Rajalakshmi Ansys Lab Manual

RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
THANDALAM, CHENNAI- 602105

Department of Mechanical Engineering
ME 2404 COMPUTER AIDED SIMULATION AND
ANALYSIS LAB MANUAL
ME1404 COMPUTER AIDED SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS LAB REC
ME1404 COMPUTER AIDED SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY
LIST OF EPERIMENTS
A! S"#$%&'"() 15
Simulation of Air conitionin! "#"t$m %it& con$n"$r t$m'$ratur$ an $(a'orator
t$m'$ratur$" a" in'ut to !$t COP u"in! C )MAT La*+
Simulation of ,#raulic ) Pn$umatic c#lin$r u"in! C ) MAT La*+
Simulation of cam an follo%$r m$c&ani"m u"in! C ) MAT La*+
A)&%*+"+ ,S"#-%. T/.&'#.)' ()%*0 10
Str$"" anal#"i" of a 'lat$ %it& a circular &ol$+
Str$"" anal#"i" of r$ctan!ular L *rac-$t
Str$"" anal#"i" of an a.i/"#mm$tric com'on$nt
Str$"" anal#"i" of *$am" 0Cantil$($r1 Sim'l# "u''ort$1 2i.$ $n"3
Mo$ fr$4u$nc# anal#"i" of a 5 D com'on$nt
Mo$ fr$4u$nc# anal#"i" of *$am" 0Cantil$($r1 Sim'l# "u''ort$1 2i.$ $n"3
,armonic anal#"i" of a 5D com'on$nt
T&$rmal "tr$"" anal#"i" of a 5D com'on$nt
Conucti($ &$at tran"f$r anal#"i" of a 5D com'on$nt
Con($cti($ &$at tran"f$r anal#"i" of a 5D com'on$nt
TOTAL 2 45
LIST OF E3UIPMENTS
0for a *atc& of 60 "tu$nt"3
C(#-$'./ S*+'.# 10
178 9:A Color Monitor
P$ntium I9 Proc$""or
40 :B ,DD
5;< MB RAM
C(%(/ D.+4 J.' P/")'./ 01
S(5'6&/.
ANSYS 9$r"ion 7 or lat$"t 1; lic$n"$"
C ) MATLAB 1; lic$n"$"
5
LIST OF EERCISES
A)&%*+"+ ,S"#-%. T/.&'#.)' ()%*0
E.+ No= 1 Str$"" anal#"i" of *$am" 0Cantil$($r1 Sim'l# "u''ort$ > 2i.$ $n"3
E.+ No= 5 Str$"" anal#"i" of a 'lat$ %it& a circular &ol$+
E.+ No= 6 Str$"" anal#"i" of r$ctan!ular L *rac-$t
E.+ No= 4 Str$"" anal#"i" of an a.i/"#mm$tric com'on$nt
E.+ No= ; Mo$ fr$4u$nc# anal#"i" of a 5 D com'on$nt
E.+ No= < Mo$ fr$4u$nc# anal#"i" of *$am" 0Cantil$($r1 Sim'l#
Su''ort$1 2i.$ $n"3
E.+ No= 7 ,armonic anal#"i" of a 5D com'on$nt
E.+ No= ? T&$rmal "tr$"" anal#"i" of a 5D com'on$nt
E.+ No= @ Conucti($ &$at tran"f$r anal#"i" of a 5D com'on$nt
E.+ No= 10 Con($cti($ &$at tran"f$r anal#"i" of a 5D com'on$nt
S"#$%&'"()
E.+ No= 11 Simulation of Air conitionin! "#"t$m %it& con$n"$r t$m'$ratur$ an
$(a'orator t$m'$ratur$" a" in'ut to !$t COP u"in! C )MAT La*+
E.+ No= 15 Simulation of ,#raulic ) Pn$umatic c#lin$r u"in! C ) MAT La*+
E.+ No= 16 Simulation of cam an follo%$r m$c&ani"m u"in! C ) MAT La*+
6
INTRODUCTION
78&' "+ F")"'. E%.#.)' A)&%*+"+9
2init$ El$m$nt Anal#"i"1 commonl# call$ 2EA1 i" a m$t&o of num$rical anal#"i"+ 2EA
i" u"$ for "ol(in! 'ro*l$m" in man# $n!in$$rin! i"ci'lin$" "uc& a" mac&in$ $"i!n1
acou"tic"1 $l$ctroma!n$ti"m1 "oil m$c&anic"1 flui #namic"1 an man# ot&$r"+ In
mat&$matical t$rm"1 2EA i" a num$rical t$c&ni4u$ u"$ for "ol(in! fi$l 'ro*l$m"
$"cri*$ *# a "$t of 'artial iff$r$ntial $4uation"+
In m$c&anical $n!in$$rin!1 2EA i" %i$l# u"$ for "ol(in! "tructural1 (i*ration1 an
t&$rmal 'ro*l$m"+ ,o%$($r1 2EA i" not t&$ onl# a(aila*l$ tool of num$rical anal#"i"+
Ot&$r num$rical m$t&o" inclu$ t&$ 2init$ Diff$r$nc$ M$t&o1 t&$ Bounar# El$m$nt
M$t&o1 an t&$ 2init$ 9olum$" M$t&o to m$ntion Au"t a f$%+ ,o%$($r1 u$ to it"
($r"atilit# an &i!& num$rical $ffici$nc#1 2EA &a" com$ to ominat$ t&$ $n!in$$rin!
anal#"i" "oft%ar$ mar-$t1 %&il$ ot&$r m$t&o" &a($ *$$n r$l$!at$ to nic&$ a''lication"+
You can u"$ 2EA to anal#B$ an# "&a'$C 2EA %or-" %it& iff$r$nt l$($l" of !$om$tr#
i$aliBation an 'ro(i$" r$"ult" %it& t&$ $"ir$ accurac#+ D&$n im'l$m$nt$ into
mo$rn comm$rcial "oft%ar$1 *ot& 2EA t&$or# an num$rical 'ro*l$m formulation
*$com$ com'l$t$l# tran"'ar$nt to u"$r"+
78( +8($%: $+. F")"'. E%.#.)' A)&%*+"+9
A" a 'o%$rful tool for $n!in$$rin! anal#"i"1 2EA i" u"$ to "ol($ 'ro*l$m" ran!in! from
($r# "im'l$ to ($r# com'l$.+ D$"i!n $n!in$$r" u"$ 2EA urin! t&$ 'rouct $($lo'm$nt
'roc$"" to anal#B$ t&$ $"i!n/in/'ro!r$""+ Tim$ con"traint" an limit$ a(aila*ilit# of
'rouct ata call for man# "im'lification" of t&$ anal#"i" mo$l"+ At t&$ ot&$r $n of
"cal$1 "'$cialiB$
anal#"t" im'l$m$nt 2EA to "ol($ ($r# a(anc$ 'ro*l$m"1 "uc& a" ($&icl$ cra"&
#namic"1 &#ro formin!1 or air *a! $'lo#m$nt+ T&i" *oo- focu"$" on &o% $"i!n
$n!in$$r" u"$ 2EA a" a $"i!n tool+ T&$r$for$1 %$ fir"t n$$ to $.'lain %&at $.actl#
i"tin!ui"&$" 2EA '$rform$ *# $"i!n $n!in$$r" from Er$!ularE 2EA+ D$ %ill t&$n
&i!&li!&t t&$ mo"t $""$ntial 2EA c&aract$ri"tic" for $"i!n $n!in$$r" a" o''o"$ to t&o"$
for anal#"t"+
FEA 5(/ D.+";) E);")../+2 &)('8./ :.+";) '((%
2or $"i!n $n!in$$r"1 2EA i" on$ of man# $"i!n tool" amon! CAD1 Protot#'$"1
"'r$a"&$$t"1 catalo!"1 ata *a"$"1 &an calculation"1 t$.t *oo-"1
$tc+ t&at ar$ all u"$ in t&$ $"i!n 'roc$""+
FEA 5(/ D.+";) E);")../+2 <&+.: () CAD #(:.%+
4
Mo$rn $"i!n i" conuct$ u"in! CAD tool"1 "o a CAD mo$l i" t&$ "tartin! 'oint for
anal#"i"+ Sinc$ CAD mo$l" ar$ u"$ for $"cri*in! !$om$tric information for 2EA1 it i"
$""$ntial to un$r"tan &o% to $"i!n in CAD in or$r to 'rouc$ r$lia*l$ 2EA r$"ult"1
an &o% a CAD mo$l i" iff$r$nt from 2EA mo$l+ T&i" %ill *$ i"cu""$ in lat$r
c&a't$r"+
FEA 5(/ D.+";) E);")../+2 =()=$//.)' 6"'8 '8. :.+";) -/(=.++
Sinc$ 2EA i" a $"i!n tool1 it "&oul *$ u"$ concurr$ntl# %it& t&$ $"i!n 'roc$""+ It
"&oul -$$' u' %it&1 or *$tt$r #$t1 drive t&$ $"i!n 'roc$""+ Anal#"i" it$ration" mu"t *$
'$rform$ fa"t1 an "inc$ t&$"$ r$"ult" ar$ u"$ to ma-$ $"i!n $ci"ion"1 t&$ r$"ult" mu"t
*$ r$lia*l$ $($n %&$n limit$ in'ut i" a(aila*l$+
L"#"'&'"()+ (5 FEA 5(/ D.+";) E);")../+
A" #ou can "$$1 2EA u"$ in t&$ $"i!n $n(ironm$nt mu"t m$$t &i!& r$4uir$m$nt"+ An
o*(iou" 4u$"tion ari"$"= %oul it *$ *$tt$r to &a($ $icat$ "'$ciali"t '$rform 2EA an
l$t $"i!n $n!in$$r" o %&at t&$# o *$"t / $"i!n n$% 'rouct"F T&$ an"%$r $'$n" on
t&$ "iB$ of t&$ *u"in$""1 t#'$ of 'rouct"1 com'an# or!aniBation an cultur$1 an man#
ot&$r tan!i*l$ an intan!i*l$ factor"+ A !$n$ral con"$n"u" i" t&at $"i!n $n!in$$r" "&oul
&anl$ r$lati($l# "im'l$ t#'$" of anal#"i"1 *ut o it 4uic-l# an of cour"$ r$lia*l#+
Anal#"$" t&at ar$ ($r# com'l$. an tim$ con"umin! cannot *$ $.$cut$ concurr$ntl#
%it& t&$ $"i!n 'roc$""1 an ar$ u"uall# *$tt$r &anl$ $it&$r *# a $icat$ anal#"t or
contract$ out to "'$cialiB$ con"ultant"+
O<>.='"?.+ (5 FEA 5(/ D.+";) E);")../+
T&$ ultimat$ o*A$cti($ of u"in! t&$ 2EA a" a $"i!n tool i" to c&an!$ t&$ $"i!n 'roc$""
from r$'$titi($ c#cl$" of E$"i!n1 'rotot#'$1 t$"tE into "tr$amlin$ 'roc$"" %&$r$
'rotot#'$" ar$ not u"$ a" $"i!n tool" an ar$ onl# n$$$ for final $"i!n ($rification+
Dit& t&$ u"$ of 2EA1 $"i!n it$ration" ar$ mo($ from t&$ '&#"ical "'ac$ of 'rotot#'in!
an t$"tin! into t&$ (irtual "'ac$ of com'ut$r "imulation" 0fi!ur$ 1/13+
;
2i!ur$ 1/1= Traitional an+ 2EA/ ri($n 'rouct $($lo'm$nt
Traditional product development needs prototypes to support design in progress. The
process in FEA-driven product development uses numerical models, rather than physical
prototypes to drive development. In an FEA driven product, the prototype is no longer a
part of the iterative design loop.
What is Solid Works Simulation
Soli Dor-" Simulation i" a comm$rcial im'l$m$ntation of 2EA1 ca'a*l$ of "ol(in!
'ro*l$m" commonl# foun in $"i!n $n!in$$rin!1 "uc& a" t&$ anal#"i" of $formation"1
"tr$""$"1 natural fr$4u$nci$"1 &$at flo%1 $tc+ Soli Dor-" Simulation ar$""$" t&$ n$$"
of $"i!n $n!in$$r"+ It *$lon!" to t&$ famil# of $n!in$$rin! anal#"i" "oft%ar$ 'rouct"
$($lo'$ *# t&$ Structural R$"$arc& > Anal#"i" Cor'oration 0SRAC3+ SRAC %a"
$"ta*li"&$ in 1@?5 an "inc$ it" inc$'tion &a" contri*ut$ to inno(ation" t&at &a($ &a a
"i!nificant im'act on t&$ $(olution of 2EA+ In 1@@; SRAC 'artn$r$ %it& t&$ Soli
Dor-" Cor'oration an cr$at$ Soli Dor-" Simulation1 on$ of t&$ fir"t Soli Dor-"
:ol Prouct"1 %&ic& *$cam$ t&$ to'/"$llin! anal#"i" "olution for Soli Dor-"
Cor'oration+ T&$ comm$rcial "ucc$"" of Soli Dor-" Simulation int$!rat$ %it& Soli
Dor-" CAD "oft%ar$ r$"ult$ in t&$ ac4ui"ition of SRAC in 5001 *# Da""ault S#"t$m"1
'ar$nt of Soli Dor-" Cor'oration+ In 50061 SRA Cor'oration" m$r!$ %it& Soli Dor-"
Cor'oration+ Soli Dor-" Simulation i" ti!&tl# int$!rat$ %it& Soli Dor-" CAD
"oft%ar$ an u"$" Soli Dor-" for cr$atin! an $itin! mo$l !$om$tr#+ Soli Dor-" i" a
"oli1 'aram$tric1 f$atur$/ri($n CAD "#"t$m+ A" o''o"$ to man# ot&$r CAD "#"t$m"
t&at %$r$ ori!inall# $($lo'$ in a UNIG $n(ironm$nt an onl# lat$r 'ort$ to Dino%"1
Soli Dor-" CAD %a" $($lo'$ "'$cificall# for t&$ Dino%" O'$ratin! S#"t$m from
t&$ ($r# *$!innin!+ In "ummar#1 alt&ou!& t&$ &i"tor# of t&$ famil# of Soli Dor-" 2EA
<
'rouct" at$" *ac- to 1@?51 Soli Dor-" Simulation &a" *$$n "'$cificall# $($lo'$ for
Dino%" an ta-$" full a(anta!$ t&i" of $$' int$!ration *$t%$$n Soli Dor-" an
Dino%"1 r$'r$"$ntin! t&$ "tat$/of/t&$/art in t&$ $n!in$$rin! anal#"i" "oft%ar$+
Fundamental steps in an FEA pro!ect
T&$ "tartin! 'oint for an# Soli Dor-" Simulation 'roA$ct i" a Soli Dor-" mo$l1 %&ic&
can *$ on$ 'art or an a""$m*l#+ At t&i" "ta!$1 mat$rial 'ro'$rti$"1 loa" an r$"traint" ar$
$fin$+ N$.t1 a" i" al%a#" t&$ ca"$ %it& u"in! an# 2EA *a"$ anal#"i" tool1 %$ "'lit t&$
!$om$tr# into r$lati($l# "mall an "im'l# "&a'$ $ntiti$"1 call$ finit$ $l$m$nt"+ T&$
$l$m$nt" ar$ call$ Efinit$E to $m'&a"iB$ t&$ fact t&at t&$# ar$ not infinit$"imall# "mall1
*ut onl# r$a"ona*l# "mall in com'ari"on to t&$ o($rall mo$l "iB$+ Cr$atin! finit$
$l$m$nt" i" commonl# call$ m$"&in!+ D&$n %or-in! %it& finit$ $l$m$nt"1 t&$ Soli
Dor-" Simulation "ol($r a''ro.imat$" t&$ "olution *$in! "ou!&t 0for $.am'l$1
$formation" or "tr$""$"3 *# a""$m*lin! t&$ "olution" for ini(iual $l$m$nt"+
2rom t&$ '$r"'$cti($ of 2EA "oft%ar$1 $ac& a''lication of 2EA r$4uir$" t&r$$ "t$'"=
Pr$'roc$""in! of t&$ 2EA mo$l1 %&ic& in(ol($" $finin! t&$ mo$l an t&$n
"'littin! it into finit$ $l$m$nt"
Solution for com'utin! %ant$ r$"ult"
Po"t/'roc$""in! for r$"ult" anal#"i"
D$ %ill follo% t&$ a*o($ t&r$$ "t$'" $($r# tim$ %$ u"$ Soli Dor-" Simulation+
2rom t&$ '$r"'$cti($ of 2EA m$t&oolo!#1 %$ can li"t t&$ follo%in! 2EA "t$'"=
Builin! t&$ mat&$matical mo$l
Builin! t&$ finit$ $l$m$nt mo$l
Sol(in! t&$ finit$ $l$m$nt mo$l
Anal#Bin! t&$ r$"ult"
T&$ follo%in! "u*"$ction" i"cu"" t&$"$ four "t$'"
Builin! t&$ mat&$matical mo$l
T&$ "tartin! 'oint to anal#"i" %it& Soli Dor-" Simulation i" a Soli Dor-" mo$l+
:$om$tr# of t&$ mo$l n$$" to *$ m$"&a*l$ into a corr$ct an r$a"ona*l# "mall $l$m$nt
7
m$"&+ T&i" r$4uir$m$nt of m$"&a*ilit# &a" ($r# im'ortant im'lication"+ D$ n$$ to
$n"ur$ t&at t&$ CAD !$om$tr# %ill in$$ m$"& an t&at t&$ 'rouc$ m$"& %ill 'ro(i$
t&$ corr$ct "olution of t&$ ata of int$r$"t1 "uc& a" i"'lac$m$nt"1 "tr$""$"1 t$m'$ratur$
i"tri*ution1 $tc+ T&i" n$c$""it# oft$n r$4uir$" moification" to t&$ CAD !$om$tr#1 %&ic&
can ta-$ t&$ form of
$f$aturin!1 i$aliBation an)or cl$an/u'1 $"cri*$ *$lo%=
It i" im'ortant to m$ntion t&at %$ o not al%a#" "im'lif# t&$ CAD mo$l %it& t&$ "ol$
o*A$cti($ of ma-in! it m$"&a*l$+ Oft$n1 %$ mu"t "im'lif# a mo$l $($n t&ou!& it %oul
m$"&1 corr$ctl# Ea" i"E1 *ut t&$ r$"ultin! m$"& %oul *$ too lar!$ an con"$4u$ntl#1 t&$
anal#"i" %oul ta-$ too muc& tim$+ :$om$tr# modifications allo" for a simpler mesh
and shorter com'utin! tim$"+ Al"o1 !$om$tr# 'r$'aration ma# not *$ r$4uir$ at allC
"ucc$""ful m$"&in! $'$n" a" muc& on t&$ 4ualit# of !$om$tr# "u*mitt$ for m$"&in!
a" it o$" on t&$
"o'&i"tication of t&$ m$"&in! tool" im'l$m$nt$ in t&$ 2EA "oft%ar$+
,a(in! 'r$'ar$ a m$"&a*l$1 *ut not #$t m$"&$ !$om$tr# %$ no% $fin$ mat$rial
'ro'$rti$"+ 0t&$"$ can al"o *$ im'ort$ from a Soli Dor-" mo$l31 loa" an r$"traint"1
an 'ro(i$ information on t&$ t#'$ of anal#"i" t&at %$ %i"& to '$rform+ T&i" 'roc$ur$
com'l$t$" t&$ cr$ation of t&$ mat&$matical mo$l 0fi!ur$ 1/53+ Notic$ t&at t&$ 'roc$"" of
cr$atin! t&$ mat&$matical mo$l i" not 2EA/"'$cific+ 2EA &a" not #$t $nt$r$ t&$
'ictur$+
?
2i!ur$ 1/5= Builin! t&$ mat&$matical mo$l
The process of creating a mathematical model consists of the modification o #A$
geometry %here removing e&ternal fillets', definition of loads, restraint material
properties, and definition of the type of analysis %e.g., static' that "e "ish to perform.
B$"%:"); '8. 5")"'. .%.#.)' #(:.%
T&$ mat&$matical mo$l no% n$$" to *$ "'lit into finit$ $l$m$nt" t&rou!& a 'roc$"" of
i"cr$tiBation1 mor$ commonl# -no%n a" m$"&in! 0fi!ur$ 1/63+Loa" an r$"traint" ar$
al"o i"cr$tiB$ an onc$ t&$ mo$l &a" *$$n m$"&$ t&$ i"cr$tiB$ loa" an r$"traint"
ar$ a''li$ to t&$ no$" of t&$ finit$ $l$m$nt m$"&+
2i!ur$ 1/6= Builin! t&$ finit$ $l$m$nt mo$l
The mathematical model is discreti(ed into a finite element model. This completes the
pre-processing phase. The FEA model is then solved "ith one of the numerical solvers
availa)le in Solid Works Simulation
Sol(in! t&$ finit$ $l$m$nt mo$l
,a(in! cr$at$ t&$ finit$ $l$m$nt mo$l1 %$ no% u"$ a "ol($r 'ro(i$ in Solid Works
Simulation to 'rouc$ t&$ $"ir$ ata of int$r$"t 0fi!ur$ 1/63+
@
Anal#Bin! t&$ r$"ult"
Oft$n t&$ mo"t ifficult "t$' of 2EA i" anal#Bin! t&$ r$"ult"+ Pro'$r int$r'r$tation of
r$"ult" r$4uir$" t&at %$ un$r"tan all "im'lification" 0an $rror" t&$# introuc$3 in t&$
fir"t t&r$$ "t$'"= $finin! t&$ mat&$matical mo$l1 m$"&in! it" !$om$tr#1 an "ol(in!+
Errors in FEA
T&$ 'roc$"" illu"trat$ in fi!ur$" 1/5 an 1/6 introuc$" una(oia*l$ $rror"+ 2ormulation
of a mat&$matical mo$l introuc$" mo$lin! $rror" 0al"o call$ i$aliBation $rror"31
i"cr$tiBation of t&$ mat&$matical mo$l introuc$" i"cr$tiBation $rror"1 an "ol(in!
introuc$" num$rical $rror"+ Of t&$"$ t&r$$ t#'$" of $rror"1 onl# i"cr$tiBation $rror" ar$
"'$cific to 2EA+ Mo$lin! $rror" aff$ctin! t&$ mat&$matical mo$l ar$ introuc$ *$for$
2EA i" utiliB$ an can onl# *$ controll$ *# u"in! corr$ct mo$lin! t$c&ni4u$"+
Solution $rror" cau"$ *# t&$ accumulation of roun/off $rror" ar$ ifficult to control1 *ut
ar$ u"uall# ($r# lo%+
A closer look at finite elements
M$"&in! "'lit" continuou" mat&$matical mo$l" into finit$ $l$m$nt"+ T&$ t#'$ of
$l$m$nt" cr$at$ *# t&i" 'roc$"" $'$n" on t&$ t#'$ of !$om$tr# m$"&$1 t&$ t#'$ of
anal#"i"1 an "om$tim$" on our o%n 'r$f$r$nc$"+ Solid Works Simulation off$r" t%o t#'$"
of $l$m$nt"= t$tra&$ral "oli $l$m$nt" 0for m$"&in! "oli !$om$tr#3 an "&$ll $l$m$nt"
0for m$"&in! "urfac$ !$om$tr#3+B$for$ 'roc$$in! %$ n$$ to clarif# an im'ortant
t$rminolo!# i""u$+ In CAD t$rminolo!# E"oliE $not$" t&$ t#'$ of !$om$tr#= "oli
!$om$tr# 0a" o''o"$ to "urfac$ or %ir$ fram$ !$om$tr#31 in 2EA t$rminolo!# it $not$"
t&$ t#'$ of $l$m$nt+
Solid elements
T&$ t#'$ of !$om$tr# t&at i" mo"t oft$n u"$ for anal#"i" %it& Solid Works Simulation i"
"oli CAD !$om$tr#+ M$"&in! of t&i" !$om$tr# i" accom'li"&$ %it& t$tra&$ral "oli
$l$m$nt"1 commonl# call$ Et$t"E in 2EA Aar!on+ T&$ t$tra&$ral "oli $l$m$nt" in Solid
Works Simulation can $it&$r *$ fir"t or$r $l$m$nt" 0raft 4ualit#31 or "$con or$r
$l$m$nt" 0&i!& 4ualit#3+ T&$ u"$r $ci$" %&$t&$r to u"$ raft 4ualit# or &i!& 4ualit#
$l$m$nt" for m$"&in!+ ,o%$($r1 a" %$ %ill "oon 'ro($1 onl# &i!& 4ualit# $l$m$nt"
"&oul *$ u"$ for an anal#"i" of an# im'ortanc$+ T&$ iff$r$nc$ *$t%$$n fir"t an
"$con or$r t$tra&$ral $l$m$nt" i" illu"trat$ in fi!ur$ 1/4+
10
2i!ur$ 1 /4= Diff$r$nc$" *$t%$$n fir"t an "$con or$r t$tra&$ral $l$m$nt"
First and the second order tetrahedral elements are sho"n )efore and after deformation.
*ote that the deformed faces of the second order element may assume curvilinear shape
"hile deformed faces of the first order element must remain fiat.
2ir"t or$r t$tra&$ral $l$m$nt" &a($ four no$"1 "trai!&t $!$"1 an flat fac$"+ T&$"$
$!$" an fac$" r$main "trai!&t an flat aft$r t&$ $l$m$nt &a" $.'$ri$nc$ $formation
un$r t&$ a''li$ loa+ 2ir"t or$r t$tra&$ral $l$m$nt" mo$l t&$ lin$ar fi$l of
i"'lac$m$nt in"i$ t&$ir (olum$1 on fac$"1 an alon! $!$"+ T&$ lin$ar 0or fir"t or$r3
i"'lac$m$nt fi$l !i($" t&$"$ $l$m$nt" t&$ir nam$= fir"t or$r $l$m$nt"+ If #ou r$call
from t&$ M$c&anic" of Mat$rial"1 "train i" t&$ fir"t $ri(ati($ of i"'lac$m$nt+ T&$r$for$1
"train an con"$4u$ntl# "tr$""1 ar$ *ot& con"tant in fir"t or$r t$tra&$ral $l$m$nt"+ T&i"
"ituation im'o"$" a ($r# "$($r$ limitation on t&$ ca'a*ilit# of a m$"& con"truct$ %it&
fir"t or$r $l$m$nt" to mo$l "tr$"" i"tri*ution of an# r$al com'l$.it#+ To ma-$ matt$r"
%or"$1 "trai!&t $!$" an flat fac$" cannot ma' 'ro'$rl# to cur(ilin$ar !$om$tr#1 a"
illu"trat$ in fi!ur$ 1/;+
2i!ur$ 1/;= 2ailur$ of "trai!&t $!$" an flat fac$" to ma' to cur(ilin$ar !$om$tr#
11
A detail of a mesh created "ith first order tetrahedral elements. *otice the imprecise
element mapping to the hole+ flat faces appro&imate the face of the cylindrical hole.
S$con or$r t$tra&$ral $l$m$nt" &a($ t$n no$" an mo$l t&$ "$con or$r 0'ara*olic3
i"'lac$m$nt fi$l an fir"t or$r 0lin$ar3 "tr$"" fi$l in t&$ir (olum$1 alon! lac$"1 an
$!$"+ T&$ $!$" an fac$" of "$con or$r t$tra&$ral $l$m$nt" *$for$ an aft$r
$formation can *$ cur(ilin$ar+ T&$r$for$1 t&$"$ $l$m$nt" can ma' 'r$ci"$l# to cur($
"urfac$"1 a" illu"trat$
in fi!ur$ 1/<+ E($n t&ou!& t&$"$ $l$m$nt" ar$ mor$ com'utationall# $manin! t&an fir"t
or$r $l$m$nt"1 "$con or$r t$tra&$ral $l$m$nt" ar$ u"$ for t&$ (a"t maAorit# of
anal#"$" %it& Soli Dor-" Simulation+
2i!ur$ 1/<= Ma''in! cur($ "urfac$"
A detail is sho"n of a mesh created "ith second order tetrahedral elements. Second
order elements map "ell to curvilinear geometry.
Shell elements
B$"i$" "oli $l$m$nt"1 Soli Dor-" Simulation al"o off$r" "&$ll $l$m$nt"+ D&il$ "oli
$l$m$nt" ar$ cr$at$ *# m$"&in! "oli !$om$tr#1 "&$ll $l$m$nt" ar$ cr$at$ *# m$"&in!
"urfac$"+ S&$ll $l$m$nt" ar$ 'rimaril# u"$ for anal#Bin! t&in/%all$ "tructur$"+ Sinc$
"urfac$ !$om$tr# o$" not carr# information a*out t&ic-n$""1 t&$ u"$r mu"t 'ro(i$ t&i"
information+ Similar to "oli $l$m$nt"1 "&$ll $l$m$nt" al"o com$ in raft an &i!& 4ualit#
%it& analo!ou" con"$4u$nc$" %it& r$"'$ct to t&$ir a*ilit# to ma' to cur(ilin$ar !$om$tr#1
a" "&o%n in fi!ur$ 1/7 an fi!ur$ 1/?+ A" $mon"trat$ %it& "oli $l$m$nt"1 fir"t or$r
"&$ll $l$m$nt" mo$l t&$ lin$ar i"'lac$m$nt fi$l %it& con"tant "train an "tr$"" %&il$
"$con or$r "&$ll $l$m$nt" mo$l t&$ "$con or$r 0'ara*olic3 i"'lac$m$nt fi$l an
t&$ fir"t or$r "train an "tr$"" fi$l+
15
2i!ur$ 1/7= 2ir"t or$r "&$ll $l$m$nt
This shell element mesh "as created "ith first order elements. *otice the imprecise
mapping of the mesh to curvilinear geometry.
2i!ur$ 1/?= S$con or$r "&$ll $l$m$nt
Shell element mesh created "ith second order elements, "hich map correctly to
curvilinear geometry.
C$rtain cla""$" of "&a'$" can *$ mo$l$ u"in! $it&$r "oli or "&$ll $l$m$nt"1 "uc& a" t&$
'lat$ "&o%n in fi!ur$ 1/@+ T&$ t#'$ of $l$m$nt" u"$ $'$n" t&$n on t&$ o*A$cti($ of t&$
anal#"i"+ Oft$n t&$ natur$ of t&$ !$om$tr# ictat$" %&at t#'$ of $l$m$nt "&oul *$ u"$
for m$"&in!+ 2or $.am'l$1 'art" 'rouc$ *# ca"tin! ar$ m$"&$ %it& "oli $l$m$nt"1
%&il$ a "&$$t m$tal "tructur$ i" *$"t m$"&$ %it& "&$ll $l$m$nt"+
16
2i!ur$ 1/@= Plat$ mo$l$ %it& "oli $l$m$nt" 0l$ft3 an "&$ll $l$m$nt"
The plate sho"n can )e modeled "ith either solid elements %left' or shell elements
%right'. The actual choice depends on the particular re,uirements of analysis and
sometimes on personal preferences
2i!ur$ 1/101 *$lo%1 'r$"$nt" t&$ *a"ic li*rar# of $l$m$nt" in Soli Dor-" Simulation+
El$m$nt" li-$ a &$.a&$ral "oli1 4uarilat$ral "&$ll or ot&$r "&a'$" ar$ not a(aila*l$ in
Soli Dor-" Simulation+
14
2i!ur$ 1/10= Soli Dor-" Simulation $l$m$nt li*rar#
Four element types are availa)le in the Soli Dor-" Simulation element li)rary. The vast
ma!ority of analyses use the second order tetrahedral element. -oth solid and shell first
order elements should )e avoided.
T&$ $!r$$" of fr$$om 0DO23 of a no$ in a finit$ $l$m$nt m$"& $fin$ t&$ a*ilit# of t&$
no$ to '$rform tran"lation or rotation+ T&$ num*$r of $!r$$" of fr$$om t&at a no$
'o""$""$" $'$n" on t&$ t#'$ of $l$m$nt t&at t&$ no$ *$lon!" to+ In Soli Dor-"
Simulation1 no$" of "oli $l$m$nt" &a($ t&r$$ $!r$$" of fr$$om1 %&il$ no$" of "&$ll
$l$m$nt" &a($ "i. $!r$$" of fr$$om+ T&i" m$an" t&at in or$r to $"cri*$
tran"formation of a "oli $l$m$nt from t&$ com'on$nt" of noal i"'lac$m$nt1 mo"t oft$n
t&$ .1 #1 B i"'lac$m$nt"+ In t&$ ca"$ of "&$ll $l$m$nt"1 %$ n$$ to -no% not onl# t&$
tran"lational com'on$nt" of noal i"'lac$m$nt"1 *ut al"o t&$ rotational i"'lac$m$nt
com'on$nt"+
What is calculated in FEA
Eac& $!r$$ of fr$$om of $($r# no$ in a finit$ $l$m$nt m$"& con"titut$" an un-no%n+
In "tructural anal#"i"1 %&$r$ %$ loo- at $formation" an "tr$""$"1 noal i"'lac$m$nt"
ar$ t&$ 'rimar# un-no%n"+ If "oli $l$m$nt" ar$ u"$1 t&$r$ ar$ t&r$$ i"'lac$m$nt
com'on$nt" 0or 6 $!r$$" of fr$$om3 '$r no$ t&at mu"t *$ calculat$+ Dit& "&$ll
$l$m$nt"1 "i. i"'lac$m$nt com'on$nt" 0or< $!r$$" of fr$$om3 mu"t *$ calculat$+
1;
E($r#t&in! $l"$1 "uc& a" "train" an "tr$""$"1 ar$ calculat$ *a"$ on t&$ noal
i"'lac$m$nt"+ Con"$4u$ntl#1 ri!i r$"traint" a''li$ to "oli $l$m$nt" r$4uir$ onl# t&r$$
$!r$$" of fr$$om to *$ con"train$+ Ri!i r$"traint" a''li$ to "&$ll $l$m$nt" r$4uir$
t&at all "i. $!r$$" of fr$$om *$ con"train$+ In a t&$rmal anal#"i"1 %&ic& fin"
t$m'$ratur$" an &$at flo%1 t&$ 'rimar# un-no%n" ar$ noal t$m'$ratur$"+ Sinc$
t$m'$ratur$ i" a "calar (alu$ 0unli-$ t&$ ($ctor natur$ of i"'lac$m$nt"31 t&$n r$!arl$""
of %&at t#'$ of $l$m$nt i" u"$1 t&$r$ i" onl# on$ un-no%n 0t$m'$ratur$3 to *$ foun for
$ac& no$+ All ot&$r r$"ult" a(aila*l$ in t&$ t&$rmal anal#"i" ar$ calculat$ *a"$ on
t$m'$ratur$ r$"ult"+ T&$ fact t&at t&$r$ i" onl# on$ un-no%n to *$ foun for $ac& no$C
rat&$r t&an t&r$$ or "i.1 ma-$" t&$rmal anal#"i" l$"" com'utationall# int$n"i($ t&an
"tructural anal#"i"+
.o" to interpret FEA results
R$"ult" of "tructural 2EA ar$ 'ro(i$ in t&$ form of i"'lac$m$nt" an "tr$""$"+ But
&o% o %$ $ci$ if a $"i!n E'a""$"E or Efail"E an %&at o$" it ta-$ for alarm" to !o
offF D&at $.actl# con"titut$" a failur$F
To an"%$r t&$"$ 4u$"tion"1 %$ n$$ to $"ta*li"& "om$ crit$ria to int$r'r$t 2EA r$"ult"1
%&ic& ma# inclu$ ma.imum acc$'ta*l$ $formation1 ma.imum "tr$""1 or lo%$"t
acc$'ta*l$ natural fr$4u$nc#+
D&il$ i"'lac$m$nt an fr$4u$nc# crit$ria ar$ 4uit$ o*(iou" an $a"# to $"ta*li"&1 "tr$""
crit$ria ar$ not+ L$tH" a""um$ t&at %$ n$$ to conuct a "tr$"" anal#"i" in or$r to $n"ur$
t&at "tr$""$" ar$ %it&in an acc$'ta*l$ ran!$+ To Au!$ "tr$"" r$"ult"1 %$ n$$ to
un$r"tan t&$ m$c&ani"m of 'ot$ntial failur$1 if a 'art *r$a-"1 %&at "tr$"" m$a"ur$ *$"t
$"cri*$" t&at failur$F I" it (onMi"$" "tr$""1 ma.imum 'rinci'al "tr$""1 "&$ar "tr$""1 or
"om$t&in! $l"$F COSMOS Dor-" can 'r$"$nt "tr$"" r$"ult" in an# form %$ %ant+ It i" u'
to u" to $ci$ %&ic& "tr$"" m$a"ur$ to u"$ for i""uin! a E'a""E or EfailE ($rict+
An# t$.t*oo- on t&$ M$c&anic" of Mat$rial" 'ro(i$" information on (ariou" failur$
crit$ria+ Int$r$"t$ r$a$r" can al"o r$f$r to *oo-"+ ,$r$ %$ %ill limit our i"cu""ion to
outlinin! t&$ iff$r$nc$" *$t%$$n t%o commonl# u"$ "tr$"" m$a"ur$"= 9on Mi"$" "tr$""
an t&$ 'rinci'al "tr$""+
@() M"+.+ +'/.++
9on Mi"$" "tr$""1 al"o -no%n a" ,u*$r "tr$""1 i" a "tr$"" m$a"ur$ t&at account" for all "i.
"tr$"" com'on$nt" of a !$n$ral 6/D "tat$ of "tr$"" 0fi!ur$ 1/113+
1<
2i!ur$ 1/11= :$n$ral "tat$ of "tr$"" r$'r$"$nt$ *# t&r$$ normal "tr$""$"= I
.1
I
#1
I
B
an
"i. "&$ar "tr$""$" J
.# K
J
#.1
J
#B K
J
B#1
J
B. K
J
.B
T"o components of shear stress and one component of normal stress act on each side of
an elementary cu)e. $ue to e,uili)rium re,uirements, the general /-$state of stress is
characteri(ed )y si& stress components0 I
.1
I
#1
I
B
an J
.# K
J
#.1
J
#B K
J
B#1
J
B. K
J
.B
Not$ t&at (on Mi"$" "tr$"" i" a non/n$!ati($1 "calar (alu$+ 9on Mi"$" "tr$"" i" commonl#
u"$ to 'r$"$nt r$"ult" *$cau"$ "tructural "af$t# for man# $n!in$$rin! mat$rial" "&o%in!
$la"to/'la"tic 'ro'$rti$" 0for $.am'l$1 "t$$l3 can *$ $(aluat$ u"in! (on Mi"$" "tr$""+ T&$
ma!nitu$ of (on Mi"$" "tr$"" can *$ com'ar$ to mat$rial #i$l or to ultimat$ "tr$n!t&
to calculat$ t&$ #i$l "tr$n!t& or t&$ ultimat$ "tr$n!t& "af$t# factor+
P/")="-&% +'/.++.+
B# 'ro'$rl# aAu"tin! t&$ an!ular ori$ntation of t&$ "tr$"" cu*$ in fi!ur$ 1/111 "&$ar
"tr$""$" i"a''$ar an t&$ "tat$ of "tr$"" i" r$'r$"$nt$ onl# *# t&r$$ 'rinci'al "tr$""$"= o=1
o51 an 061 a" "&o%n in fi!ur$ 1/15+ In Soli Dor-" "imulation1 'rinci'al "tr$""$" ar$
$not$ a" I
1
1 I
5
1 an I
6
+
17
2i!ur$ 1/15= :$n$ral "tat$ of "tr$"" r$'r$"$nt$ *# t&r$$ 'rinci'al "tr$""$"= I
11
I
51
I
6
1nits of measurements
Int$rnall#1 Soli Dor-" "imulation u"$" t&$ Int$rnational S#"t$m of Unit" 0SI3+,o%$($r1
for t&$ u"$rH" con($ni$nc$1 t&$ unit mana!$r allo%" ata $ntr# in t&r$$ iff$r$nt "#"t$m"
of unit"= SI1 M$tric1 an En!li"&+ R$"ult" can *$ i"'la#$ u"in! an# of t&$ t&r$$ unit
"#"t$m"+ 2i!ur$ 1/16 "ummariB$" t&$ a(aila*l$ "#"t$m" of unit"+
2i!ur$ 1/16= Unit "#"t$m" a(aila*l$ in Soli Dor-" "imulation
SI, 2etric, and English systems of units can )e interchanged "hen entering data or
analy(ing results in Soli Dor-" "imulation E.'$ri$nc$ inicat$" t&at unit" of ma""
$n"it# ar$ oft$n confu"$ %it& unit" of "'$cific !ra(it#+ T&$ i"tinction *$t%$$n t&$"$
t%o i" 4uit$ cl$ar in SI unit"= Ma"" $n"it# i" $.'r$""$ in 3kg4m/5, %&il$ "'$cific !ra(it#
in 3*4m/5.,o%$($r1 in t&$ En!li"& "#"t$m1 *ot& "'$cific ma"" an "'$cific !ra(it# ar$
+$.'r$""$ in 3l)4in./5, %&$r$ 3l)5 $not$" $it&$r 'oun ma"" or 'oun forc$+ A" Soli
Dor-" "imulation u"$r"1 %$ ar$ "'ar$ muc& confu"ion an trou*l$ %it& "#"t$m" of unit"+
1?
,o%$($r1 %$ ma# *$ a"-$ to 'r$'ar$ ata or int$r'r$t t&$ r$"ult" of ot&$r 2EA "oft%ar$
%&$r$ %$ o not &a($ t&$ con($ni$nc$ of t&$ unit mana!$r+ T&$r$for$1 %$ %ill ma-$
"om$ !$n$ral comm$nt" a*out t&$ u"$ of iff$r$nt "#"t$m" of unit" in t&$ 'r$'aration of
in'ut ata for 2EA mo$l"+ D$ can u"$ an# con"i"t$nt "#"t$m of unit" for 2EA mo$l"1
*ut in 'ractic$1 t&$ c&oic$ of t&$ "#"t$m of unit" i" ictat$ *# %&at unit" ar$ u"$ in t&$
CAD mo$l+ T&$ "#"t$m of unit" in CAD mo$l" i" not al%a#" con"i"t$ntC l$n!t& can *$
$.'r$""$ in 3mm5, %&il$ ma"" $n"it# can *$ $.'r$""$ in 3kg4m/5.Contrar# to CAD
mo$l"1 in 2EA all unit" must *$ con"i"t$nt+ Incon"i"t$nci$" ar$ $a"# to o($rloo-1
$"'$ciall# %&$n $finin! ma"" an ma"" $n"it#1 an t&$# can l$a to ($r# "$riou" $rror"+
SI, 2etric, and English systems of units can )e interchanged "hen entering data or
analy(ing results in Soli Dor-" "imulation
E.'$ri$nc$ inicat$" t&at unit" of ma"" $n"it# ar$ oft$n confu"$ %it& unit" of "'$cific
!ra(it#+ T&$ i"tinction *$t%$$n t&$"$ t%o i" 4uit$ cl$ar in SI unit"= Ma"" $n"it# i"
$.'r$""$ in 3kg4m/5, %&il$ "'$cific !ra(it# in 3*4m/5.,o%$($r1 in t&$ En!li"& "#"t$m1
*ot& "'$cific ma"" an "'$cific !ra(it# ar$ +$.'r$""$ in 3l)4in./5, %&$r$ 3l)5 $not$"
$it&$r 'oun ma"" or 'oun forc$+ A" Soli Dor-" "imulation u"$r"1 %$ ar$ "'ar$ muc&
confu"ion an trou*l$ %it& "#"t$m" of unit"+ ,o%$($r1 %$ ma# *$ a"-$ to 'r$'ar$ ata
or int$r'r$t t&$ r$"ult" of ot&$r 2EA "oft%ar$ %&$r$ %$ o not &a($ t&$ con($ni$nc$ of
t&$ unit mana!$r+ T&$r$for$1 %$ %ill ma-$ "om$ !$n$ral comm$nt" a*out t&$ u"$ of
iff$r$nt "#"t$m" of unit" in t&$ 'r$'aration of in'ut ata for 2EA mo$l"+ D$ can u"$
an# con"i"t$nt "#"t$m of unit" for 2EA mo$l"1 *ut in 'ractic$ &i" c&oic$ of t&$ "#"t$m of
unit" i" ictat$ *# %&at unit" ar$ u"$ in t&$ CAD mo$l+ T&$ "#"t$m of unit" in CAD
mo$l" i" not al%a#" con"i"t$ntC l$n!t& can *$ $.'r$""$ in 3mm5, %&il$ ma"" $n"it# can
*$ $.'r$""$ in 3kg4m/5.Contrar# to CAD mo$l"1 in 2EA all unit" must *$ con"i"t$nt+
Incon"i"t$nci$" ar$ $a"# to o($rloo-1 $"'$ciall# %&$n $finin! ma"" an ma"" $n"it#1
an t&$# can l$a to ($r# "$riou" $rror"+
In t&$ SI "#"t$m1 %&ic& i" *a"$ on m$t$r" 3m5 for l$n!t&1 -ilo!ram" 3kg5 for ma"" an
"$con" 3s5 for tim$1 all ot&$r unit" ar$ $a"il# $ri($ from t&$"$ *a"ic unit"+ In
m$c&anical $n!in$$rin!1 l$n!t& i" commonl# $.'r$""$ in millim$t$r" 3mm5, forc$ in
N$%ton 3*5, an tim$ in "$con" 3s5. All ot&$r unit" mu"t t&$n *$ $ri($ from t&$"$
*a"ic unit"= 3mm5, 3*5, an 3s5.Con"$4u$ntl#1 t&$ unit of ma"" i" $fin$ a" a ma""
%&ic&1 %&$n "u*A$ct$ to a unit forc$ $4ual to IN1 %ill acc$l$rat$ %it& a unit acc$l$ration
of 1 mm)"5+T&$r$for$1 t&$ unit of ma"" in a "#"t$m u"in! 3mm5 for l$n!t& an 3*5 for
forc$1 i" $4ui(al$nt to 11000 -! or on$ m$tric ton+ Con"$4u$ntl#1 ma"" $n"it# i"
$.'r$""$ in m$tric tonn$ 3tonne4mm/5. T&i" i" criticall# im'ortant to r$m$m*$r %&$n
$finin! mat$rial 'ro'$rti$" in 2EA "oft%ar$ %it&out a unit mana!$r+ Notic$ in fi!ur$ 1/
14 t&at an $rron$ou" $finition of ma"" $n"it# in 3kg4m/5 rat&$r t&an in 3tonne4mm/5
r$"ult" in ma"" $n"it# *$in! on$ trillion 010153 tim$" &i!&$r 0fi!ur$ 1/143+
1@
2i!ur$ 1/14= Ma"" $n"iti$" of aluminum in t&$ t&r$$ "#"t$m" of unit"
#omparison of numerical values of mass densities of aluminum defined in this system of
units "ith the system of units derived from SI, and "ith the English %I6S' system of units.
50
EA! N(2 1 S'/.++ &)&%*+"+ (5 <.&#+
0Sim'l# "u''ort$1 Cantil$($r > 2i.$ $n"3
AIM2
To '$rform i"'lac$m$nt an "tr$"" anal#"i" for t&$ !i($n *$am"
0Sim'l# "u''ort$1 Cantil$($r> 2i.$ $n"3 u"in! "oli %or-" "imulation
an anal#tical $.'r$""ion"+
P/(<%.# D.+=/"-'"()2
0i3 A i"tri*ut$ loa > Point loa %ill *$ a''li$ to a "oli "t$$l *$am
%it& a r$ctan!ular cro"" "$ction a" "&o%n in t&$ fi!ur$ 01+13 *$lo%+ T&$
cro""/"$ction of t&$ *$am i" 165mm . 5<4mm %&il$ t&$ moulu" of
$la"ticit# of t&$ "t$$l i" 510:Pa+ 2in r$action1 $fl$ction an "tr$""$" in t&$
*$am+
0ii3 A i"tri*ut$ loa > Point loa %ill *$ a''li$ to a "oli "t$$l *$am
cro""/"$ction of t&$ *$am i" 1;0mm . 600mm %&il$ t&$ moulu" of
*$am+
2i!+1+1
2i!+1+5
51
0iii3 A i"tri*ut$ loa > Point loa %ill *$ a''li$ to a "oli "t$$l *$am
cro""/"$ction of t&$ *$am i" ;75mm . 1144mm %&il$ t&$ moulu" of
*$am+
P/(<%.# ,I0
Creation of solid model
S(%": -&/' 12
Sketch module0
O'$n a n$% 'art fil$ L"$l$ct t&$ ri!&t 'lan$ L"$l$ct normal (i$%L
ra% r$ctan!ular "&a'$ L"$l$ct "mart im$n"ion" moif# t&$ im$n"ion" a"
165 G 5<4 mm
Feature 2odule0
S$l$ct t&$ "-$tc&1 L "$l$ct $.tru$ *o"" L $.tru$ %it& a l$n!t&
6000mm L o-+
S(%": -&/' 22
Sketch module0
S$l$ct t&$ ri!&t $n fac$ L"$l$ct normal (i$%L ra% r$ctan!ular
"&a'$ L"$l$ct "mart im$n"ion" moif# t&$ im$n"ion" a" 165 G 5<4 mm
Feature 2odule0
2i!+1+6
55
S$l$ct t&$ "-$tc&5 L "$l$ct $.tru$ *o"" L $.tru$ %it& t&ic-n$""
6000mm L un"$l$ct m$r!$ com'on$nt L o-+
T&$ mo$l mu"t *$ a "oli o*A$ct
R$f$r$nc$ 'oint=
S-$tc& L 'oint L S$l$ct t&$ to' "urfac$ L "$l$ct normal (i$% L
locat$ a 'oint L"$l$ct "mart im$n"ion" moif# t&$ location of t&$
'oint a" 5000 mm from ri!&t $n L o-+
S$l$ct r$f$r$nc$ 'oint L "$l$ct "-$tc&6 0'oint3 > to' "urfac$ L o-
Analysis the solid model

St$' *# "t$' 'roc$ur$ for t&$ anal#"i"+
Simulation Module:
9$rif# t&at "imulation mo$ i" "$l$ct$ in t&$ A/ln" li"t+ To "tart
Simulation1 Onc$ Soli Dor-" Simulation &a" *$$n a$1 Simulation
"&o%" in t&$ main Soli Dor-" tool m$nu+ S$l$ct t&$ "imulation Mana!$r
ta*+
New Study:
To $fin$ a n$% "tu#1 "$l$ct N$% Stu# $it&$r from t&$
Simulation m$nu or t&$ Simulation Comman Mana!$r M D&$n a "tu# i"
$fin$1 Soli Dor-" Simulation cr$at$" a "tu# %ino% locat$ *$lo% t&$
Soli Dor-" 2$atur$ Mana!$r %ino% an 'lac$" "$($ral fol$r" in it+ It
al"o a" a "tu# ta* t&at 'ro(i$" acc$"" to t&$ %ino%+
56
Static Study:
To "$l$ct "tatic "tu# in t&$ "tu# ta*+ Simulation automaticall#
cr$at$" a "tu# fol$r %it& t&$ follo%in! "u* fol$r"= Static Stu#1
Conn$ction"1 2i.tur$"1 Loa"1 M$"& an R$'ort fol$r+
Ri!&t clic- on t&$ Static "tu# / Tr$at t&$ "oli 'art 1 > 5 a" a *$am
"$'arat$l#+
Apply Materials:
To a''l# mat$rial to t&$ Simulation mo$l1 ri!&t/clic- t&$ "oli
'art fol$r in t&$ "imulation "tu#L "$l$ct A''l#)Eit Mat$rial from
t&$ 'o'/u' m$nu L T&i" action o'$n" t&$ Mat$rial L S$l$ct 2rom
li*rar# fil$" in t&$ S$l$ct mat$rial "ourc$ ar$aL S$l$ct Allo# St$$l+
54
Calculate the Joints:
To calculat$ t&$ AointL Ri!&t/clic- t&$ Aoint" fol$r in Static "tu#
L $it L calculat$ L o- 0aft$r finin! i"'la# of no+ of Aoint" mo$l3
5;
Apply Fixtures:
To $fin$ t&$ 2i.tur$013 at $n AL Ri!&t/clic- t&$ 2i.tur$ fol$r in
Static "tu# L "$l$ct fi.$ !$om$tr# a" 2i.tur$ t#'$ L S$l$ct t&$ l$ft
$n Aoint %&$r$ 2i.tur$ i" to *$ a''li$ L S$l$ct immo(a*l$
!$om$tr# L o-+
5<
To $fin$ t&$ 2i.tur$ 053 at $n B L Ri!&t/clic- t&$ 2i.tur$ fol$r in
Static "tu# L "$l$ct fi.$ !$om$tr# a" 2i.tur$ t#'$ L S$l$ct t&$
ri!&t $n AointL S$l$ct r$f$r$nc$ !$om$tr# a" fi.tur$ t#'$ L S$l$ct
t&$ to' "urfac$ a" r$f$r$nc$ 'lan$ to r$'r$"$nt t&$ ir$ction of t&$
forc$ L S$l$ct t&$ forc$ ir$ction %&ic& i" normal to t&$ "$l$ct$
r$f$r$nc$ 'lan$ L Ent$r (al($ 0 L In t&$ !ra'&ic %ino% not$ t&$
"#m*ol" of t&$ a''li$ 2i.tur$+
Apply loads:
D$ no% $fin$ t&$ loa *# "$l$ctin! 2orc$ from t&$ 'o'/u' m$nu+
T&i" action o'$n" t&$ 2orc$ %ino%+ T&$ 2orc$ %ino% i"'la#" t&$
'ortion %&$r$ 'oint loa > uniforml# i"tri*ut$ loa i" a''li$
UDL=
Ri!&t clic- t&$ loa fol$r L S$l$ct forc$" L
"$l$ct t&$ "oli 'art1 L "$l$ct loa ) m L "$l$ct t&$ to' "urfac$ a"
r$f$r$nc$ 'lan$ to r$'r$"$nt t&$ ir$ction of t&$ forc$+ T&i"
illu"tration al"o "&o%" "#m*ol" of a''li$ r$"traint an loaL
"$l$ct t&$ forc$ ir$ction %&ic& i" normal to t&$ "$l$ct$ r$f$r$nc$
*utton in or$r to loa t&$ *$am %it& 501000 N)m of uniforml#
i"tri*ut$ loa o($r t&$ "$l$ct$ fac$ L o-+
57
Point Loa=
Ri!&t clic- t&$ loa fol$r L S$l$ct forc$" L
"$l$ct t&$ r$f$r$nc$ 'oint L "$l$ct t&$ to' "urfac$ a" r$f$r$nc$
'lan$ to r$'r$"$nt t&$ ir$ction of t&$ forc$ L "$l$ct t&$ forc$
ir$ction %&ic& i" normal to t&$ "$l$ct$ r$f$r$nc$ *utton in or$r
to loa t&$ *$am %it& 501000 N of 'oint loa on t&$ "$l$ct$ 'oint
L o-+
5?
Create the mesh:
D$ ar$ no% r$a# to m$"& t&$ mo$l L Ri!&t/clic- t&$ M$"&
fol$r L cr$at$ m$"&
un the analysis:
Ri!&t/clic-" t&$ "imulation mo$ L S$l$ct Run to "tart t&$ "olution+
A "ucc$""ful or fail$ "olution i" r$'ort$ an mu"t *$ ac-no%l$!$ *$for$
'roc$$in! to anal#"i" of r$"ult"+ D&$n t&$ "olution com'l$t$" "ucc$""full#1
Simulation cr$at$" a R$"ult" fol$r %it& r$"ult 'lot" %&ic& ar$ $fin$ in
Simulation D$fault O'tion"+
esults:
Dit& t&$ "olution com'l$t$ "imulation automaticall# cr$at$" R$"ult"
fol$r %it& "$($ral n$% fol$r" in t&$ "tu# Mana!$r Dino% li-$ Str$""1
Di"'lac$m$nt1 an Strain > D$formation+ Eac& fol$r &ol" an
automaticall# cr$at$ 'lot %it& it" r$"'$cti($ t#'$ of r$"ult"+ T&$ "olution
can *$ $.$cut$ %it& iff$r$nt 'ro'$rti$"+
S$l$ct on$ of t&$ follo%in! anal#"$" #ou %ant to "$$=
Str$"" i"tri*ution
Di"'lac$m$nt i"tri*ution
D$form$ "&a'$
5@
Ma-$ "ur$ t&at t&$ a*o($ 'lot" ar$ $fin$ in #our confi!uration1 if not1
$fin$ t&$m+ Onc$ t&$ "olution com'l$t$"1 #ou can a mor$ 'lot" to t&$
R$"ult" fol$r+ You can al"o cr$at$ "u*fol$r" in t&$ R$"ult" fol$r to !rou'
'lot"+
To i"'la# "tr$"" r$"ult"1 ou*l$/clic- on t&$ Str$""1 icon in t&$
R$"ult" fol$r or ri!&t/clic- it an "$l$ct S&o% from t&$ 'o'/u' m$nu+
P/(<%.# ,""0 B ,"""0
2ollo% t&$ "am$ 'roc$ur$ %it& r$4uir$ c&an!$"+
R.+$%'2
T&$ anal#"i" of t&$ *$am %a" carri$ out u"in! t&$ "oli%or-"
"imulation an t&$ "oft%ar$ r$"ult" %$r$ com'ar$ %it& t&$or$tical or
anal#tical r$"ult"+

60
EA! N(2 2 S'/.++ &)&%*+"+ (5 & R.='&);$%&/ -%&'. 6"'8 ="/=$%&/ 8(%.+
Aim:
To '$rform i"'lac$m$nt an "tr$"" anal#"i" for t&$ !i($n r$ctan!ular
'lat$ %it& &ol$" u"in! "oli %or-" "imulation an anal#tical $.'r$""ion"+
!ro"lem description:
A "t$$l 'lat$ %it& 6 &ol$" 6mm1 ;mm > 10 mm r$"'$cti($l# i"
"u''ort$ an loa$1 a" "&o%n in fi!ur$+ D$ a""um$ t&at t&$ "u''ort i"
ri!i 0t&i" i" al"o call$ *uilt/in "u''ort or fi.$ "u''ort3 an t&at t&$ 50 NN
t$n"il$ loa i" uniforml# i"tri*ut$ on t&$ $n fac$1 o''o"it$ to t&$
"u''ort$ fac$+ T&$ cro"" "$ction i" 1; mm . 5; mm+ l$n!t& i" 100mm+
Mat$rial 0Allo# "t$$l3
Creation of the solid model using solid wor#s
S#etch module:
S-$tc&013 M O'$n a n$% 'art fil$ L"$l$ct t&$ front 'lan$ L"$l$ct
normal (i$%L ra% r$ctan!ular "&a'$ L"$l$ct "mart im$n"ion" moif#
t&$ im$n"ion" a" 1; G 5; mmL Dra% t&r$$ circl$" a" 6mm1 ;mm > 10
mm %it& 5;mm i"tanc$+
T K 1;mm
L K 100mm
, K 5;mm
DK6mm DK;mm DK10mm
P K 50-N
Uniforml#
i"tri*ut$
61
Feature Module:
2$atur$ 013 M S$l$ct t&$ "-$tc& 0O3 L S$l$ct $.tru$ *o"" L $.tru$
%it& t&ic-n$"" 100mm+
S#etch module:
S-$tc& 053 L "$l$ct t&$ front "urfac$ L"$l$ct normal (i$% L Dra%
t&r$$ circl$" a" 6mm1 ;mm > 10 mm %it& 5;mm i"tanc$+
Feature Module:
2$atur$ 053 M S$l$ct t&$ "-$tc& 053 L "$l$ct $.tru$ cut L $.tru$
%it& t&ic-n$"" 1;mm L o-
Analysis of the solid model
Simulation Module:
9$rif# t&at "imulation mo$ i" "$l$ct$ in t&$ A/l$n" li"t+ To "tart
ta*+
New Study:
Static Study:
Apply Materials:
To a''l# mat$rial to t&$ Simulation mo$l1 ri!&t/clic- t&$ 'art
fol$r in "imulation "tu# an "$l$ct A''l#)Eit Mat$rial from t&$ 'o'/u'
m$nu L T&i" action o'$n" t&$ Mat$rial L S$l$ct 2rom li*rar# fil$" in t&$
S$l$ct mat$rial "ourc$ ar$aL S$l$ct Allo# St$$l+
65
Apply Fixtures:
To $fin$ t&$ 2i.tur$"L Ri!&t/clic- t&$ 2i.tur$ fol$r in Static "tu#
L "$l$ct fi.$ !$om$tr# a" 2i.tur$ t#'$ L "$l$ct t&$ l$ft $n fac$ L o-
Apply loads:
D$ no% $fin$ t&$ loa *# "$l$ctin! 2orc$ from t&$ 'o'/u' m$nu+
T&$ 2orc$ %ino% i"'la#" t&$ "$l$ct$ fac$ %&$r$ t$n"il$ forc$ i" a''li$
LS$l$ct u"$ r$f$r$nc$ !$om$tr# L S$l$ct t&$ ri!&t 'lan$ a" r$f$r$nc$ 'lan$
to r$'r$"$nt t&$ ir$ction of t&$ forc$+ L S$l$ct t&$ forc$ ir$ction %&ic& i"
normal to t&$ "$l$ct$ r$f$r$nc$ 'lan$ *utton in or$r to loa t&$ Mo$l %it&
501000 N of t$n"il$ forc$ uniforml# i"tri*ut$ o($r t&$ $n fac$+
Create the mesh:
fol$r L cr$at$ m$"&
un the analysis:
Ri!&t/clic-in! t&$ "imulation mo$ L S$l$ct Run to "tart t&$ "olution+
A "ucc$""ful or fail$ "olution i" r$'ort$ an mu"t *$ ac-no%l$!$ *$for$
'roc$$in! to anal#"i" of r$"ult"+ D&$n t&$ "olution com'l$t$" "ucc$""full#1
Simulation cr$at$" a R$"ult" fol$r %it& r$"ult 'lot" %&ic& ar$ $fin$ in
Simulation D$fault O'tion"+
esults:
Dit& t&$ "olution com'l$t$ "imulation automaticall# cr$at$" R$"ult" fol$r
%it& "$($ral n$% fol$r" in t&$ "tu# Mana!$r Dino% li-$ Str$""1
automaticall# cr$at$ 'lot %it& it" r$"'$cti($ t#'$ of r$"ult"+
Str$""1 "&o%in! in normal . ir$ction
Di"'lac$m$nt1 "&o%in! r$"ultant i"'lac$m$nt"
R.+$%'2
66
T&$ anal#"i" of t&$ r$ctan!ular 'lat$ %a" carri$ out u"in! t&$ "oli
%or-" "imulation an "oft%ar$ r$"ult" %$r$ com'ar$ %it& t&$or$tical or
anal#tical (alu$"+
EA! N(2 1 S'/.++ &)&%*+"+ (5 & R.='&);$%&/ L B/&=4.'
A"#2
To '$rform i"'lac$m$nt an "tr$"" anal#"i" for t&$ !i($n r$ctan!ular
L Brac-$t 0Dall Brac-$t3 u"in! "oli %or-" "imulation an anal#tical
$.'r$""ion"+
P/(<%.# :.+=/"-'"()2
An L/"&a'$ *rac-$t i" "u''ort$ an loa$ a" "&o%n in fi!ur$ 6/1+
D$ %i"& to fin t&$ Di"'lac$m$nt" an "tr$""$" cau"$ *# a ;1000 N %&ic&
i" <0P inclin$+ In 'articular1 %$ ar$ int$r$"t$ in "tr$""$" in t&$ corn$r %&$r$
t&$ ; mm roun $!$ 0fill$t3 i" locat$+ Mat$rial :r$# Ca"t Iron+
Creation of the solid model
S#etch module:
O'$n a n$% 'art fil$ L"$l$ct t&$ front 'lan$ L"$l$ct normal (i$%L
ra% t&$ r$4uir$ "&a'$ L"$l$ct "mart im$n"ion"L moif# t&$ im$n"ion"
L"$l$ct fill$t mo$ L$nt$r raiu" ;mmL"$l$ct t&$ "'$cifi$ $!$"Lo-+
;000N
<0Q
600mm
1;0mm
70mm
R @0mm
R 70mm
T&ic-n$"" 6;mm
64
Feature Module:
S$l$ct t&$ "-$tc& L "$l$ct $.tru$ *o"" 7 "$l$ct mi'lan$ o'tion L
$.tru$ %it& t&ic-n$"" 17+;mm+
S-$tc& Point=
S$l$ct t&$ front 'lan$ L normal (i$% L ra% a lin$ 0"-$tc& 53
from t&$ c$ntr$ of t&$ &ol$ %&ic& i" <0Q inclin$ to t&$ ($rtical+
S$l$ct t&$ front 'lan$ L locat$ t&$ int$r"$ction 'oint of <0Q
inclin$ lin$ > "-$tc& 6 Lo-+
R$f$r$nc$ 'oint=
S$l$ct r$f$r$nc$ 'oint !$om$tr# L "$l$ct "-$tc& 6 'oint >
inn$r "urfac$ of t&$ &ol$ L o-+
Simulation Module:
9$rif# t&at "imulation mo$ i" "$l$ct$ in t&$ A/ln" li"t+ To "tart
ta*+
New Study:
Static Study:
Apply Materials:
To a''l# mat$rial to t&$ Simulation mo$l1 ri!&t/clic- t&$ 'art
6;
fol$r in "imulation "tu# an "$l$ct A''l#)Eit Mat$rial from t&$ 'o'/u'
m$nu L T&i" action o'$n" t&$ Mat$rial L S$l$ct 2rom li*rar# fil$" in t&$
S$l$ct mat$rial "ourc$ ar$aL S$l$ct :r$# Ca"t Iron+
Apply Fixtures:
In 2i.tur$"L "$l$ct fi.$ !$om$tr# a" 2i.tur$ t#'$ L "$l$ct t&$ mo$l fac$
0l$ft $n fac$3 %&$r$ 2i.tur$ i" to *$ a''li$L o-+
Apply loads:
Ri!&t/clic- t&$ 2orc$ fol$r L S$l$ct forc$ L S$l$ct t&$ r$f$r$nc$
'oint L "$l$ct t&$ r$f$r$nc$ 'lan$ to r$'r$"$nt t&$ ir$ction of t&$ forc$ in
or$r to loa t&$ Mo$l %it& ;000 N of %&ic& i" <0Q inclin$++ T&i"
illu"tration al"o "&o%" "#m*ol" of a''li$ r$"traint an loa
Create the mesh:
fol$r L cr$at$ m$"&
un the analysis:
Ri!&t/clic-in! t&$ "imulation mo$ L S$l$ct Run to "tart t&$ "olution+
D&$n t&$ "olution com'l$t$" "ucc$""full#1 Simulation cr$at$" a R$"ult"
fol$r %it& r$"ult 'lot" %&ic& ar$ $fin$ in Simulation D$fault O'tion"+
esults:
Dit& t&$ "olution com'l$t$ "imulation automaticall# cr$at$" R$"ult"
fol$r %it& "$($ral n$% fol$r" in t&$ "tu# Mana!$r Dino% li-$ Str$""1
automaticall# cr$at$ 'lot %it& it" r$"'$cti($ t#'$ of r$"ult"+ T&$ "olution
can *$ $.$cut$ %it& iff$r$nt 'ro'$rti$"+
Str$""1 "&o%in! (on Mi""$" "tr$""$"
Di"'lac$m$nt1 "&o%in! r$"ultant i"'lac$m$nt"
Onc$ t&$ "olution com'l$t$"1 #ou can a mor$ 'lot" to t&$ R$"ult" fol$r+
You can al"o cr$at$ "u*fol$r" in t&$ R$"ult" fol$r to !rou' 'lot"+
6<
R.+$%'2
T&$ anal#"i" of t&$ L / Brac-$t %a" carri$ out u"in! t&$
"oli%or-" "imulation an t&$ "oft%ar$ r$"ult" %$r$ com'ar$ %it&
anal#tical (alu$"+
EA!M(!4 S'/.++ &)&%*+"+ (5 &) &A"-+*##.'/"= =(#-().)'
A"#2
To '$rform "tr$"" anal#"i" for t&$ !i($n a.i/"#mm$tric com'on$nt+
P/(<%.# :.+=/"-'"()2
Creation of the solid model
S#etch module:
O'$n a n$% 'art fil$ L"$l$ct t&$ to' 'lan$ L"$l$ct normal (i$%L
ra% t&$ r$ctan!ular "&a'$ L"$l$ct "mart im$n"ion"L moif# t&$
im$n"ion" 1000mm . 1;mm Lo-+
S$l$ct "-$tc& L ra% c$ntr$ a.i" L o-+
Feature Module:
S$l$ct t&$ "-$tc& L "$l$ct r$(ol($ 7 "$l$ct t&$ c$ntr$ a.i"L
r$(olution an!l$ @0Q+
Surface Module:
S$l$ct "urfac$ L mi "urfac$ L"$l$ct t&$ t%o out$r fac$" Lo-+
Ri!&t clic- t&$ "urfac$ mo$l L $it $finition L $nt$r t&ic-n$""
1;mm L o-+
Simulation Module:

New Study:
To $fin$ a n$% "tu# L "$l$ct N$% Stu# L"tatic Lo-+
Static Study:
67
Apply Materials:
To a''l# mat$rial to t&$ Simulation mo$l L ri!&t/clic- t&$ 'art
fol$r in "imulation "tu# an "$l$ct A''l#)Eit Mat$rial L Allo# "t$$l L
o-+
Apply Fixtures:
In 2i.tur$"L "$l$ct A(anc$ !$om$tr# L "$l$ct "#mm$tr# L "$l$ct t&$
$n fac$" 0l$ft > ri!&t $n fac$3 %&$r$ 2i.tur$ i" to *$ a''li$ L o-+
Apply loads:
Ri!&t/clic- t&$ 2orc$ fol$r L S$l$ct Pr$""ur$ L S$l$ct t&$ inn$r
"urfac$ of t&$ "$ctor LEnt$r 'r$""ur$ 1+;M'a L o-+
Create the mesh:
Ri!&t/clic- t&$ M$"& fol$r L cr$at$ m$"& L "$l$ct Automatic
tran"ition Lo-+
un the analysis:
S$l$ct Run to "tart t&$ "olution
esults:
T&$ "olution can *$ $.$cut$ %it& iff$r$nt 'ro'$rti$"+
"tr$""$"
i"'lac$m$nt"
"train"
R.+$%'2
T&$ anal#"i" of t&$ a.i/"#mm$tric com'on$nt %a" carri$ out
u"in! t&$ "oli%or-" "imulation an t&$ "oft%ar$ r$"ult" %$r$ com'ar$
%it& anal#tical (alu$"+
6?
EA! N(2 5 M(:. 5/.C$.)=* &)&%*+"+ (5 & 2 D =(#-().)'
EA! N(2 6 M(:. 5/.C$.)=* &)&%*+"+ (5 <.&#+ ,C&)'"%.?./, S"#-%*
S$--(/'.:, F"A.: .):+0
6@
EA! N(2 D H&/#()"= &)&%*+"+ (5 & 2D =(#-().)'
EA! N(2 E T8./#&% +'/.++ &)&%*+"+ (5 & 2D =(#-().)'

40
EA! N(2 F C():$='"?. 8.&' '/&)+5./ &)&%*+"+ (5 & 2D =(#-().)'
AIM:
EA! N(2 10 C()?.='"?. 8.&' '/&)+5./ &)&%*+"+ (5 & 2D =(#-().)'
41
MATLAB INTRODUCTION=
O?./?".6 (5 '8. MATLABG E)?"/()#.)'
T&$ MATLABS &i!&/'$rformanc$ lan!ua!$ for t$c&nical com'utin!
int$!rat$" com'utation1 (i"ualiBation1 an 'ro!rammin! in an $a"#/to/u"$
$n(ironm$nt %&$r$ 'ro*l$m" an "olution" ar$ $.'r$""$ in familiar
mat&$matical
notation+ T#'ical u"$" inclu$
H Mat& an com'utation
H Al!orit&m $($lo'm$nt
H Data ac4ui"ition
H Mo$lin!1 "imulation1 an 'rotot#'in!
H Data anal#"i"1 $.'loration1 an (i"ualiBation
H Sci$ntific an $n!in$$rin! !ra'&ic"
H A''lication $($lo'm$nt1
Incluin! !ra'&ical u"$r int$rfac$ *uilin! MATLAB i" an int$racti($
"#"t$m %&o"$ *a"ic ata $l$m$nt i" an arra# t&at o$" not r$4uir$
im$n"ionin!+ It allo%" #ou to "ol($ man# t$c&nical com'utin! 'ro*l$m"1
$"'$ciall# t&o"$ %it& matri. an ($ctor formulation"1 in a fraction of t&$
tim$ it %oul ta-$ to %rit$ a 'ro!ram in a "calar nonint$racti($ lan!ua!$
"uc& a" C or 2ORTRAN+
T&$ nam$ MATLAB "tan" for matri& la)oratory+ MATLAB %a" ori!inall#
%ritt$n to 'ro(i$ $a"# acc$"" to matri. "oft%ar$ $($lo'$ *# t&$
LINPACN an EISPACN 'roA$ct"+ Toa#1 MATLAB $n!in$" incor'orat$
t&$ LAPACN an BLAS li*rari$"1 $m*$in! t&$ "tat$ of t&$ art in "oft%ar$
for matri. com'utation+
45
SIMULINK INTRODUCTION2
Simulin- i" a !ra'&ical $.t$n"ion to MATLAB for mo$lin! an
"imulation of "#"t$m"+ In Simulin-1 "#"t$m" ar$ ra%n on "cr$$n a" *loc-
ia!ram"+ Man# $l$m$nt" of *loc- ia!ram" ar$ a(aila*l$1 "uc& a" tran"f$r
function"1 "ummin! Aunction"1 $tc+1 a" %$ll a" (irtual in'ut an out'ut
$(ic$" "uc& a" function !$n$rator" an o"cillo"co'$"+ Simulin- i" int$!rat$
%it& MATLAB an ata can *$ $a"il# tran"f$rr$ *$t%$$n t&$ 'ro!ram"+ In
t&$"$ tutorial"1 %$ %ill a''l# Simulin- to t&$ $.am'l$" from t&$ MATLAB
tutorial" to mo$l t&$ "#"t$m"1 *uil controll$r"1 an "imulat$ t&$ "#"t$m"+
Simulin- i" "u''ort$ on Uni.1 Macinto"&1 an Dino%" $n(ironm$nt"C an
i" inclu$ in t&$ "tu$nt ($r"ion of MATLAB for '$r"onal com'ut$r"+
T&$ i$a *$&in t&$"$ tutorial" i" t&at #ou can (i$% t&$m in on$ %ino%
%&il$ runnin! Simulin- in anot&$r %ino%+ S#"t$m mo$l fil$" can *$
o%nloa$ from t&$ tutorial" an o'$n$ in Simulin-+ You %ill moif# an
46
$.t$n t&$"$ "#"t$m %&il$ l$arnin! to u"$ Simulin- for "#"t$m mo$lin!1
control1 an "imulation+ Do not confu"$ t&$ %ino%"1 icon"1 an m$nu" in
t&$ tutorial" for #our actual Simulin- %ino%"+ Mo"t ima!$" in t&$"$
tutorial" ar$ not li($ / t&$# "im'l# i"'la# %&at #ou "&oul "$$ in #our o%n
Simulin- %ino%"+ All Simulin- o'$ration" "&oul *$ on$ in #our
Simulin- %ino%"+
1+ Startin! Simulin-
5+ Mo$l 2il$"
6+ Ba"ic El$m$nt"
4+ Runnin! Simulation"
;+ Builin! S#"t$m"
S'&/'"); S"#$%")4
Simulin- i" "tart$ from t&$ MATLAB comman 'rom't *# $nt$rin! t&$
follo%in! comman=
MM Simulin-
Alt$rnati($l#1 #ou can &it t&$ Simulin- *utton at t&$ to' of t&$ MATLAB
%ino% a" "&o%n *$lo%=
D&$n it "tart"1 Simulin- *rin!" u' t&$ Simulin- Li*rar# *ro%"$r+
44
O'$n t&$ mo$lin! %ino% %it& N$% t&$n Mo$l from t&$ 2il$ m$nu on t&$
Simulin- Li*rar# Bro%"$r a" "&o%n a*o($+
T&i" %ill *rin! u' a n$% untitil$ mo$lin! %ino% "&o%n *$lo%+
4;
M(:.% F"%.+
In Simulin-1 a mo$l i" a coll$ction of *loc-" %&ic&1 in !$n$ral1 r$'r$"$nt" a
"#"t$m+ In aition to ra%in! a mo$l into a *lan- mo$l %ino%1
'r$(iou"l# "a($ mo$l fil$" can *$ loa$ $it&$r from t&$ 2il$ m$nu or
from t&$ MATLAB comman 'rom't+
You can o'$n "a($ fil$" in Simulin- *# $nt$rin! t&$ follo%in! comman in
t&$ MATLAB comman %ino%+ 0Alt$rnati($l#1 #ou can loa a fil$ u"in!
t&$ O'$n o'tion in t&$ 2il$ m$nu in Simulin-1 or *# &ittin! CtrlTO in
Simulin-+3
MM fil$nam$

T&$ follo%in! i" an $.am'l$ mo$l %ino%+
4<
A n$% mo$l can *$ cr$at$ *# "$l$ctin! N$% from t&$ 2il$ m$nu in an#
Simulin- %ino% 0or *# &ittin! CtrlTN3+
B&+"= E%.#.)'+
T&$r$ ar$ t%o maAor cla""$" of it$m" in Simulin-= *loc-" an lin$"+ Bloc-"
ar$ u"$ to !$n$rat$1 moif#1 com*in$1 out'ut1 an i"'la# "i!nal"+ Lin$" ar$
u"$ to tran"f$r "i!nal" from on$ *loc- to anot&$r+
B%(=4+
T&$r$ ar$ "$($ral !$n$ral cla""$" of *loc-"=
U Continuou"
U Di"continuou"
U Di"cr$t$
U Loo-/U' Ta*l$"
U Mat& O'$ration"
U Mo$l 9$rification
U Mo$l/Di$ Utiliti$"
U Port" > Su*"#"t$m"
U Si!nal Attri*ut$"
U Si!nal Routin!
U Sin-"= U"$ to out'ut or i"'la# "i!nal"
U Sourc$"= U"$ to !$n$rat$ (ariou" "i!nal"
U U"$r/D$fin$ 2unction"
U Di"cr$t$= Lin$ar1 i"cr$t$/tim$ "#"t$m $l$m$nt" 0tran"f$r function"1 "tat$/
"'ac$ mo$l"1 $tc+3
U Lin$ar= Lin$ar1 continuou"/tim$ "#"t$m $l$m$nt" an conn$ction"
0"ummin! Aunction"1 !ain"1 $tc+3
U Nonlin$ar= Nonlin$ar o'$rator" 0ar*itrar# function"1 "aturation1 $la#1
$tc+3
U Conn$ction"= Multi'l$.1 D$multi'l$.1 S#"t$m Macro"1 $tc+
Bloc-" &a($ B$ro to "$($ral in'ut t$rminal" an B$ro to "$($ral out'ut
t$rminal"+ Unu"$ in'ut t$rminal" ar$ inicat$ *# a "mall o'$n trian!l$+
Unu"$ out'ut t$rminal" ar$ inicat$ *# a "mall trian!ular 'oint+ T&$ *loc-
"&o%n *$lo% &a" an unu"$ in'ut t$rminal on t&$ l$ft an an unu"$ out'ut
t$rminal on t&$ ri!&t+
47
L").+
Lin$" tran"mit "i!nal" in t&$ ir$ction inicat$ *# t&$ arro%+ Lin$" mu"t
al%a#" tran"mit "i!nal" from t&$ out'ut t$rminal of on$ *loc- to t&$ in'ut
t$rminal of anot&$r *loc-+ On$ $.c$'tion to t&i" i" a lin$ can ta' off of
anot&$r lin$1 "'littin! t&$ "i!nal to $ac& of t%o $"tination *loc-"1 a" "&o%n
*$lo%+
Lin$" can n$($r inA$ct a "i!nal into anot&$r lin$C lin$" mu"t *$ com*in$
t&rou!& t&$ u"$ of a *loc- "uc& a" a "ummin! Aunction+
A "i!nal can *$ $it&$r a "calar "i!nal or a ($ctor "i!nal+ 2or Sin!l$/In'ut1
Sin!l$/Out'ut "#"t$m"1 "calar "i!nal" ar$ !$n$rall# u"$+ 2or Multi/In'ut1
Multi/Out'ut "#"t$m"1 ($ctor "i!nal" ar$ oft$n u"$1 con"i"tin! of t%o or
mor$ "calar "i!nal"+ T&$ lin$" u"$ to tran"mit "calar an ($ctor "i!nal" ar$
i$ntical+ T&$ t#'$ of "i!nal carri$ *# a lin$ i" $t$rmin$ *# t&$ *loc-" on
$it&$r $n of t&$ lin$+
S"#-%. EA&#-%.
4?
T&$ simple mo$l 0from t&$ mo$l fil$" "$ction3 con"i"t" of t&r$$ *loc-"=
St$'1 Tran"f$r 2cn1 an Sco'$+ T&$ St$' i" a "ourc$ *loc- from %&ic& a "t$'
in'ut "i!nal ori!inat$"+ T&i" "i!nal i" tran"f$rr$ t&rou!& t&$ lin$ in t&$
ir$ction inicat$ *# t&$ arro% to t&$ Tran"f$r 2unction lin$ar *loc-+ T&$
Tran"f$r 2unction moifi$" it" in'ut "i!nal an out'ut" a n$% "i!nal on a
lin$ to t&$ Sco'$+ T&$ Sco'$ i" a "in- *loc- u"$ to i"'la# a "i!nal muc&
li-$ an o"cillo"co'$+
T&$r$ ar$ man# mor$ t#'$" of *loc-" a(aila*l$ in Simulin-1 "om$ of %&ic&
%ill *$ i"cu""$ lat$r+ Ri!&t no%1 %$ %ill $.amin$ Au"t t&$ t&r$$ %$ &a($
u"$ in t&$ "im'l$ mo$l+
M(:"5*"); B%(=4+
A *loc- can *$ moifi$ *# ou*l$/clic-in! on it+ 2or $.am'l$1 if #ou
ou*l$/clic- on t&$ ETran"f$r 2cnE *loc- in t&$ simple mo$l1 #ou %ill "$$
t&$ follo%in! ialo! *o.+
4@
T&i" ialo! *o. contain" fi$l" for t&$ num$rator an t&$ $nominator of t&$
*loc-H" tran"f$r function+ B# $nt$rin! a ($ctor containin! t&$ co$ffici$nt" of
t&$ $"ir$ num$rator or $nominator 'ol#nomial1 t&$ $"ir$ tran"f$r
function can *$ $nt$r$+ 2or $.am'l$1 to c&an!$ t&$ $nominator to
"V5T5"T11 $nt$r t&$ follo%in! into t&$ $nominator fi$l=
W1 5 1X
an &it t&$ clo"$ *utton1 t&$ mo$l %ino% %ill c&an!$ to t&$ follo%in!=
%&ic& r$fl$ct" t&$ c&an!$ in t&$ $nominator of t&$ tran"f$r function+
T&$ E"t$'E *loc- can al"o *$ ou*l$/clic-$1 *rin!in! u' t&$ follo%in!
ialo! *o.+
;0
T&$ $fault 'aram$t$r" in t&i" ialo! *o. !$n$rat$ a "t$' function occurrin!
at tim$K1 "$c1 from an initial l$($l of B$ro to a l$($l of 1+ 0in ot&$r %or"1 a
unit "t$' at tK13+ Eac& of t&$"$ 'aram$t$r" can *$ c&an!$+ Clo"$ t&i" ialo!
*$for$ continuin!+
T&$ mo"t com'licat$ of t&$"$ t&r$$ *loc-" i" t&$ ESco'$E *loc-+ Dou*l$
clic-in! on t&i" *rin!" u' a *lan- o"cillo"co'$ "cr$$n+
;1
D&$n a "imulation i" '$rform$1 t&$ "i!nal %&ic& f$$" into t&$ "co'$ %ill
*$ i"'la#$ in t&i" %ino%+ D$tail$ o'$ration of t&$ "co'$ %ill not *$
co($r$ in t&i" tutorial+ T&$ onl# function %$ %ill u"$ i" t&$ auto"cal$
*utton1 %&ic& a''$ar" a" a 'air of *inocular" in t&$ u''$r 'ortion of t&$
%ino%+
R$))"); S"#$%&'"()+
To run a "imulation1 %$ %ill %or- %it& t&$ follo%in! mo$l fil$=
"im'l$5+ml
Do%nloa an o'$n t&i" fil$ in Simulin- follo%in! t&$ 'r$(iou" in"truction"
for t&i" fil$+ You "&oul "$$ t&$ follo%in! mo$l %ino%+
B$for$ runnin! a "imulation of t&i" "#"t$m1 fir"t o'$n t&$ "co'$ %ino% *#
ou*l$/clic-in! on t&$ "co'$ *loc-+ T&$n1 to "tart t&$ "imulation1 $it&$r
"$l$ct Start from t&$ Simulation m$nu 0a" "&o%n *$lo%3 or &it Ctrl/T in t&$
mo$l %ino%+
;5
T&$ "imulation "&oul run ($r# 4uic-l# an t&$ "co'$ %ino% %ill a''$ar a"
"&o%n *$lo%+ If it o$"nHt1 Au"t ou*l$ clic- on t&$ *loc- la*$l$ E"co'$+E
Not$ t&at t&$ "imulation out'ut 0"&o%n in #$llo%3 i" at a ($r# lo% l$($l
r$lati($ to t&$ a.$" of t&$ "co'$+ To fi. t&i"1 &it t&$ auto"cal$ *utton
0*inocular"31 %&ic& %ill r$"cal$ t&$ a.$" a" "&o%n *$lo%+
Not$ t&at t&$ "t$' r$"'on"$ o$" not *$!in until tK1+ T&i" can *$ c&an!$ *#
ou*l$/clic-in! on t&$ E"t$'E *loc-+ No%1 %$ %ill c&an!$ t&$ 'aram$t$r" of
t&$ "#"t$m an "imulat$ t&$ "#"t$m a!ain+ Dou*l$/clic- on t&$ ETran"f$r
2cnE *loc- in t&$ mo$l %ino% an c&an!$ t&$ $nominator to
;6
W1 50 400X

R$/run t&$ "imulation 0&it Ctrl/T3 an #ou "&oul "$$ %&at a''$ar" a" a flat
lin$ in t&$ "co'$ %ino%+ ,it t&$ auto"cal$ *utton1 an #ou "&oul "$$ t&$
follo%in! in t&$ "co'$ %ino%+
Notic$ t&at t&$ auto"cal$ *utton onl# c&an!$" t&$ ($rtical a.i"+ Sinc$ t&$
n$% tran"f$r function &a" a ($r# fa"t r$"'on"$1 it com'r$""$ into a ($r#
narro% 'art of t&$ "co'$ %ino%+ T&i" i" not r$all# a 'ro*l$m %it& t&$
"co'$1 *ut %it& t&$ "imulation it"$lf+ Simulin- "imulat$ t&$ "#"t$m for a full
t$n "$con" $($n t&ou!& t&$ "#"t$m &a r$ac&$ "t$a# "tat$ "&ortl# aft$r
on$ "$con+
To corr$ct t&i"1 #ou n$$ to c&an!$ t&$ 'aram$t$r" of t&$ "imulation it"$lf+ In
t&$ mo$l %ino%1 "$l$ct Param$t$r" from t&$ Simulation m$nu+ You %ill
"$$ t&$ follo%in! ialo! *o.+
;4
T&$r$ ar$ man# "imulation 'aram$t$r o'tion"C %$ %ill onl# *$ conc$rn$
%it& t&$ "tart an "to' tim$"1 %&ic& t$ll Simulin- o($r %&at tim$ '$rio to
'$rform t&$ "imulation+ C&an!$ Start tim$ from 0+0 to 0+? 0"inc$ t&$ "t$'
o$"nHt occur until tK1+0+ C&an!$ Sto' tim$ from 10+0 to 5+01 %&ic& "&oul
*$ onl# "&ortl# aft$r t&$ "#"t$m "$ttl$"+ Clo"$ t&$ ialo! *o. an r$run t&$
"imulation+ Aft$r &ittin! t&$ auto"cal$ *utton1 t&$ "co'$ %ino% "&oul
'ro(i$ a muc& *$tt$r i"'la# of t&$ "t$' r$"'on"$ a" "&o%n *$lo%+
;;
B$"%:"); S*+'.#+
In t&i" "$ction1 #ou %ill l$arn &o% to *uil "#"t$m" in Simulin- u"in! t&$
*uilin! *loc-" in Simulin-H" Bloc- Li*rari$"+ You %ill *uil t&$ follo%in!
"#"t$m+
2ir"t #ou %ill !at&$r all t&$ n$c$""ar# *loc-" from t&$ *loc- li*rari$"+ T&$n
#ou %ill moif# t&$ *loc-" "o t&$# corr$"'on to t&$ *loc-" in t&$ $"ir$
mo$l+ 2inall#1 #ou %ill conn$ct t&$ *loc-" %it& lin$" to form t&$ com'l$t$
"#"t$m+ Aft$r t&i"1 #ou %ill "imulat$ t&$ com'l$t$ "#"t$m to ($rif# t&at it
%or-"+
G&'8./"); B%(=4+
2ollo% t&$ "t$'" *$lo% to coll$ct t&$ n$c$""ar# *loc-"=
U Cr$at$ a n$% mo$l 0N$% from t&$ 2il$ m$nu or Ctrl/N3+ You %ill !$t a
*lan- mo$l %ino%+
;<
U Clic- on t&$ Li*rar# Bro%"$r *utton to o'$n t&$ Simulin- Li*rar#
Bro%"$r+ Clic- on t&$ Sourc$" o'tion un$r t&$ $.'an$ Simulin- titl$ to
r$($al 'o""i*l$ "ourc$" for t&$ mo$l+
;7
U Dra! t&$ St$' *loc- from t&$ "ourc$" %ino% into t&$ l$ft "i$ of #our
mo$l %ino%+
;?
U 2rom t&$ Simulin- Li*rar# Bro%"$r1 ra! t&$ Sum an :ain from EMat&
O'$ration"E o'tion foun un$r t&$ Simulin- titl$+
U S%itc& to t&$ EContinuou"E o'tion an ra! t%o in"tanc$" of t&$ Tran"f$r
2cn 0ra! it t%o tim$"3 into #our mo$l %ino% arran!$ a''ro.imat$l# a"
"&o%n *$lo%+ T&$ $.act ali!nm$nt i" not im'ortant "inc$ it can *$ c&an!$
;@
lat$r+ Yu"t tr# to !$t t&$ corr$ct r$lati($ 'o"ition"+ Notic$ t&at t&$ "$con
Tran"f$r 2unction *loc- &a" a 1 aft$r it" nam$+ Sinc$ no t%o *loc-" ma#
&a($ t&$ "am$ nam$1 Simulin- automaticall# a''$n" num*$r" follo%in! t&$
nam$" of *loc-" to iff$r$ntiat$ *$t%$$n t&$m+
U Clic- on t&$ ESin-"E o'tion t&$n ra! o($r t&$ ESco'$E icon
<0
M(:"5* B%(=4+
2ollo% t&$"$ "t$'" to 'ro'$rl# moif# t&$ *loc-" in #our mo$l+
U Dou*l$/clic- #our Sum *loc-+ Sinc$ #ou %ill %ant t&$ "$con in'ut to *$
"u*tract$1 $nt$r T/ into t&$ li"t of "i!n" fi$l+ Clo"$ t&$ ialo! *o.+
U Dou*l$/clic- #our :ain *loc-+ C&an!$ t&$ !ain to 5+; an clo"$ t&$
ialo! *o.+
U Dou*l$/clic- t&$ l$ftmo"t Tran"f$r 2unction *loc-+ C&an!$ t&$ num$rator
to W1 5X an t&$ $nominator to W1 0X+ Clo"$ t&$ ialo! *o.+
U Dou*l$/clic- t&$ ri!&tmo"t Tran"f$r 2unction *loc-+ L$a($ t&$ num$rator
W1X1 *ut c&an!$ t&$ $nominator to W1 5 4X+ Clo"$ t&$ ialo! *o.+ Your mo$l
"&oul a''$ar a"=
<1
U C&an!$ t&$ nam$ of t&$ fir"t Tran"f$r 2unction *loc- *# clic-in! on t&$
%or" ETran"f$r 2cnE+ A *o. an an $itin! cur"or %ill a''$ar on t&$ *loc-H"
nam$ a" "&o%n *$lo%+ U"$ t&$ -$#*oar 0t&$ mou"$ i" al"o u"$ful3 to $l$t$
t&$ $.i"tin! nam$ an t#'$ in t&$ n$% nam$1 EPI Controll$rE+ Clic-
an#%&$r$ out"i$ t&$ nam$ *o. to fini"& $itin!+
<5
U Similarl#1 c&an!$ t&$ nam$ of t&$ "$con Tran"f$r 2unction *loc- from
ETran"f$r 2cn1E to EPlantE+ No%1 all t&$ *loc-" ar$ $nt$r$ 'ro'$rl#+ Your
mo$l "&oul a''$ar a"=
C()).='"); B%(=4+ 6"'8 L").+
No% t&at t&$ *loc-" ar$ 'ro'$rl# lai out1 #ou %ill no% conn$ct t&$m
to!$t&$r+ 2ollo% t&$"$ "t$'"+
U Dra! t&$ mou"$ from t&$ out'ut t$rminal of t&$ St$' *loc- to t&$ u''$r
0'o"iti($3 in'ut of t&$ Sum *loc-+ L$t !o of t&$ mou"$ *utton onl# %&$n t&$
mou"$ i" ri!&t on t&$ in'ut t$rminal+ Do not %orr# a*out t&$ 'at& #ou follo%
%&il$ ra!!in!1 t&$ lin$ %ill rout$ it"$lf+ You "&oul "$$ t&$ follo%in!+
<6
T&$ r$"ultin! lin$ "&oul &a($ a fill$ arro%&$a+ If t&$ arro%&$a i" o'$n1
a" "&o%n *$lo%1 it m$an" it i" not conn$ct$ to an#t&in!+
You can continu$ t&$ 'artial lin$ #ou Au"t r$% *# tr$atin! t&$ o'$n
arro%&$a a" an out'ut t$rminal an ra%in! Au"t a" *$for$+ Alt$rnati($l#1 if
<4
#ou %ant to r$ra% t&$ lin$1 or if t&$ lin$ conn$ct$ to t&$ %ron! t$rminal1
#ou "&oul $l$t$ t&$ lin$ an r$ra% it+ To $l$t$ a lin$ 0or an# ot&$r
o*A$ct31 "im'l# clic- on it to "$l$ct it1 an &it t&$ $l$t$ -$#+
U Dra% a lin$ conn$ctin! t&$ Sum *loc- out'ut to t&$ :ain in'ut+ Al"o
ra% a lin$ from t&$ :ain to t&$ PI Controll$r1 a lin$ from t&$ PI Controll$r
to t&$ Plant1 an a lin$ from t&$ Plant to t&$ Sco'$+ You "&oul no% &a($ t&$
follo%in!+
U T&$ lin$ r$mainin! to *$ ra%n i" t&$ f$$*ac- "i!nal conn$ctin! t&$
out'ut of t&$ Plant to t&$ n$!ati($ in'ut of t&$ Sum *loc-+ T&i" lin$ i"
iff$r$nt in t%o %a#"+ 2ir"t1 "inc$ t&i" lin$ loo'" aroun an o$" not "im'l#
follo% t&$ "&ort$"t 0ri!&t/an!l$3 rout$ "o it n$$" to *$ ra%n in "$($ral
"ta!$"+ S$con1 t&$r$ i" no out'ut t$rminal to "tart from1 "o t&$ lin$ &a" to ta'
off of an $.i"tin! lin$+
To ta' off t&$ out'ut lin$1 &ol t&$ Ctrl -$# %&il$ ra!!in! t&$ mou"$ from
t&$ 'oint on t&$ $.i"tin! lin$ %&$r$ #ou %ant to ta' off+ In t&i" ca"$1 "tart
Au"t to t&$ ri!&t of t&$ Plant+ Dra! until #ou !$t to t&$ lo%$r l$ft corn$r of t&$
$"ir$ f$$*ac- "i!nal lin$ a" "&o%n *$lo%+
<;
No%1 t&$ o'$n arro%&$a of t&i" 'artial lin$ can *$ tr$at$ a" an out'ut
t$rminal+ Dra% a lin$ from it to t&$ n$!ati($ t$rminal of t&$ Sum *loc- in t&$
u"ual mann$r+
<<
U No%1 #ou %ill ali!n t&$ *loc-" %it& $ac& ot&$r for a n$at$r a''$aranc$+
Onc$ conn$ct$1 t&$ actual 'o"ition" of t&$ *loc-" o$" not matt$r1 *ut it i"
$a"i$r to r$a if t&$# ar$ ali!n$+ To mo($ $ac& *loc-1 ra! it %it& t&$
mou"$+ T&$ lin$" %ill "ta# conn$ct$ an r$/rout$ t&$m"$l($"+ T&$ mil$"
an corn$r" of lin$" can al"o *$ ra!!$ to iff$r$nt location"+ Startin! at t&$
l$ft1 ra! $ac& *loc- "o t&at t&$ lin$" conn$ctin! t&$m ar$ 'ur$l# &oriBontal+
Al"o1 aAu"t t&$ "'acin! *$t%$$n *loc-" to l$a($ room for "i!nal la*$l"+ You
"&oul &a($ "om$t&in! li-$=
U 2inall#1 #ou %ill 'lac$ la*$l" in #our mo$l to i$ntif# t&$ "i!nal"+ To
'lac$ a la*$l an#%&$r$ in #our mo$l1 ou*l$ clic- at t&$ 'oint #ou %ant t&$
la*$l to *$+ Start *# ou*l$ clic-in! a*o($ t&$ lin$ l$ain! from t&$ St$'
*loc-+ You %ill !$t a *lan- t$.t *o. %it& an $itin! cur"or a" "&o%n *$lo%
<7
T#'$ an r in t&i" *o.1 la*$lin! t&$ r$f$r$nc$ "i!nal an clic- out"i$ it to $n
$itin!+
U La*$l t&$ $rror 0$3 "i!nal1 t&$ control 0u3 "i!nal1 an t&$ out'ut 0#3 "i!nal
in t&$ "am$ mann$r+ Your final mo$l "&oul a''$ar a"=
<?
U To "a($ #our mo$l1 "$l$ct Sa($ A" in t&$ 2il$ m$nu an t#'$ in an#
$"ir$ mo$l nam$+
S"#$%&'"()
No% t&at t&$ mo$l i" com'l$t$1 #ou can "imulat$ t&$ mo$l+ S$l$ct Start
from t&$ Simulation m$nu to run t&$ "imulation+ Dou*l$/clic- on t&$ Sco'$
*loc- to (i$% it" out'ut+ ,it t&$ auto"cal$ *utton 0*inocular"3 an #ou
"&oul "$$ t&$ follo%in!+
T&4"); @&/"&<%.+ 5/(# MATLAB
In "om$ ca"$"1 'aram$t$r"1 "uc& a" !ain1 ma# *$ calculat$ in MATLAB to
*$ u"$ in a Simulin- mo$l+ If t&i" i" t&$ ca"$1 it i" not n$c$""ar# to $nt$r
t&$ r$"ult of t&$ MATLAB calculation ir$ctl# into Simulin-+ 2or $.am'l$1
"u''o"$ %$ calculat$ t&$ !ain in MATLAB in t&$ (aria*l$ N+ Emulat$ t&i"
*# $nt$rin! t&$ follo%in! comman at t&$ MATLAB comman 'rom't+
NK5+;

T&i" (aria*l$ can no% *$ u"$ in t&$ Simulin- :ain *loc-+ In #our Simulin-
mo$l1 ou*l$/clic- on t&$ :ain *loc- an $nt$r t&$ follo%in! in t&$ :ain
fi$l+
N
<@
Clo"$ t&i" ialo! *o.+ Notic$ no% t&at t&$ :ain *loc- in t&$ Simulin- mo$l
"&o%" t&$ (aria*l$ N rat&$r t&an a num*$r+
No%1 #ou can r$/run t&$ "imulation an (i$% t&$ out'ut on t&$ Sco'$+ T&$
r$"ult "&oul *$ t&$ "am$ a" *$for$+
70
No%1 if an# calculation" ar$ on$ in MATLAB to c&an!$ an# of t&$
(aria*l$" u"$ in t&$ Simulin- mo$l1 t&$ "imulation %ill u"$ t&$ n$% (alu$"
t&$ n$.t tim$ it i" run+ To tr# t&i"1 in MATLAB1 c&an!$ t&$ !ain1 N1 *#
$nt$rin! t&$ follo%in! at t&$ comman 'rom't+
NK;
Start t&$ Simulin- "imulation a!ain1 *rin! u' t&$ Sco'$ %ino%1 an &it t&$
auto"cal$ *utton+ You %ill "$$ t&$ follo%in! out'ut %&ic& r$fl$ct" t&$ n$%1
&i!&$r !ain+
71
B$"i$" (aria*l$"1 "i!nal" an $($n $ntir$ "#"t$m" can *$ $.c&an!$
*$t%$$n MATLAB an Simulin-
S"#$%&'"() $+"); MAT LAB2
EAN( 2 15 S"#$%&'"() (5 S-/"); M&++ S*+'.#
7/"'"); M&'%&< F$)='"()+2 D&#-.: +-/"); +*+'.#
In t&i" $.am'l$1 %$ %ill cr$at$ a Simulin- mo$l for a ma"" attac&$ to a
"'rin! %it& a lin$ar am'in! forc$+
A ma"" on a "'rin! %it& a ($locit#/$'$nant am'in! forc$ an a tim$/
$'$nant forc$ actin! u'on it %ill *$&a($ accorin! to t&$ follo%in!
$4uation=
T&$ mo$l %ill *$ form$ aroun t&i" $4uation+ In t&i" $4uation1 HmH i" t&$
$4ui(al$nt ma"" of t&$ "#"t$mC HcH i" t&$ am'in! con"tantC an H-H i" t&$
con"tant for t&$ "tiffn$"" of t&$ "'rin!+ 2ir"t %$ %ant to r$arran!$ t&$ a*o($
$4uation "o t&at it i" in t$rm" of acc$l$rationC t&$n %$ %ill int$!rat$ to !$t
t&$ $.'r$""ion" for ($locit# an 'o"ition+ R$arran!in! t&$ $4uation to
accom'li"& t&i"1 %$ !$t=
75
To *uil t&$ mo$l1 %$ "tart %it& a H"t$'H *loc- an a H!ainH *loc-+ T&$ !ain
*loc- r$'r$"$nt" t&$ ma""1 %&ic& %$ %ill *$ $4ual to ;+ D$ al"o -no% t&at
%$ %ill n$$ to int$!rat$ t%ic$1 t&at %$ %ill n$$ to a t&$"$ $4uation"
to!$t&$r1 an t&at t&$r$ ar$ t%o mor$ con"tant" to con"i$r+ T&$ am'in!
con"tant HcH %ill act on t&$ ($locit#1 t&at i"1 aft$r t&$ fir"t int$!ration1 an t&$
con"tant H-H %ill act on t&$ 'o"ition1 or aft$r t&$ "$con int$!ration+ L$t c K
0+6; an l$t - K 0+;+ La#in! all t&$"$ *loc- out to !$t an i$a of &o% to 'ut
t&$m to!$t&$r1 %$ !$t=
B# loo-in! at t&$ $4uation in t$rm" of acc$l$ration1 it i" cl$ar t&at t&$
am'in! t$rm an "'rin! t$rm ar$ "umm$ n$!ati($l#1 %&il$ t&$ ma"" t$rm
i" "till 'o"iti($+ To a 'lac$" an c&an!$ "i!n" of t$rm" *$in! "umm$1
ou*l$/clic- on t&$ "um function *loc- an $it t&$ li"t of "i!n"=
76
Onc$ %$ &a($ a$ 'lac$" an corr$ct$ t&$ "i!n" for t&$ "um *loc-1 %$
n$$ onl# conn$ct t&$ lin$" to t&$ir a''ro'riat$ 'lac$"+ To *$ a*l$ to "$$
%&at i" &a''$nin! %it& t&i" "'rin! "#"t$m1 %$ a a H"co'$H *loc- an a it
a" follo%"=
74
T&$ (alu$" of HmH1 HcH an H-H can *$ alt$r$ to t$"t ca"$" of un$r/am'in!1
critical/am'in! an o($r/am'in!+ To accurat$l# u"$ t&$ "co'$1 ri!&t/clic-
t&$ !ra'& an "$l$ct EAuto"cal$E+
T&$ ml/fil$ can no% *$ "a($+ T&$ follo%in! i" a "am'l$ out'ut %&$n t&$
mo$l i" run for 60 it$ration"+
7;
7<
EANO216 S"#$%&'"() (5 A"/-=():"'"()"); (5 & 8($+.
Air Conitionin! of a ,ou"$= Simulation of Room ,$at$r
T&i" illu"trat$" &o% %$ can u"$ Simulin- to cr$at$ t&$ Air
Conitionin! of a &ou"$ / Room ,$at$r+ T&i" "#"t$m $'$n" on t&$
outoor $n(ironm$nt1 t&$ t&$rmal c&aract$ri"tic" of t&$ &ou"$1 an t&$ &ou"$
&$atin! "#"t$m+ T&$ airZconition1+m fil$ initialiB$" ata in t&$ mo$l
%or-"'ac$+ To ma-$ c&an!$"1 %$ can $it t&$ mo$l %or-"'ac$ ir$ctl# or
$it t&$ m/fil$ an r$/loa t&$ mo$l %or-"'ac$+
O'$nin! t&$ Mo$l
In t&$ MATLAB %ino%1 loa t&$ mo$l *# $.$cutin! t&$ follo%in!
co$ 0"$l$ct t&$ co$ an 'r$"" 2@ to $(aluat$ "$l$ction3+
mlK[airZconition01[C
o'$nZ"#"t$m0ml3C
T&$ ,ou"$ ,$atin! Mo$l
M(:.% I)"'"&%"I&'"()
D&$n t&$ mo$l i" o'$n$1 it loa" t&$ information a*out t&$ &ou"$
from t&$ airZconition1+m fil$+ T&$ M/fil$ o$" t&$ follo%in!=
D$fin$" t&$ &ou"$ !$om$tr# 0"iB$1 num*$r of %ino%"3
S'$cifi$" t&$ t&$rmal 'ro'$rti$" of &ou"$ mat$rial"
Calculat$" t&$ t&$rmal r$"i"tanc$ of t&$ &ou"$
Pro(i$" t&$ &$at$r c&aract$ri"tic" 0t$m'$ratur$ of t&$ &ot air1 flo%/
rat$3
D$fin$" t&$ co"t of $l$ctricit# 0R"+4+00)-D&r3
S'$cifi$" t&$ initial room t$m'$ratur$ 010 $!+ C$l"iu" K ;0 $!+
2a&r$n&$it3
Not$= Tim$ i" !i($n in unit" of &our"+ C$rtain 4uantiti$"1 li-$ air
flo%/rat$1 ar$ $.'r$""$ '$r &our 0not '$r "$con3+
M(:.% C(#-().)'+
S.' P(")'
77
ES$t PointE i" a con"tant *loc-+ It "'$cifi$" t&$ t$m'$ratur$ t&at mu"t
*$ maintain$ inoor"+ It i" "$t at ?< $!r$$" 2a&r$n&$it %&ic& i" $4ual to 60
$!r$$" C$nti!ra$+
B# $fault+ T$m'$ratur$" ar$ !i($n in 2a&r$n&$it1 *ut t&$n ar$
con($rt$ to C$l"iu" to '$rform t&$ calculation"+

T8./#(+'&'
ET&$rmo"tatE i" a "u*"#"t$m t&at contain" a R$la# *loc-+ T&$
t&$rmo"tat allo%" fluctuation" of ; $!r$$" 2a&r$n&$it a*o($ or *$lo% t&$
$"ir$ room t$m'$ratur$+ If air t$m'$ratur$ ro'" *$lo% ?1 $!r$$"
2a&r$n&$it1 t&$ t&$rmo"tat turn" on t&$ &$at$r+
D$ can "$$ t&$ T&$rmo"tat "u*"#"t$m *# t&$ follo%in! comman in
MATLAB Comman %ino%+
o'$nZ"#"t$m0Wml1H)T&$rmo"tatHX3C

H.&'./
E,$at$rE i" a "u*"#"t$m t&at &a" a con"tant air flo% rat$1 EMotE1
%&ic& i" "'$cifi$ in t&$ airZconition+m M/fil$+ T&$ t&$rmo"tat "i!nal turn"
t&$ &$at$r on or off+ D&$n t&$ &$at$r i" on1 it *lo%" &ot air at t$m'$ratur$
T,$at$r
0;0 $!r$$" C$l"iu" K 155 $!r$$" 2a&r$n&$it *# $fault3 at a
con"tant flo% rat$ of Mot 01-!)"$c K 6<00-!)&r *# $fault3+
T&$ &$at flo% into t&$ room i" $.'r$""$ *# t&$ E4uation 1+
E4uation 1= 0\)t3 K 0T
&$at$r
] T
room
3^Mot^c
%&$r$ c i" t&$ &$at ca'acit# of air at con"tant 'r$""ur$+
D$ can "$$ t&$ ,$at$r "u*"#"t$m *# t&$ follo%in! comman in
o'$nZ"#"t$m0Wml1H),$at$rHX3C
C(+' C&%=$%&'(/
ECo"t CalculatorE i" a :ain *loc-+ ECo"t CalculatorE int$!rat$" t&$ &$at
flo% o($r tim$ an multi'li$" it *# t&$ $n$r!# co"t+
T&$ co"t of &$atin! i" 'lott$ in t&$ EPlotR$"ult"E "co'$+
H($+.
E,ou"$E i" a "u*"#"t$m t&at calculat$" room t$m'$ratur$ (ariation"+ It
ta-$" into con"i$ration t&$ &$at flo% from t&$ &$at$r an &$at lo""$" to t&$
$n(ironm$nt+ ,$at lo""$" an t&$ t$m'$ratur$ tim$ $ri(ati($ ar$ $.'r$""$
*# E4uation 5+
E4uation 5
0\)t3
lo""$"
K0T
room
] T
out
3 ) R$4 %&$r$ R$4 i" t&$ $4ui(al$nt t&$rmal
r$"i"tanc$ of t&$ &ou"$+
7?
D$ can "$$ t&$ ,ou"$ "u*"#"t$m *# t&$ follo%in! comman in
o'$nZ"#"t$m0Wml1H),ou"$HX3C
M(:.%"); '8. E)?"/()#.)'
D$ mo$l t&$ $n(ironm$nt a" a &$at "in- %it& infinit$ &$at ca'acit#
an tim$ (ar#in! t$m'$ratur$ Tout+ T&$ con"tant *loc- EA(! Outoor
T$m'E "'$cifi$" t&$ a($ra!$ air t$m'$ratur$ outoor"+ T&$ EDail# T$m'
9ariationE Sin$ Da($ *loc- !$n$rat$" ail# t$m'$ratur$ fluctuation" of
outoor t$m'$ratur$+ D$ can (ar# t&$"$ 'aram$t$r" an "$$ &o% t&$# aff$ct
t&$ &$atin! co"t"+
R$))"); '8. S"#$%&'"() &): @"+$&%"I"); '8. R.+$%'+
D$ can run t&$ "imulation an (i"ualiB$ t&$ r$"ult"+
O'$n t&$ EPlotR$"ult"E "co'$ to (i"ualiB$ t&$ r$"ult"+ T&$ &$at co"t an
inoor ($r"u" outoor t$m'$ratur$" ar$ 'lott$ on t&$ "co'$+ T&$
t$m'$ratur$ outoor (ari$" "inu"oiall#1 %&$r$a" t&$ inoor" t$m'$ratur$ i"
maintain$ %it&in ; $!r$$" 2a&r$n&$it of ES$t PointE+ Tim$ a.i" i" la*$l$
in &our"+
$(alc0H"im0ml3H3C
o'$nZ"#"t$m0Wml H)PlotR$"ult"HX31

R$mar-"
T&i" 'articular mo$l i" $"i!n$ to calculat$ t&$ &$atin! co"t" onl#+ If
t&$ t$m'$ratur$ of t&$ out"i$ air i" &i!&$r t&an t&$ room t$m'$ratur$1 t&$
room t$m'$ratur$ %ill $.c$$ t&$ $"ir$ ES$t Point8+
7@
EANO2 1D CAM &): FOLLO7ER SYSTEM
A cam an follo%$r "#"t$m i" "#"t$m)m$c&ani"m t&at u"$" a cam an
follo%$r to cr$at$ a "'$cific motion+ T&$ cam i" in mo"t ca"$" m$r$l# a flat
'i$c$ of m$tal t&at &a" &a an unu"ual "&a'$ or 'rofil$ mac&in$ onto it+
T&i" cam i" attac&$ to a "&aft %&ic& $na*l$" it to *$ turn$ *# a''l#in! a
turnin! action to t&$ "&aft+ A" t&$ cam rotat$" it i" t&$ 'rofil$ or "&a'$ of t&$
cam t&at cau"$" t&$ follo%$r to mo($ in a 'articular %a#+ T&$ mo($m$nt of
t&$ follo%$r i" t&$n tran"mitt$ to anot&$r m$c&ani"m or anot&$r 'art of t&$
m$c&ani"m+

E.aminin! t&$ ia!ram "&o%n a*o($ %$ can "$$ t&at a" "om$ $.t$rnal
turnin! forc$ i" a''li$ to t&$ "&aft 0for $.am'l$= *# motor or *# &an3 t&$
cam rotat$" %it& it+ T&$ follo%$r i" fr$$ to mo($ in t&$ Y 'lan$ *ut i" una*l$
to mo($ in t&$ ot&$r t%o "o a" t&$ lo*$ of t&$ cam 'a""$" t&$ $!$ of t&$
follo%$r it cau"$" t&$ follo%$r to mo($ u'+ T&$n "om$ $.t$rnal o%n%ar
forc$ 0u"uall# a "'rin! an !ra(it#3 'u"&$" t&$ follo%$r o%n ma-in! it -$$'
contact %it& t&$ cam+ T&i" $.t$rnal forc$ i" n$$$ to -$$' t&$ follo%$r in
contact %it& t&$ cam 'rofil$+
Di"'lac$m$nt Dia!ram"=
?0
Di"'lac$m$nt ia!ram" ar$ m$r$l# a 'lot of t%o iff$r$nt i"'lac$m$nt"
0i"tanc$"3+ T&$"$ t%o i"'alc$m$nt" ar$=
1+ t&$ i"tanc$ tra($ll$ u' or o%n *# t&$ follo%$r an
5+ t&$ an!ular i"'lac$m$nt 0i"tanc$3 rotat$ *# t&$ cam

In t&$ ia!ram "&o%n o''o"it$ %$ can "$$
t&$ t%o iff$r$nt i"'lac$m$nt"
r$'r$"$nt$ *# t&$ t%o iff$r$nt arro%"+
T&$ !r$$n arro% r$'r$"$ntin! t&$
i"'lac$m$nt of t&$ follo%$r i+$+ t&$
i"tanc$ tra($ll$ u' or o%n *# t&$
follo%$r+ T&$ mu"tar arro% 0cur($
arro%3 "&o%" t&$ an!ular i"'lac$m$nt
tra($ll$ *# t&$ cam+
Not$= An!ular i"'lac$m$nt i" t&$ an!l$ t&rou!& %&ic& t&$ cam &a"
rotat$+
If %$ $.amin$ t&$ ia!ram "&o%n *$lo% %$ can "$$ t&$ r$lation"&i'
*$t%$$n a i"'lac$m$nt ia!ram an t&$ actual 'rofil$ of t&$ cam+ Not$
onl# &alf of t&$ i"'lac$m$nt ia!ram i" ra%n *$cau"$ t&$ "$con &alf of
t&$ ia!ram i" t&$ "am$ a" t&$ fir"t+ T&$ ia!ram i" corr$ct from a
t&$or$tical 'oint of (i$% *ut %oul &a($ to c&an!$ "li!&tl# if t&$ cam %a"
to *$ actuall# ma$ an u"$+ D$ %ill con"i$r t&i" a littl$ mor$ in t&$ t&$
follo%in! "$ction / Uniform 9$locit#+
?1

Uniform 9$locit#=
Uniform 9$locit# m$an" tra($llin! at a con"tant "'$$ in a fi.$ ir$ction
an a" lon! a" t&$ "'$$ or ir$ction onHt c&an!$ t&$n it" uniform ($locit#+
In r$lation to cam an follo%$r "#"t$m"1 uniform ($locit# r$f$r" to t&$
motion of t&$ follo%$r+
No% l$tH" con"i$r a t#'ical i"'lac$m$nt ia!ram %&ic& i" m$r$l# a 'lot of
t%o iff$r$nt i"'lac$m$nt" 0i"tanc$"3+ T&$"$ t%o i"'lac$m$nt" ar$=
1+ t&$ i"tanc$ tra($ll$ u' or o%n *# t&$ follo%$r an
5+ t&$ an!ular i"'lac$m$nt 0i"tanc$3 of t&$ cam
L$t u" con"i$r t&$ ca"$ of a cam im'artin! a uniform ($locit# on a follo%$r
o($r a i"'lac$m$nt of 60mm for t&$ fir"t &alf of it" c#cl$+
D$ "&all ta-$ t&$ c#cl$ in "t$'"+ 2ir"tl# if t&$ cam &a" to im'art a
i"'lac$m$nt of 60mm on follo%$r o($r &alf it" c#cl$ t&$n it mu"t im'art a
i"'lac$m$nt of 60mm_1?0Q for $($r# 1Q turn$ *# t&$ cam i+$+ it mu"t
mo($ t&$ follo%$r 0+1<7mm '$r $!r$$ turn+ T&i" i"tanc$ i" to muc& to
"mall to ra% on a i"'lac$m$nt ia!ram "o %$ %ill con"i$r t&$
i"'lac$m$nt of t&$ follo%$r at t&$ "tart1 at t&$ $n of t&$ &alf c#cl$1 t&$ $n
of t&$ full c#cl$ an at c$rtain ot&$r int$r(al" 0t&$"$ int$r(al" or t&$
l$n!t& of t&$"$ int$r(al" %ill *$ $ci$ on lat$r3+

?5

A);%. '8. =&# 8&+
/('&'.: '8/($;8
D"+'&)=. #(?.: <* '8.
5(%%(6./
S'&/' (5 '8. C*=%. 0Q 0mm
E): (5 5"/+' H&%5 (5 '8.
C*=%.
1?0Q 60mm
E): (5 '8. F$%% C*=%. 6<0Q 0mm
D$ "&all con"i$r t&i" in t$rm" of a i"'lac$m$nt ia!ram=
2ir"t %$ %ill 'lot t&$ !ra'&+ B$for$ oin! t&i" %$ mu"t fir"t con"i$r t&$
incr$m$nt" t&at %$ %ill u"$+ D$ %ill u"$ millim$t$r" for t&$ follo%$r
i"'lac$m$nt incr$m$nt" an *$cau"$ 1Q i" too "mall %$ %ill u"$ incr$m$nt"
of 60Q for t&$ an!ular i"'lac$m$nt+
Onc$ t&i" i" on$ t&$n %$ can ra% t&$ i"'lac$m$nt ia!ram a" "&o%n
*$lo%+ Not$ a "trai!&t lin$ from t&$ i"'lac$m$nt of t&$ follo%$r at t&$ "tart
of t&$ motion to t&$ i"'lac$m$nt of t&$ follo%$r at t&$ $n of t&$ motion
r$'r$"$nt" uniform ($locit#+
D"+-%&=.#.)' D"&;/&# 5(/ U)"5(/# @.%(="'*
Sim'l$ ,armonic Motion=
2or t&i" t#'$ of motion t&$ follo%$r i"'lac$m$nt o$" not c&an!$ at a
con"tant rat$+ In ot&$r %or" t&$ follo%$r o$"nHt tra($l at con"tant "'$$+
T&$ *$"t %a# to un$r"tan t&i" non/uniform motion i" to ima!in$ a "im'l$
'$nulum "%in!in!+

Uniform Acc$l$ration an R$taration=
T&i" motion i" u"$ %&$r$ t&$ follo%$r i" r$4uir$ to ri"$ or fall %it&
uniform acc$l$ration1 t&at i" it" ($locit# i" c&an!in! at a con"tant rat$+
?6
To conclu$ t&i"=
A cam can im'art t&r$$ t#'$" of motion on it" follo%$r=
Uniform ($locit# Sim'l$ &armonic motion
Uniform acc$l$ration an
r$taration
Eac& of t&$"$ motion" can *$ r$'r$"$nt$ *# a i"'lac$m$nt ia!ram+
?4
?;
?<
?7
??
?@
@0
@1
Sim'l# "u''ort$ *$am=
@5
@6
@4
@;
@<
@7
@?

Rajalakshmi Ansys Lab Manual

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RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

THANDALAM, CHENNAI- 602105

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