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II. The Independent Schrödinger Equation

Oscillatory Motion

Taylor expansion (about the minimum)

𝑉 𝑥 =𝑉 𝑥 +𝑉 𝑥 𝑥−𝑥
+𝑉 𝑥 𝑥−𝑥
+⋯
≈𝑉 𝑥 𝑥−𝑥

Simple harmonic oscillator

1 𝑑 𝑥
𝑉 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 ⟷ 𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥 = −𝑚
2 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵 cos 𝜔𝑡
 
𝜔= 𝑘⁄𝑚
1

II. The Independent Schrödinger Equation

Quantum Harmonic Oscillator

ℏ 𝑑 𝜓 1
− + 𝑉𝜓 = 𝐸𝜓, 𝑉(𝑥) = 𝑚𝜔 𝑥
2𝑚 𝑑𝑥 2

Algebraic Method Analytic Method

Ladder operators Power series

Angular momentum Hydrogen atom

1
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II. The Independent Schrödinger Equation

Quantum Harmonic Oscillator: Analytic Method

ℏ 𝑑 𝜓 1
− + 𝑉𝜓 = 𝐸𝜓, 𝑉(𝑥) = 𝑚𝜔 𝑥
2𝑚 𝑑𝑥 2

  𝑚𝜔 2𝐸 𝑑 𝜓
𝜉≡ 𝑥, 𝐾 ≡ ⟹ = 𝜉 −𝐾 𝜓
ℏ ℏ𝜔 𝑑𝜉

𝑑 𝜓 ⁄ ⁄
At very large 𝑥 𝐨𝐫 𝜉, S.E. ⟹ ≈ 𝜉 𝜓 ⟹ 𝜓 𝜉 = 𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑒
𝑑𝜉

⁄
⟹ 𝜓 𝜉 = ℎ(𝜉)𝑒

II. The Independent Schrödinger Equation

Quantum Harmonic Oscillator: Analytic Method

⁄ 𝑑 ℎ 𝑑𝜉
𝜓 𝜉 =ℎ 𝜉 𝑒 ⟹ − 2𝜉 + 𝐾−1 ℎ=0
𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝑥

Power series ℎ 𝜉 =𝑎 +𝑎 𝜉+𝑎 𝜉 +⋯= 𝑎𝜉

⟹ 𝑗+1 𝑗+2 𝑎 − 2𝑗𝑎 + (𝐾 − 1)𝑎 𝜉 = 0

𝑑 ℎ 𝑑𝜉
2𝜉
𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝑥

(2𝑗 + 1 − 𝐾)
⟹ 𝑎 = 𝑎 Recursion formula (S.E.)
𝑗+1 𝑗+2
4

2
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II. The Independent Schrödinger Equation

Quantum Harmonic Oscillator: Analytic Method

(2𝑗 + 1 − 𝐾)
𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑗+1 𝑗+2

⟹ ℎ 𝜉 = 𝑎𝜉 =ℎ 𝜉 +ℎ (𝜉)

ℎ 𝜉 = 𝑎 +𝑎 𝜉 +𝑎 𝜉 +⋯
ℎ 𝜉 =𝑎 𝜉+𝑎 𝜉 +𝑎 𝜉 +⋯

unknown

2 𝐶 /
At very large 𝑥 𝐨𝐫 𝜉, 𝑎 ≈ 𝑎 ⟹ 𝑎 ≈ ⟹ ℎ 𝜉 ≈ 𝐶𝑒 (𝜓 𝜉 ≈ 𝐶𝑒 )
𝑗 𝑗/2 !
5

II. The Independent Schrödinger Equation

Quantum Harmonic Oscillator: Analytic Method

(2𝑛 + 1 − 𝐾)
For 𝑗 = 𝑛, 𝑎 = 𝑎 = 0 for ℎ or ℎ ⟹ 𝐾 = 2𝑛 + 1
𝑛+1 𝑛+2
𝐾 = 2𝐸/ℏ𝜔

1
𝐸 = 𝑛+ ℏ𝜔, 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, …
2

𝐸 = 0.49ℏ𝜔 𝜓 𝜉 𝐸 = 0.51ℏ𝜔 𝜓 𝜉