incident on the grating structure with an an-
gle of incidence θin and an azimuthal angle φin . The relative
electric permittivity tensor, the relative magnetic permeability
tensor, and the gyrotropic tensor of the medium in region I are
εI , μI , and GI , and those in region II are εII , μII , and GII , respec-
tively. The surface normal of the mean grating plane is parallel
to the z direction and the grating vector is parallel to the x
direction. The depth of the grating groove is h. In the coordi-
nate system depicted in Fig. 1, the incident electric field of unit
amplitude is given by
^ expð−jkinc · rÞ;
Einc ¼ u ð1Þ

1084-7529/11/081747-12$15.00/0 © 2011 Optical Society of America

1748 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A / Vol. 28, No. 8 / August 2011 Onishi et al.

described by Li [38] provides better convergence, which

can be also adopted in our formulation. However, we use this
symmetric truncation scheme here for simplicity and clarity.
Floquet’s theorem requires the wave vectors of the dif-
fracted waves to satisfy the following conditions:

kqO;i ¼ kxi ^x þ kyi ^y þ kqOz;i^z; ðq ¼ R; TÞ; ð4Þ

kqE;i ¼ kxi ^x þ kyi ^y þ kqEz;i^z; ðq ¼ R; TÞ; ð5Þ

kxi ¼ kinc;x − iK g ; ð6Þ

Fig. 1. Geometry of the grating diffraction problem analyzed

herein. (a) θin is the angle of incidence and φin is the azimuthal angle. kyi ¼ kinc;y ; ð7Þ
(b) Grating vector is parallel to the x direction and the mean grating
plane normal is parallel to the z direction. Each diffracted order
has two component modes, with different wave vectors and polariza- where i is the index of the diffraction order, K g is the ampli-
tion states. tude of the grating vector, and kqOz;i and kqEz;i are the z com-
ponents of the wave vectors for the O and E mode diffracted
where u ^ is the polarization vector of unit amplitude for the waves, respectively. In the grating region 0 ≤ z ≤ h, the electric
incident field, j represents the imaginary unit, and kinc is field Eg and the magnetic field Hg may be expanded into
the wave vector of the incident wave. Note that the increasing Floquet–Fourier series given by
phase sign convention exp ½jðωt − k · rÞ
is adopted, and the X
time dependence of the electric field is not explicitly shown Eg ¼ Si ðzÞ exp½−jðkxi x þ kyi yÞ

in the expression. The polarization state of the incident wave i
X
is one of the eigenpolarizations of the medium in region I. The ¼ fS xi ðzÞ^x þ S yi ðzÞ^y þ S zi ðzÞ^zg
wave vector and the corresponding eigenpolarizations are i
obtained from Maxwell’s equations and the constitutive rela- × exp½−jðkxi x þ kyi yÞ
; ð8Þ
tions. More details about the constitutive relations, wave vec-
tors, and eigenpolarizations are explained in Subsection 2.B.

1=2 X
The incident electromagnetic wave gives rise to a series of re- εo
flected diffraction orders, i ¼ …; −1; 0; 1; 2; …, and trans- Hg ¼ Ui ðzÞ exp½−jðkxi x þ kyi yÞ

μo i
mitted diffraction orders. When the media are birefringent
1=2 X
ε
and/or optically active, each diffracted order has two compo- ¼ o fU xi ðzÞ^x þ U yi ðzÞ^y
nent modes with different wave vectors and polarization μo i
states. The total electric field in regions I and II can be þ U zi ðzÞ^zg exp½−jðkxi x þ kyi yÞ
; ð9Þ
expressed by
X where Si ðzÞ and Ui ðzÞ are the vector Fourier coefficient func-
EI ¼ Einc þ ½rO;i expð−jkRO;i · rÞ tions for the electric and magnetic fields existing in the grating
i ð2Þ region. Those coefficient functions are determined such that
þ rE;i expð−jkRE;i · rÞ
; Eg and Hg satisfy Maxwell’s equations and appropriate bound-
ary conditions.
X
EII ¼ ftO;i exp½−jkTO;i · ðr − h^zÞ
B. Electromagnetic Waves in Bianisotropic Media
i
Gyrotropic materials may have chiral structure, which lacks
þ tE;i exp½−jkTE;i · ðr − h^zÞ
g; ð3Þ both mirror and inversion symmetry. The constitutive rela-
tions for gyrotropic media are discussed in detail by Silverman
where rO;i and rE;i are the electric field amplitudes of the ith [27,28], Peterson [29], and McClain et al. [39,40]. According to
backward diffracted waves, and tO;i and tE;i are those of the their papers, the constitutive relations proposed for the
ith forward diffracted waves. kRO;i and kRE;i are the wave vec- gyrotropic materials may be categorized into two groups: sym-
tors of the ith backward diffracted waves, and kTO;i and kTE;i metric constitutive relations and asymmetric constitutive re-
are those of the ith forward diffracted waves. The subscripts lations. The constitutive relations proposed by Condon [31],
O and E do not necessarily correspond to ordinary and extra- Fedorov [32], and Post [33] can be classified as symmetric
ordinary modes, which exist in uniaxial materials. Those constitutive relations. While those constitutive relations do
subscripts are used only for identifying two orthogonal eigen- not have the same mathematical form, it is shown by Laktakia
polarization modes in bianisotropic media. In Eqs. (2) and (3), et al. [34] that Fedorov’s and Post’s forms are equivalent to
the total number of retained Fourier terms are M ¼ 2N þ 1 Condon’s form for time harmonic fields in source free regions.
when the (−N)th to the (þN)th order terms are retained. It With the choice of increasing phase sign convention, the
is not necessary to choose this symmetric truncation scheme. symmetric constitutive relations for gyrotropic media can
For the case of oblique incidence, the truncation scheme be expressed as
Onishi et al. Vol. 28, No. 8 / August 2011 / J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1749

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 3
D ¼ εo ε · E − j εo μo G · H; ð10Þ 0 −kz ky
14
K¼ kz 0 −kx 5; ð20Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ko −k
B ¼ μo μ · H þ j εo μo G · E; ð11Þ y kx 0

where ε is the relative electric permittivity tensor, μ is the re-
lative magnetic permeability tensor, and G is the gyrotropic
tensor of the media. The principal axes of ε are, in general,
rotated with respect to the system coordinates depicted in
Fig. 1. Thus, ε can be expressed by
where ko is the magnitude of the wave vector for the incident
wave in free space. For Eq. (19) to have nontrivial solutions, K
should satisfy the following dispersion relationship, which
usually has four solutions (two for forward waves and the
other two for backward waves):

ε ¼ Rε · εc · R−1
ε ; ð12Þ det½ε þ ðK − jGÞ · μ−1 · ðK − jGÞ
¼ 0: ð21Þ

where εc is a diagonal relative electric permittivity tensor
expressed in principal coordinates, and Rε is a three-
dimensional rotation matrix. Similarly, μ and G can also be
expressed as
μ ¼ Rμ · μc · R−1
μ ; ð13Þ
G ¼ RG · Gc · R−1
G :
Note that rotation matrices Rε , Rμ , and RG may not be the
same if the material properties diagonalize in different
directions.
On the other hand, the asymmetric form of the constitutive
relations can be represented by
D ¼ εo ε · E;
B ¼ μo μ · H;
where the relative electric permittivity tensor is given by
ð0Þ
X principal coordinates are given by the same equations. If the
εik ¼ εik − j εikl gl
l
ð0Þ
and εik is the relative electric permittivity tensor without op-
tical activity, εikl is the antisymmetric unit tensor, and gl is the
l component of the gyration vector g. Equation (15) also may
be expressed as
D ¼ εo εð0Þ · E − jεo E × g:
A set of asymmetric constitutive relations may be obtained
from the symmetric constitutive relations by employing the
electric permittivity tensor described by Eq. (17). Silverman
[27,28] and Peterson [29] demonstrated that the asymmetric
constitutive relations do not yield the same results as those
predicted by the symmetric constitutive relations. It is also
discussed by Silverman that the asymmetric constitutive rela-
tion set is not invariant under a duality transformation, but the
symmetric set is invariant, while Maxwell’s equations are in-
variant under the duality transformation. For the reasons
described previously, the symmetric constitutive relations
described by Eqs. (10) and (11) are adopted for our RCWT
formulation.
Substituting Eqs. (10) and (11) into Maxwell’s equations,
the following equation is obtained:
½ε þ ðK − jGÞ · μ−1 · ðK − jGÞ
· E ¼ 0;
where K is the three-dimensional cross-product operator
defined by
This equation relates the wave vector k to the material con-
stants ε, μ, and G. The electromagnetic field vectors D, E, B,
and H for the eigenpolarization states that correspond to each
distinct wave vector k can then be obtained from Eq. (19).
For isotropic, uniaxial, and biaxial nongyrotropic media,
the dispersion relationship (21) can be reduced into a simpler
ð14Þ form. The explicit forms of the dispersion relationship for
those materials are well described in literature [41–43]. In
the case of gyrotropic materials, the wave vector of the inci-
dent wave is obtained by solving the dispersion relationship
(21). The algebraic solutions of Eq. (21) have a simple form
when μ ¼ 1 and the principal axes of ε, μ, and G are aligned
with the global coordinate axes ^x, ^y, and ^z so that ε, μ, and G
ð15Þ become diagonal matrices. The explicit form of the algebraic
solutions for gyrotropic materials are given in Appendix A.
ð16Þ If the principal axes are not aligned with the global axes, the
wave vectors should be transformed from the global coordi-
nates to the principal coordinates. Then, the solutions in the
ð17Þ principal axes of ε, μ, and G are not the same or the relative
magnetic permeability is not a scalar constant, a numerical
approach to the dispersion relationship (21) may be easier
rather than obtaining algebraic solutions. Then, the eigen-
polarization states are obtained by solving Eq. (19).
C. Coupled-Wave Equations
ð18Þ With the symmetric constitutive relations (10) and (11), Max-
well’s equations can be expressed as
1
∇ × Eg ¼ −jμ · H0g þ G · Eg ; ð22Þ
ko
1
∇ × H0g ¼ jε · Eg þ G · H0g ; ð23Þ
ko
where H0g is defined by
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
H0g ¼ μo =εo Hg : ð24Þ
In the coordinate system depicted in Fig. 1, these equations
can be expressed by
 
1 ∂E z ∂E y
ð19Þ − ¼ −jðμxx H 0x þ μxy H 0y þ μxz H 0z Þ
k0 ∂y ∂z
þ ðGxx E x þ Gxy Ey þ Gxz Ez Þ; ð25Þ
1750 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A / Vol. 28, No. 8 / August 2011 Onishi et al.

 
1 ∂Ex ∂Ez Toeplitz matrices. Note that the Fourier coefficient vectors
− ¼ −jðμyx H 0x þ μyy H 0y þ μyz H 0z Þ
k0 ∂z ∂x REp and RH 0 p can be obtained from Eqs. (8) and (9).
By eliminating Sz and Uz from Eqs. (31) and (32), the
þ ðGyx E x þ Gyy E y þ Gyz E z Þ; ð26Þ
coupled-wave equations are obtained as
2 3 2 3 2 3
  Sx Γ Γ12 Γ13 Γ14 Sx
1 ∂E y ∂E x 6 11
k0 ∂x
−
∂y
¼ −jðμzx H 0x þ μzy H 0y þ μzz H 0z Þ 1 ∂ 6 7
6 Sy 7 6 Γ21 Γ22 Γ23
7 6 7
Γ24 7 6 Sy 7
6 7 ¼ −j 6 7·6 7
ko ∂z 4 Ux 5 4 Γ31 Γ32 Γ33 Γ34 5 4 Ux 5
þ ðGzx E x þ Gzy E y þ Gzz Ez Þ; ð27Þ Uy Γ41 Γ42 Γ43 Γ44 Uy
2 3
  Sx
1 ∂H 0z ∂H 0y 6S 7
6 y7
− ¼ jðεxx Ex þ εxy E y þ εxz E z Þ ¼ −jΓ · 6 7: ð33Þ
k0 ∂y ∂z 4 Ux 5
Uy
þ ðGxx H 0x þ Gxy H 0y þ Gxz H 0z Þ; ð28Þ

By denoting VT ¼ ½Sx ; Sy ; Ux ; Uy
T , Eq. (33) can be written

 
1 ∂H 0x ∂H 0z in a simple form
− ¼ jðεyx Ex þ εyy E y þ εyz E z Þ
k0 ∂z ∂x
1 ∂
þ ðGyx H 0x þ Gyy H 0y þ Gyz H 0z Þ; ð29Þ V ¼ −jΓ · V: ð34Þ
ko ∂z

  The expressions of the M × M component block matrices

1 ∂H 0y ∂H 0x Γij are given in Appendix C. The general solution of
− ¼ jðεzx Ex þ εzy E y þ εzz Ez Þ
k0 ∂x ∂y Eq. (34) is
þ ðGzx H 0x þ Gzy H 0y þ Gzz H 0z Þ; ð30Þ X
VðzÞ ¼ cm wm exp½−jko λm z
; ð35Þ
where εpq , μpq , and Gpq are the pq components of ε, μ, and G, m

respectively.
where λm is the eigenvalue and wm is the eigenvector of the
To set up the coupled-wave equations, Eqs. (25)–(30) are
matrix Γ, and cm is an unknown constant. The number of the
expressed in Fourier space by expanding εpq , μpq , and Gpq
eigenvalues and the eigenvectors obtained from Eq. (34) are
as well as the electromagnetic field vectors E and H0 . In doing
4M since the dimension of Γ is 4M × 4M.
the Fourier expansion, special care must be taken. As demon-
strated by Li [13], the use of Laurent’s rule and the inverse rule
D. Extension to Multilayer Grating
should be chosen according to the type of products. In each of
The above discussion can be easily extended to the multilayer
Eqs. (25)–(27), the two products, μqx H 0x and Gqx Ex (q ¼ x, y,
grating diffraction problem. Suppose that we have a multilayer
z), which are referred to as “Type-3” product in [13], may be grating consisting of L layers. The electric field and the mag-
Fourier factorized neither by Laurent’s rule nor the inverse netic field in each grating layer may be also expanded into a
rule. Similarly, in each of Eqs. (28)–(30), the two products, Floquet–Fourier series as
εqx E x and Gqx H 0x (q ¼ x; y; z) are also Type-3 products. So
X
we rewrite Eqs. (25)–(30) into another form so that Laurent’s Eg;l ¼ fS l;xi ðzÞ^x þ S l;yi ðzÞ^y
rule and the inverse rule can be applied. The details of the i
Fourier expansion procedures are described in Appendix B. þ S l;zi ðzÞ^zg exp½−jðkxi x þ kyi yÞ
; ð36Þ
The results after the Fourier expansion of Maxwell’s
equations (25)–(30) become

1=2 X
X X εo
~ S;pq · Sq ; Hg;l ¼ fU l;xi ðzÞ^x þ U l;yi ðzÞ^y
REp ¼ −j μ~pq · Uq þ G ðp; q ¼ x; y; zÞ; ð31Þ μo i
q q
þ U l;zi ðzÞ^zg exp½−jðkxi x þ kyi yÞ
: ð37Þ
X X
RH 0 p ¼ j ~εpq · Sq þ G~ U;pq · Uq ; ðp; q ¼ x; y; zÞ; ð32Þ
q q
Equation (34) and its solution [Eq. (35)] can be also used for
each layer of the grating with appropriate constitutive rela-
where REp and RH 0 p are M × 1 Fourier coefficient column vec- tions. For the lth layer of the grating, the coupled-wave equa-
tors for the left-hand side of Eqs. (25)–(27) and Eqs. (28)–(30), tions and the general solution can be expressed by
respectively. Sp and Up are M × 1 column vectors whose ith
1 ∂
components are S pi and U pi , respectively. The expressions of V ¼ −jΓl · Vl ; ð38Þ
the M × M coefficient matrices, ~εpq , μ ~ U;pq , and G
~pq , G ~ S;pq , are ko ∂z l
also given in Appendix B. Those coefficient matrices corre- X
spond to the Toeplitz matrices of εpq , μpq , and Gpq . However, Vl ðzÞ ¼ cl;m wl;m exp½−jko λl;m ðz − zl−1 Þ
; ð39Þ
m
~ U;pq , and G
~pq , G
those matrices ~εpq , μ ~ S;pq yield much faster con-
vergence in the RCWT calculation than the corresponding where λl;m is the eigenvalue and wl;m is the eigenvector of
Onishi et al. Vol. 28, No. 8 / August 2011 / J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1751

2 3 2 3
the matrix Γl for the lth layer, zl−1 is the z coordinate of the tOx tEx   SL;x ðzL Þ
6 tOy tEy 7 6 7
interface between the (l − 1)th and lth layer, and cl;m is an un- 6 7 · tO ¼ 6 SL;y ðzL Þ 7 ¼ WL · QL ðhL Þ · CL ; ð50Þ
known constant. Vl is denoted by VTl ¼ ½Sl;x ; Sl;y ; Ul;x ; Ul;y
T . 4 τ Ox τ Ex 5 tE 4 UL;x ðzL Þ 5
For the rest of the formulation described in this paper, the τ Oy τ Ey UL;y ðzL Þ
multilayer gratings are considered.
where Wl is the 4M × 4M eigenvector matrix given by Eq. (39)
and Ql is the 4M × 4M diagonal matrix whose ith element is
E. Boundary Conditions
exp½−jko λl;i hl
. Cl is the 4M × 1 column vector consisting of the
The unknown constants cl;m are determined from the bound-
coefficients of Vl . δ is the M × 1 column vector whose (N þ 1)
ary conditions by matching the tangential components of the
th element is unity and the rest of the elements are zero. ρOq ,
electric and magnetic fields at the incident interface, exiting
ρEq , τ Oq , and τ Eq (q ¼ x, y) are the M × M diagonal matrices
interface, and the boundaries between the grating layers. The
whose ith elements are the q components of the normalized
boundary conditions for the incident interface are given by
magnetic fields of the O and E mode eigenpolarization states
of the ith backward and forward diffracted waves, respec-
^ þ rO;i þ rE;i
q ¼ S 1;q;i ð0Þ;
½δi0 u ðq ¼ x; yÞ; ð40Þ
tively. The ith elements of these quantities are given by
~ inc · u
½δi;0 K ~ RO;i · rO;i þ K
^þK ~ RE;i · rE;i
q ¼ U 1;q;i ð0Þ; X X
ρOp;i ¼ K~ RO;pq;i r Oq;i ; ρEp;i ¼ K~ RE;pq;i r Eq;i ; ð51Þ
ðq ¼ x; yÞ; ð41Þ q q

X X
and those for the exiting interface are given by τOp;i ¼ K~ TO;pq;i tOq;i ; τEp;i ¼ K~ TE;pq;i tEq;i ; ð52Þ
q q

½tO;i þ tE;i
q ¼ S L;q;i ðzn Þ; ðq ¼ x; yÞ; ð42Þ

where p ¼ x; y and q ¼ x; y; z. ux and uy are the x and y com-
~ TO;i · tO;i þ K
~ TE;i · tE;i
q ¼ U L;q;i ðzn Þ; ponents of the electric field of either the O or E mode eigen-
½K ðq ¼ x; yÞ: ð43Þ
polarization states of the incident wave, depending on the
~ RO;i , K
~ inc , K ~ RE;i , K
~ TO;i , and K
~ TE;i are defined for the incident polarization state, and μx and μy are those of the mag-
where K
netic field given by
individual plane waves in regions I and II with the correspond-
ing values of μ−1 , K, and G by X
μp ¼ K~ inc;pq uq ; ðp ¼ x; y; q ¼ x; y; zÞ: ð53Þ
q
~ ¼ μ−1 · ½K − jG
:
K ð44Þ
The boundary condition for the interface between the lth
In Eqs. (2) and (3), the electric fields for the ith forward and and (l þ 1)th layer is given by
backward diffracted waves can be expressed by the products
of the normalized component vectors and the amplitude coef- Wl · Ql ðhl Þ · Cl ¼ Wlþ1 · Clþ1 ; ðl ¼ 1; 2;    ; L − 1Þ: ð54Þ
ficients as
The reflected and transmitted amplitudes of the diffracted
rO;i ¼ ½r Ox;i ^x þ r Oy;i ^y þ r Oz;i^z
r O;i ; ð45Þ waves, rO;i , rE;i ;, tO;i , and tE;i , can be obtained simultaneously
from Eqs. (49), (50), and (54).
rE;i ¼ ½r Ex;i ^x þ r Ey;i ^y þ r Ez;i^z
r E;i ; ð46Þ The solution to this class of equations can be developed in
several ways, such as the transfer matrix method [36], the en-
tO;i ¼ ½tOx;i ^x þ tOy;i ^y þ tOz;i^z
tO;i ; ð47Þ hanced transmittance matrix method [15], and the scattering
matrix method [35], for example. We adopted the scattering
tE;i ¼ ½tEx;i ^x þ tEy;i ^y þ tEz;i^z
tE;i : ð48Þ matrix approach to our formulation for numerical stability.
The details about the scattering matrix method are not de-
The M × 1 vector quantities rO , rE , tO , and tE are defined scribed in this paper since it is a well-established technique
such that their ith elements are the electric field amplitude and well documented in literature [16,35–37].
of the ith diffracted waves, r O;i , r E;i , tO;i , and tE;i , respectively.
The M × M diagonal matrices rOq , rEq , tOq , and tEq (q ¼ x, y) F. Diffraction Efficiencies
are defined such that their ith diagonal elements are the q The diffraction efficiencies of the propagating orders are gi-
components of the normalized electric fields of the O and ven by
E mode eigenpolarization states of the ith backward and for-
ward diffracted waves, respectively. ~ Rq;i · rq;i Þ
· ^z
Re½rq;i × ðK
DErq;i ¼ −jr q;i j2 ; ðq ¼ O; EÞ; ð55Þ
By using Eqs. (39) and (44), the boundary condition Re½^ ~ inc · u
u × ðK ^Þ
· ^z
Eqs. (40)–(43) can be rewritten in matrix form as
2 3 2 3 2 3 ~ Tq;i · tq;i Þ
· ^z
Re½tq;i × ðK
ux δ rOx rEx   S1;x ð0Þ DE tq;i ¼ jtq;i j2 ; ðq ¼ O; EÞ: ð56Þ
6 uy δ 7 6 rOy ~ inc · u
u × ðK ^Þ
· ^z
6 7 6 rEy 7 6 7
7 · rO ¼ 6 S1;y ð0Þ 7 ¼ W1 · C1 ; ð49Þ
Re½^
4 μx δ 5 þ 4 ρOx ρEx 5 rE 4 U1;x ð0Þ 5
μy δ ρOy ρEy U1;y ð0Þ The numerators and the denominators in Eqs. (55) and (56)
are the z components of the Poynting vectors for the ith-order
1752 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A / Vol. 28, No. 8 / August 2011 Onishi et al.

diffracted waves and the incident wave, respectively, which

together represent cosine factors.

3. CONVERGENCE PROPERTY
To demonstrate the convergence properties of the present al-
gorithm, the diffraction efficiencies of a binary grating corru-
gated on a gyrotropic biaxial substrate are calculated as a
function of the truncation order. The principal values of the
relative electric permittivity tensor of the substrate are
εx ¼ 1:44, εy ¼ 2:89, and εz ¼ 6:25, and those of the gyrotropic
tensor are Gx ¼ 0:10, Gy ¼ 0:90, and Gz ¼ 1:80 with identical
principal axes for ε and G. The principal axes are aligned first
with the global coordinate axes ^x, ^y, and ^z depicted in Fig. 1
and then rotated 60° around the x axis. The incident medium
is isotropic and nongyrotropic with a relative electric permit-
tivity of 1.0. The grating vector is parallel with the x direction.
The grating period is 1:5λ with a duty cycle of 0.5 and the grat-
ing depth is 55:0λ. The magnetic permeability is 1.0 for both
media. An O mode (TE mode) wave is obliquely incident on
the grating with an angle of incidence θin ¼ 30°. The plane of
incidence is parallel to the x–z plane. These parameter values
are chosen such that the materials have large anisotropy and
gyrotropy, and the RCWT calculations exhibit relatively slow
convergence, although those values are highly artificial.
The zeroth- and −1st-order diffraction efficiencies for both
the O and E mode (left and right elliptically polarized) trans-
mitted waves calculated by the present RCWT algorithm are Fig. 2. Diffraction efficiency profiles for the zeroth- and −1st-order O
and E mode transmitted waves calculated with (a) present RCWT for-
plotted in Fig. 2(a). Those calculated by RCWT using only mulation and (b) RCWT with only Laurent’s rule. The horizontal axis is
Laurent’s rule are shown in Fig. 2(b). The horizontal axis is the order of Fourier terms N, where 2N þ 1 terms are retained. The O
the order of Fourier terms N, where 2N þ 1 terms, (−N)th- mode (TE mode) wave is incident.
to (þN)th-order Fourier terms, are retained. The diffraction
efficiencies are calculated up to N ¼ 100. The convergence energy is separated into those two modes due to polarization
test given in Fig. 2 shows that the RCWT formulation pres- coupling.
ented in this paper has good convergence. For comparison, the zeroth- and first-order diffraction effi-
ciencies of the O and E mode (TE and TM mode) transmitted
4. EXAMPLES OF SINGLE-LAYER waves of the same grating, corrugated on an isotropic nongyr-
GRATINGS IN BI-ISOTROPIC MEDIA otropic medium with the same refractive index, are also
Single-layer binary gratings corrugated on isotropic gyrotro- plotted in Fig. 4. The configuration of the grating is the same
pic substrates are investigated in this section. The grating con- as those for the previous examples. This case can be under-
figurations are identical, except that the gyrotropic constant stood as a limiting case for the gyrotropic constant G ap-
of the substrates and the grating period are varied. The refrac- proaching zero. Note that the scale of the vertical axis in
tive index of the incident medium is n ¼ 1:0 and the substrate Fig. 4 is doubled. In the isotropic nongyrotropic grating,
is n ¼ 1:5. The relative magnetic permeability is unity for both the E mode (TM mode) wave does not appear and polarization
the incident medium and the substrate. The grating depth is coupling is not observed. The diffraction efficiency profiles
1:0λ and the grating period is varied from zero to 10λ with plotted in Fig. 3 approach the profiles plotted in Fig. 4 as
a grating duty cycle of 0.5, where λ is the wavelength of the gyrotropic constant G becomes small, except that the
the incident wave in free space. The O mode (TE mode) elec- values of the diffraction efficiencies are one half of those
tromagnetic wave, whose E field is parallel to the grating plotted in Fig. 4.
grooves, is normally incident on the gratings. The truncation
order is N ¼ 25 for all sample calculations demonstrated in 5. EXAMPLES OF MULTILAYER GRATINGS
this section. IN GYROTROPIC BIAXIAL MEDIUM
The diffraction efficiencies of the transmitted waves are In this section, four-step sawtooth multilayer gratings in biax-
plotted as a function of the grating period with various gyro- ial gyrotropic media are investigated. The grating structure is
tropic constants. Figure 3 shows the zeroth- and first-order depicted in Fig. 5. The incident medium is assumed to be air.
diffraction efficiencies of the O and E mode (left and right The principal relative electric permittivity of the grating me-
circularly polarized) transmitted waves with the gyrotopic dium and the substrate are εx ¼ 1:50, εy ¼ 1:55, and εz ¼ 1:60,
constant (a) G ¼ 0:02 and (b) G ¼ 0:1, respectively. The dif- and the principal gyrotropic constants are Gx ¼ 0:10,
fraction efficiencies of the E mode transmitted waves are Gy ¼ 0:12, and Gz ¼ 0:14, with identical principal axes for ε
not zero, although the incident wave includes the O mode and G. The principal axes are aligned first with the global co-
(TE mode) only. It is because both the O and E modes exist ordinate axes ^x, ^y, and ^z depicted in Fig. 1 and then rotated 90°
in the bi-isotropic medium and the incident electromagnetic around the z axis, followed by 30° rotation around the x axis.
Onishi et al.
Fig. 3. Diffraction efficiency profiles for the zeroth- and first-order O
and E mode transmitted waves for gyrotopic constants of (a) G ¼ 0:02
and (b) G ¼ 0:1, respectively. A TE mode wave is normally incident on
the grating.
The relative permeability is unity. The grating period is 1:5λ.
The duty cycle of the first, second, third, and fourth layers are
0.125, 0.375, 0.625, and 0.875, respectively, with the thickness
of each layer being the same. The total grating depth is varied
from zero up to 20λ. An O mode (TE mode) wave is obliquely
incident on the grating with an angle of incidence θin ¼ 30°.
The plane of incidence is parallel to the grating vector. These
parameter values are arbitrarily chosen since no measure-
ment data are available in literature, to the best of authors’
knowledge. The truncation order is N ¼ 20 for the sample cal-
culations demonstrated in this section.
The first-order diffraction efficiencies for the O and E mode
(left and right elliptically polarized) transmitted waves are
plotted in Fig. 6 as a function of the grating depth varying from
Fig. 4. Diffraction efficiency profiles for the zeroth- and first-order O
and E mode transmitted waves of the isotropic grating (where the
gyrotopic constant G is 0). A TE mode wave is normally incident
on the grating.
Vol. 28, No. 8 / August 2011 / J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1753
Fig. 5. Structure of the four-step sawtooth diffraction grating
analyzed herein.
zero to 20λ. The diffraction efficiency profiles of the O mode
and E mode behave quite differently. The diffraction efficien-
cies for the E mode transmitted waves are not zero due to
polarization coupling between the two modes. Note that this
configuration does not yield E mode transmitted and reflected
orders when the principal gyrotropic constants are zero.
Some diffraction efficiency values are listed in Table 1 as a
reference.
The diffraction efficiency profiles of the first-order E mode
transmitted wave of the same grating are plotted in Fig. 7 with
various values of principal gyrotropic constant, 0:05 × G,
0:10 × G, 0:20 × G, and 0:50 × G, where G is the principal gyro-
tropic tensor previously used (Gx ¼ 0:10, Gy ¼ 0:12, and
Gz ¼ 0:14). The diffraction efficiency increases as the gyrotro-
pic constants become large. In contrast, for gyrotropic isotro-
pic gratings, the first-order E mode transmitted wave receives
a considerable fraction of energy, about half of total energy of
the first-order transmitted waves, even when the gyrotropic
constants are very small. This behavior is due to the difference
of the polarization coupling between bi-isotropic and biaxial
gyrotropic media.
The two orthogonal eigenpolarization states in gyrotropic
isotropic media are left and right circular polarization regard-
less the value of gyrotropic constant. Since the incident wave
is in the TE mode, the polarization coupling effect can be large
even for a very small value of the gyrotropic constant. At the
limit of G approaching zero, the directions of the wave vectors
of the left and right circular polarization states become par-
allel, and these two modes are combined, resulting in the TE
mode and causing the diffraction efficiencies to be doubled.
Fig. 6. Diffraction efficiency profiles of the first-order O and E mode
transmitted waves of the four-step grating in a gyrotopic media with
the grating thickness varying from 0 to 20λ.
1754 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A / Vol. 28, No. 8 / August 2011 Onishi et al.

Table 1. Diffraction Efficiency Values of the Zeroth-

and First-Order Transmitted Waves of the Four-Step
Sawtooth Bianisotropic Grating Example (N
20)
Zeroth Order First Order

Grating Depth [λ] O Mode E Mode O Mode E Mode

1.0 0.25635 0.09296 0.12551 0.10904
2.0 0.22769 0.25674 0.18677 0.10707
5.0 0.16175 0.18130 0.07304 0.03803
10.0 0.01125 0.13111 0.01465 0.36724
20.0 0.04635 0.12808 0.08983 0.33133
50.0 0.06092 0.09461 0.02696 0.38159
Fig. 8. Diffraction efficiencies for the zeroth- and −1st-order TE and
TM mode transmitted waves as a function of grating depth. The TE
On the other hand, in gyrotropic biaxial media with very mode wave is incident with the angle of incidence of 32:189°. The pro-
small gyrotropic constants, the two orthogonal eigenpolariza- files of the diffraction efficiencies seem to be the same as those
plotted in Fig. 3 in [10].
tion states are almost linearly polarized. The parameter values
are determined such that one of the eigenpolarization states
is parallel to the incident polarization state and the other varies from zero to 60λ. The angle of incidence is 32:189°.
eigenpolarization is orthogonal, when G ¼ 0. Thus, the polar- Figure 9 plots the zeroth- and −1st-order TE and TM mode
ization coupling effect is very weak when the gyrotropic con- transmission diffraction efficiencies as a function of the inci-
stants are very small. However, the polarization coupling dent angle for the grating depth of 50λ. It is seen that both
effect becomes larger as the gyrotropic constants become lar- plots match the corresponding plots (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 shown
ger, which makes the eigenpolarization states more elliptical. in [10]).
It can be verified that our formulation reduces to the RCWT
6. NONGYROTROPIC SPECIAL CASE formulation for anisotropic nongyrotropic gratings by setting
The present RCWT formulation is also applicable to the grat- the gyrotropic constants to be zero. Maxwell’s equations in
ings made with nongyrotropic materials as a special case. The Fourier space and the coupled-wave equations for nongyro-
diffraction efficiency curves of an isotropic dielectric lamellar tropic gratings can be obtained from our formulation, which
grating coated with an anisotropic layer are calculated and are the same as those described in [16].
compared with the corresponding results described in [10].
The grating geometries are the same as those depicted in 7. SUMMARY
Fig. 1 in [10]. The grating duty cycle is 0.5. The relative electric
An RCWT formulation that can deal with the symmetric con-
permittivity of the incident material is εu ¼ 1:0, and that of the
stitutive relations is presented. Our formulation applies to dif-
substrate is εs ¼ 2:25. The anisotropic layer is uniaxial with
fraction gratings in bianisotropic media that exhibit linear
the relative electric permittivity given by n2o ¼ 2:465 and
birefringence and/or optical activity. All of the incident, exit-
n2e ¼ 2:161. The optical axis is in the y–z plane rotated 30°
ing, and grating materials can be isotropic, uniaxial, or biaxial,
from the z axis. The thickness of the anisotropic layer is
with or without optical activity. The principal values of the
0:2λ and the period of the grating is 1:0λ, where λ is the wave-
electric permittivity tensor, the magnetic permeability tensor,
length of the incident wave in free space. The truncation order
is N ¼ 10. and the gyrotropic tensor of the materials can take arbitrary
Figure 8 shows the zeroth- and −1st-order TE and TM mode values, and the principal axes may be arbitrarily and indepen-
transmission diffraction efficiencies as the grating thickness dently oriented. The coupled-wave equations for bianisotropic
gratings are derived from Maxwell’s equations along with

Fig. 7. Diffraction efficiency profiles for the first-order E mode

transmitted waves of the four-step grating in the gyrotopic media with
various principal gyrotropic constants as a function of the grating
depth. O mode (TE mode) wave is normally incident on the grating.
G is the principal gyrotropic tensor used in the previous example,
where Gx ¼ 0:10, Gy ¼ 0:12, and Gz ¼ 0:14.
Fig. 9. Diffraction efficiencies for the zeroth- and −1st-order TE and
TM mode transmitted waves as a function of the angle of incidence.
The TE mode wave is incident. The depth of the grating is 50λ. The
profiles of the diffraction efficiencies seem to be the same as those
plotted in Fig. 4 in [10].
Onishi et al. Vol. 28, No. 8 / August 2011 / J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1755




appropriate procedures for Fourier expansion. Both the sym- αxx βxy β σ xy 0 σ xz 0
RH 0 x ¼ j Ex þ Ey þ xz Ez − j Hy þ Hz
metric and asymmetric constitutive relations are briefly re- μxx αxx αxx αxx αxx
viewed and discussed. It is demonstrated that the present 
G
algorithm exhibits fast convergence. As examples, the diffrac- þ xx REx ; ðB1Þ
αxx
tion efficiency profiles for single-layer bi-isotropic gratings
and multilayer biaxial gyrotropic gratings are calculated. Dis- 


αxx γ xy 0 γ ρxy ρ
tinctive polarization coupling effects due to optical activity are REx ¼ −j H 0x þ H y þ xz H 0z þ j Ey þ xz Ez
εxx αxx αxx αxx αxx
observed in both cases. The polarization coupling effect de- 
G
monstrated in this paper reflects the inherent characteristics þ xx RH 0 x ; ðB2Þ
of the materials. As a special case, diffraction efficiencies for a αxx
multilayer grating made with nongyrotropic uniaxial material where
are shown to exhibit good agreement with simulation data
   
available in literature. 1 ∂Ez ∂Ey 1 ∂H 0z ∂H 0y
REx ¼ − ; RH 0 x ¼ − ; ðB3Þ
ko ∂y ∂z ko ∂y ∂z
APPENDIX A
The explicit form of the algebraic solutions for the dispersion
relationship (21) for gyrotropic materials are given here. The
algebraic solutions have a simple form when μ ¼ 1 and the αxx ¼ εxx μxx − Gxx Gxx ; ðB4Þ
principal axes of ε, μ, and G are aligned with the global coor-
dinate axes ^x, ^y, and ^z so that ε, μ, and G become diagonal
matrices. The explicit form of the algebraic solutions are
given by βpq ¼ εpq μxx − Gxx Gpq ; γ pq ¼ εxx μpq − Gxx Gpq ; ðB5Þ

γ 2  ½γ 22 − 4γ 0 ðγ 4a þ γ 4b Þ
1=2
k2 ¼ k2o ; ðA1Þ ρpq ¼ εxx Gpq − εpq Gxx ; σ pq ¼ μxx Gpq − μpq Gxx : ðB6Þ
2ðγ 4a þ γ 4b Þ

where In Eqs. (B1) and (B2), all of the multiplications inside the
parentheses can be expanded into Fourier series by Laurent’s
γ 4a ¼ αx s4x þ αy s4y þ αz s4z ; ðA2Þ rule, since E y , Ez , H 0y , H 0z , REx , and RH 0 x are all continuous in
the x direction. The product of (αxx =μxx ) and the rest of the
terms in Eq. (B1) and the product of (αxx =εxx ) and the rest of
γ 4b ¼ β−xy s2x s2y þ β−yz s2y s2z þ β−zx s2z s2x ; ðA3Þ the terms in Eq. (B2) can be Fourier factorized by the inverse
rule. Thus, Eqs. (B1) and (B2) can be expanded into the fol-
lowing forms:
γ 2 ¼ αx βþ 2 þ 2 þ 2
yz sx þ αy βzx sy þ αz β xy sz ; ðA4Þ   
    
μxx −1 βxy βxz
RH 0 x ¼ j Sx þ · Sy þ · Sz
αxx αxx αxx
γ 0 ¼ αx αy αz ; ðA5Þ
       
σ xy σ xz Gxx
−j · Uy þ · Uz þ · REx ;
and sx , sy , and sz are the x, y, and z components of the unit αxx αxx αxx
vector parallel to the wave vector k, respectively. The remain- ðB7Þ
ing parameters are given by
  
    
εxx −1 γ xy γ xz
αx ¼ ε x − G2x ; β ¼ εx þ εy  2Gx Gy ; ðA6Þ REx ¼ −j Ux þ · Uy þ · Uz
xy αxx αxx αxx

       
ρxy ρxz G xy
þj · Sy þ · Sz þ · RH 0 x ;
αy ¼ εy − G2y ; β αxx αxx αxx
yz ¼ εy þ εz  2Gy Gz ; ðA7Þ
ðB8Þ

αz ¼ εz − G2z ; β
zx ¼ εz þ εx  2Gz Gx ; ðA8Þ where Sq and Uq (q ¼ x; y; z) are M × 1 column vectors whose
elements are the Fourier coefficients of the electric field S qi
where εx , εy , and εz are the principal dielectric constants along and the magnetic field U qi , respectively. REx and RH0x are M ×
the ^cx , ^cy , and ^cz direction, respectively, and Gx , Gy , and Gz are 1 column vectors whose elements are the Fourier coefficients
the principal gyrotropic constants as well. of the functions REx and RH0x , respectively.
Next, we eliminate E x and H 0x from Eqs. (26), (27), (29), and
(30) by using Eqs. (25) and (28) and obtain the following
APPENDIX B equations:
The details of the Fourier expansion procedures for Maxwell’s
γ κx σ
equations are provided here. We first substitute Eq. (28) into REκ ¼ jðpκy H 0y þ pκz H 0z Þ − ðvκy Ey þ vκz Ez Þ þ R − j κx R 0 ;
Eq. (25), and also substitute Eq. (25) into Eq. (28), to obtain αxx Ex αxx H x
the following equations: ðκ ¼ y;zÞ; ðB9Þ
1756 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A / Vol. 28, No. 8 / August 2011 Onishi et al.

βκx Bxq ¼ ½XH
−1 · ½μ0xx
−1 · fσ 0xq þ G0xx · ½ε0xx
−1 · γ 0xq g; ðB23Þ
RH 0 κ ¼ −jðqκy Ey þ qκz Ez Þ − ðwκy H 0y þ wκz H 0z Þ þ R 0
αxx H x
ρκx
þj R ; ðκ ¼ y; zÞ; ðB10Þ
αxx Ex Cxq ¼ ½XE
−1 · ½ε0xx
−1 · fγ0xq þ G0xx · ½μ0xx
−1 · σ 0xq g; ðB24Þ
where

1 1 Dxq ¼ ½XH
−1 · ½μ0xx
−1 · fβ0xq þ G0xx · ½ε0xx
−1 · ρ0xq g; ðB25Þ
REκ ¼ ½∇ × E
κ ; RH 0 κ ¼ ½∇ × H0
κ ; ðB11Þ
ko ko

XE ¼ I − ½ε0xx
−1 · G0xx · ½μ0xx
−1 · G0xx ; ðB26Þ

plm ¼ ðμlx γ xm þ Glx σ xm − αxx μlm Þ=αxx ; ðB12Þ

XH ¼ I − ½μ0xx
−1 · G0xx · ½ε0xx
−1 · G0xx : ðB27Þ

qlm ¼ ðεlx βxm þ Glx ρxm − αxx εlm Þ=αxx ; ðB13Þ
The coefficient matrices Plm , Qlm , Vlm , Wlm , ε0lm , μ0lm , G0lm ,
β0lm , γ0lm , ρ0lm , and σ 0lm
are Toeplitz matrices of plm , qlm , vlm , wlm ,
vlm ¼ ðμlx ρxm þ Glx βxm − αxx Glm Þ=αxx ; ðB14Þ εlm =αxx , μlm =αxx , Glm =αxx , βlm =αxx , γ lm =αxx , ρlm =αxx , and
σ lm =αxx , respectively. Note that, by definition,
wlm ¼ ðεlx σ xm þ Glx γ xm − αxx Glm Þ=αxx : ðB15Þ
Pyx ¼ Pzx ¼ 0; Qyx ¼ Qzx ¼ 0; ðB28Þ
Since all of the components (Ey , Ez , H 0y ,
REx , and RH0x )H 0z ,
are continuous in the x direction, the above equations can be
Vyx ¼ Vzx ¼ 0; Wyx ¼ Wzx ¼ 0; ðB29Þ
Fourier factorized by simply applying Laurent’s rule as

REκ ¼ jð½½pκy

· Uy þ ½½pκz

· Uz Þ − ð½½vκy

· Sy þ ½½vκz

· Sz Þ αxx ¼ βxx ¼ γ xx ; ρxx ¼ σ xx ¼ 0: ðB30Þ

   
γ κx σ κx
þ · REx − j · RH 0 x ; ðB16Þ
αxx αxx

APPENDIX C
RH 0 κ ¼ −jð½½qκy

· Sy þ ½½qκz

· Sz Þ − ð½½wκy

· Uy þ ½½wκz

· Uz Þ
    The component block matrices Γij in Eq. (33) are given by
βκx ρκx
þ · RH 0 x þ j · REx : ðB17Þ
αxx αxx Γ11 ¼ −kx · ½
εzz
−1 ·
εzx − μ
~yz · ½

εy
μzz
−1 · k
~ S;yx − G
þ jðG ~ S;yz · ½
εzz
−1 ·
εzx Þ; ðC1Þ
By rewriting Eqs. (B7), (B8), (B16), and (B17) into the ori-
ginal form, Maxwell’s equations for the gyrotropic grating pro-
blem expressed in Fourier space, Eqs. (31) and (32), are Γ12 ¼ −kx · ½
εzz
−1 ·
εzy þ μ
εx
μzz
−1 · k
~yz · ½

~ U;pq , and G
~pq , G
obtained. The coefficient matrices, ~εpq , μ ~ S;pq ,
~ S;yy − G
þ jðG ~ S;yz · ½
εzz
−1 ·
εzy Þ; ðC2Þ
are given by

½μ0xx
−1 · β0xq þ ½μ0xx
−1 · G0xx · Axq ðp ¼ x q ¼ x; y; zÞ
εy
~εpq ¼ ; Γ21 ¼ −ky · ½
εzz
−1 ·
εzx þ μ μzz
−1 · k
~xz · ½

β0px · Dxq þ ρ0px · Axq − Qpq ðp ¼ y; z q ¼ x; y; zÞ
~ S;xx − G
− jðG ~ S;xz · ½
εzz
−1 ·
εzx Þ; ðC3Þ
ðB18Þ

 Γ22 ¼ −ky · ½
εzz
−1 ·
εzy − μ
εx

μzz
−1 · k
~xz · ½

½ε0xx
−1 · γ0xq þ ½ε0xx
−1 · G0xx · Bxq ðp ¼ x q ¼ x; y; zÞ
~pq ¼
μ ;
γ 0px · Cxq þ σ 0px · Bxq − Ppq ðp ¼ y; z q ¼ x; y; zÞ ~ S;xy − G
− jðG ~ S;xz · ½
εzz
−1 ·
εzy Þ; ðC4Þ
ðB19Þ

μy þ μ
Γ13 ¼ þkx · ½
εzz
−1 · k ~yx − μ μzz
−1 · μ
~yz · ½

zx

0 −1 0 0 −1 0
~ S;pq ¼ ½εxx
· ρxq þ ½εxx
· Gxx · Dxq ðp ¼ xq ¼ x;y;zÞ ;
G ~ S;yz · ½
εzz
−1 · k
þ jðG
μy Þ; ðC5Þ
0 0
γpx · Axq þ σ px · Dxq − Vpq ðp ¼ y;zq ¼ x;y;zÞ
ðB20Þ

μx þ μ
Γ14 ¼ −kx · ½
εzz
−1 · k ~yy − μ μzz
−1 · μ
~yz · ½

zy
 0 −1 0 ~ S;yz · ½
εzz
−1 · k

μx Þ;
0 −1 0 − jðG ðC6Þ
~ U;pq ¼ ½μxx
· σ xq þ ½μxx
· Gxx · Cxq ðp ¼ xq ¼ x;y;zÞ ;
G
β0px · Bxq þ ρ0px · Cxq − Wpq ðp ¼ y;zq ¼ x;y;zÞ
ðB21Þ
μy − μ
Γ23 ¼ þky · ½
εzz
−1 · k ~xx þ μ μzz
−1 · μ
~xz · ½

zx
Axq ¼ ½XE
−1 · ½ε0xx
−1 · fρ0xq þ G0xx · ½μ0xx
−1 · β0xq g; ðB22Þ ~ S;xz · ½
εzz
−1 · k
− jðG
μy Þ; ðC7Þ
Onishi et al. Vol. 28, No. 8 / August 2011 / J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1757

μx − μ
Γ24 ¼ −ky · ½
εzz
−1 · k ~xy þ μ μzz
−1 · μ
~xz · ½

zy k ~ U;zy − G

μx ¼ kx − jðG ~ U;zz · ½~
μzz
−1 · μ
~zy Þ; ðC25Þ
~ S;xz · ½
εzz
−1 · k
þ jðG
μx Þ; ðC8Þ
k ~ U;zx − G

μy ¼ ky þ jðG ~ U;zz · ½~
μzz
−1 · μ
~zx Þ; ðC26Þ
Γ31 ¼ −kx · ½

μzz
−1
εy − ~εyx þ ~εyz · ½
εzz
−1 ·
εzx
·k
and kx and ky are M × M diagonal matrices whose ith ele-
~ U;yz · ½

− jðG
εy Þ;
μzz
−1 · k ðC9Þ ~ S;pq , and G
~pq , G
ments are kxi and kyi , respectively. ~εpq , μ ~ U;pq
are given by Eqs. (B18)–(B21), respectively.

εx − ~εyy þ ~εyz · ½
εzz
−1 ·
εzy
μzz
−1 · k
Γ32 ¼ þkx · ½

~ U;yz · ½

þ jðG
εx Þ;
μzz
−1 · k ðC10Þ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors acknowledge helpful discussion related to this

εy þ ~εxx − ~εxz · ½
εzz
−1 ·
εzx
μzz
−1 · k
Γ41 ¼ −ky · ½
work with S. C. McClain.

~ U;xz · ½

þ jðG
εy Þ;
μzz
−1 · k ðC11Þ REFERENCES
1. R. Tamir, H. C. Wang, and A. A. Oliner, “Wave propagation in

εx þ ~εxy − ~εxz · ½
εzz
−1 ·
εzy sinusoidally stratified dielectric media,” IEEE Trans. Microwave
Γ42 ¼ þky · ½

μzz
−1 ·k Theory Tech. 12, 323–335 (1964).
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