GRAVITY: REASON FOR BSM, STABILIZER OF SM + BSM

Durmuş Demir

Sabancı University, İstanbul

Conference on Neutrinos and Dark Matter (NDM 2020) (January 13, 2020; Hurghada, Egypt)
1
 SM GR e of metri c 𝑔 !" )
acetim
(QFT in flat spacetime of metric 𝜂!" ( cu rved sp
with full experimental confirmation)

BSM
(QFT in flat spacetime of metric 𝜂!" as required
for dark matter, massive neutrinos, flavor, …) QFT and GR are incompatible:
𝜂!" ↪ 𝑔!"
QFT 𝜂, 𝜓 𝑄ℱ𝒯 𝑔, 𝜓

(R. Wald, 0907.0416,2009)

Each extension comes with a specific UV scale and specific mechanism:

Fact Interpretation Mechanism

neutrinos have mass explicit lepton number breaking see-saw
at a scale 𝑚# < ∞ (𝑚# ↪ neutrino mass)

gravity exists explicit Poincare breaking covariance

at a scale Λ℘ < ∞ (Λ%℘ ↪ curvature)
The vacuum and the Higgs sectors are both destabilized:

+ !
ℓ ≤ Λ!℘ + ℎ
ℓ! ≤ Λ!℘
ℎ
+ ⋯

𝛿𝑆!" 𝜂, Λ ℘ = −∫ 𝑑 $ 𝑥 −𝜂 {𝑐$ str 1 Λ$℘ + 𝑐% str 𝑚& Λ&℘ + 𝑐' Λ&℘ℎ& }

Quantity Loop Factor Problem

vacuum energy 1 Cosmological Constant Problem
𝑐& = 2 𝑐' =
32𝜋 %

Higgs boson mass 1 % % Big Hierarchy Problem

𝑐( = (2 𝑚 ( + str 𝑚 )
32𝜋 % Λ%)

(Ya. Zeldovich, 1967, M. Veltman, 1981)

The photon, gluon, … all acquire masses:

𝑉) (𝑘) ℓ! ≤ Λ!℘ 𝑉 ( (𝑘)

𝛿𝑆* 𝜂, Λ ℘ = ∫ 𝑑 $ 𝑥 −𝜂 𝑐* Λ&℘ + 0. logΛ ℘ tr V) V) + "transverse part"

Gauge Boson Loop Factor Broken Symmetry

𝑔!*+,,…,/ 𝑐0 =
%,
𝑔3% color
,12!

%,
𝑊!4+,,…,5 𝑐) = 𝑔%% isospin
,12!

𝐵! 57 hypercharge
𝑐6 = 5%2! 𝑔8%

0"
𝐴! 𝑐) ≠ 2𝑐6 ⟹ tan 𝜃9 ≠ electric charge
0!

(D’Attanasio, hep-ph/9602156, 1996; Peskin & Schroeder, 1995) (L. Okun, 1977; A. Ignatiev & G. Joshi, 1996)
How to stabilize the Higgs boson mass ?

How to prevent charge and color breaking ?

In search for an answer, start with a trivial identity:

𝛿𝑆* ≡ −𝐼* + ∫𝛿𝑆𝑑*$ 𝑥+ 𝐼*−𝜂 𝑐* Λ&℘ tr V) V) + ∫ 𝑑 $ 𝑥 −𝜂 𝑐* tr[𝑉) −𝐷)(

& 𝑉 ( + 𝜕 (𝑉 𝑉)( )]
) (

& + Λ& 𝜂
≡ −𝐼* 𝜂 + ∫ 𝑑 $ 𝑥 −𝜂 𝑐* tr[𝑉) −𝐷)( ( )(
℘ )( 𝑉 + 𝜕) (𝑉( 𝑉 )]

𝑐*
𝐼* 𝜂 = ∫ 𝑑$𝑥 −𝜂 tr V)( V)(
2
% = 𝐷% 𝜂
𝐷!" !" − 𝐷! 𝐷" − 𝑉!"

𝐷! = 𝜕! + 𝑖𝑔 𝑉!

(DD, 1901.07244, 2019; 1605.00377, 2016)

… and invoke general covariance to take the “new 𝛿𝑆: ” into curved spacetime:

𝜂)( ↪ 𝑔)(
𝛿𝑆* 𝜂, Λ ℘ 𝛿𝑆* 𝑔, Λ ℘ ≡ −𝐼* 𝑔 + ∫ 𝑑 $ 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑐* tr[𝑉) −𝒟)(
& + Λ& 𝑔 ( )(
℘ )( 𝑉 + 𝛻) (𝑉( 𝑉 )]

% = 𝒟%𝑔
𝒟!" !" − 𝒟! 𝒟" − 𝑉!"

𝒟! = 𝛻! + 𝑖𝑔 𝑉!

+Γ , -
)( = 𝑔 ,. (𝜕) 𝑔(. + 𝜕( 𝑔.) - 𝜕. 𝑔() )
&
… but a curvature sector is needed for metric 𝑔!" to be dynamical:

𝛿𝑆* 𝑔, Λ ℘ + curvature sector

0/
Q & 𝑅 𝑔 + 𝑐U& 𝑅(𝑔)& +
∫ 𝑑 $ 𝑥 −𝑔 {𝑀 #
𝑅(𝑔)3 + ⋯}
21$

𝑅 𝑔 = 𝑔!" 𝑅!" ( 0Γ)

$ !, 𝑐'!, 𝑐'%, ⋯ are all incalculable constants!

𝑀
(loops have been used up in flat spacetime)

curvature-by-hand works only for classical FT !

for QFT;<< 𝑔, Λ℘ curvature must arise from “within”
How to make curvature arise from within effective QFT?
E. Krestchmann, 1915,
J. D. Norton, 2001,
general covariance alone does not mean gravity; R. D. Sorkin, 2002 , …
any theory (say, Newtonian) can be made covariant
curvature must be included separately; either by hand
… or by a new rule giving birth to curvature :

𝜂)( ↪ 𝑔)( 𝛬&℘ 𝑔)( ↪ ℝ)( (𝛤)

QFT455 𝜂, Λ ℘ QFT455 𝑔, Λ ℘ QFT455 𝑔, ℝ

= ≠ 0Γ = ⟹ ℝ
Γ!" 0
!" !" 𝛤 ≠ 𝑅!" ( Γ)

“affine curvature” is the substance needed to

fix the “vacuous” nature of general covariance

(DD, PPC, Texas A&M, 2017)

Extended general covariance makes 𝛿𝑆: purely geometrical:

𝜂)( ↪ 𝑔)(
𝛿𝑆* 𝜂, Λ ℘ −𝐼* 𝑔 + ∫ 𝑑 $ 𝑥 −𝑔 c6 tr 𝑉) −𝒟)(
& +ℝ
)( Γ 𝑉 ( + 𝛻) 𝑉( 𝑉)(
𝛬&℘ 𝑔)( ↪ ℝ)( (𝛤)

= ∫ 𝑑 $ 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑐* tr 𝑉) ℝ)( Γ − 𝑅)( ( +Γ) 𝑉 (

if 𝑐: is held unchanged
under 𝛬%℘ 𝑔!" ↪ ℝ!" (𝛤)
CCB gets suppressed if
=
Γ!" dynamics enables
ℝ!" Γ → 𝑅!" ( 0Γ)
Extended general covariance cools down the vacuum and Higgs sectors (ℝ 𝑔, Γ = 𝑔!" ℝ!" Γ ):

0& 0' & 0(

𝛿𝑆!" 𝑔, ℝ = ∫ 𝑑 $ 𝑥 −𝑔 {− ℝ 𝑔, Γ ℎ& − str 1 ℝ 𝑔, Γ − str 𝑚& ℝ 𝑔, Γ }
$ -7 $

str[…] must
%
lead to 𝑀>? !
𝒪(Λ'℘ ) vacuum
energy turned
into curvature-
squared!
𝒪(Λ%℘ ) Higgs mass-
squared turned into
Higgs-curvature
coupling!
Newton’s constant necessitates a BSM sector:

0 0' & 0(
𝛿𝑆!" 𝑔, ℝ = ∫ 𝑑$𝑥 −𝑔 {− & ℝ 𝑔, Γ ℎ& − str 1 ℝ 𝑔, Γ − str 𝑚& ℝ 𝑔, Γ }
$ -7 $

str 𝑚% < 0, str 𝑚% ∼ Λ%)

⟹ SM alone is insufficient !

introduce a “BSM sector”

composed of fields 𝜓 @ of masses
𝑚@ = {𝑚(# , 𝑚: # , 𝑚A# , ⋯ }
SM and BSM do not have to couple to each other:

& - one-loop 1
𝑀89 = 𝑐% str 𝑚& + 𝑐%) str 𝑚:& str ℳ %
& 64𝜋 %

ℳ = {𝑚' , 𝑚* , 𝑚5 , 𝑚') , 𝑚*) , 𝑚5) , ⋯ }

no need to SM-BSM coupling!

(in contrast to SUSY, compositeness,
extra dimensions, little Higgs, …)
Extended general covariance sets the complete curvature sector (on the SM+BSM basis):

𝑐$ &
𝛿𝑆 𝑔, ℝ = ∫ 𝑑$𝑥 −𝑔 {−Q)( ℝ)( Γ + str 1 ℝ 𝑔, Γ − 𝑐* 𝑅)( +Γ tr 𝒱) 𝒱 ( }
16

&
𝑀89 𝑐$
𝑄)( = + str 1 ℝ 𝑔, Γ 𝑔)( + 𝒦 )(
2 8

0ℋ
𝒦 )( = ℋ & 𝑔)( − 𝑐𝒱 tr 𝒱) 𝒱 (
$

ℋ = {ℎ, ℎ@ } 𝒱! = {𝑉! , 𝑉!@ }

 = :
GR is possible only for a specific solution of Γ!"

<𝛻 𝑄)( = 0
=

, = +Γ , + -
Γ)( )( 𝑄>- ,. 𝛻) 𝑄(. + 𝛻( 𝑄.) − 𝛻. 𝑄)(
&

= because
a non-linear PDE for Γ!"
𝑄!" involves the affine curvature
ℝ 𝑔, Γ ∼ 𝜕Γ + ΓΓ
GR emerges only if ℝ
dependence is erased
 =
erasing ℝ 𝑔, Γ from Γ!"

(C) (5)
str 1 = 0 ⟹ 𝑛?2@A?2 = 𝑛?2@A?2

!
!" B$%
𝑄 = 𝑔!" + 𝒦 !"
%

-
, = +Γ , +
Γ)( )( (𝑄g >- ),. 𝛻) 𝑄g(. + 𝛻( 𝑄g.) − 𝛻. 𝑄g)(
&

+Γ , - E𝒦 $
= )( + $ 𝛻) 𝒦(. + 𝛻( 𝒦.) − 𝛻. 𝒦)( + 𝒪( ' )
2+, 2+,

a purely algebraic
relation between
=
Γ!" and 0Γ!"=
!
Extended general covariance suppresses Charge and Color Breaking (CCB):

𝛻𝒦 𝛻 &𝒦
,
Γ)( = +Γ)(
, +𝒪 ⟹ ℝ Γ = 𝑅 ( +Γ) +𝒪(
&
𝑀89
)( )(
𝑀89& )

E$ 𝒦
𝛿𝑆* 𝑔, ℝ ≡ ∫ 𝑑$𝑥 −𝑔 𝑐* tr 𝑉) ℝ)( Γ − 𝑅)( +Γ 𝑉( =0+ ∫ 𝑑$𝑥 −𝑔 𝑐* 𝒪( $ )
2+,

CCB is suppressed ! no gauge or

Higgs mass
terms at all!
Extended general covariance leads to exact Einstein gravity:

𝛻𝒦 𝛻 &𝒦
,
Γ)( = +Γ)(
, +𝒪 ⟹ ℝ)( Γ = 𝑅)( ( +Γ) +𝒪( & )
&
𝑀89 𝑀89

𝑐$ &
𝛿𝑆 𝑔, ℝ = ∫ 𝑑 $ 𝑥 −𝑔 {−Q)( ℝ)( Γ + str 1 ℝ 𝑔, Γ − 𝑐* 𝑅)( +Γ tr 𝒱) 𝒱 ( }
16
&
d$% f 𝒦g& 𝒦
= ∫ 𝑑c𝑥 −𝑔 {− e
𝑅(𝑔) − cℋ 𝑅 𝑔 ℋe +𝒪 &
d$%
}

exact Einstein gravity

(no higher-curvature terms;
impossible to get with
general covariance alone!)
Extended general covariance solves the big hierarchy problem:

𝛻𝒦 𝛻 &𝒦
,
Γ)( = +Γ)(
, +𝒪 ⟹ ℝ)( Γ = 𝑅)( ( +Γ) +𝒪( & )
&
𝑀89 𝑀89

𝑐$ &
𝛿𝑆 𝑔, ℝ = ∫ 𝑑 $ 𝑥 −𝑔 {−Q)( ℝ)( Γ + str 1 ℝ 𝑔, Γ − 𝑐* 𝑅)( +Γ tr 𝒱) 𝒱 ( }
16
&
d$% f 𝒦g& 𝒦
= ∫ 𝑑c𝑥 −𝑔 {− e
𝑅(𝑔) − cℋ 𝑅 𝑔 ℋe +𝒪 &
d$%
}

big hierarchy problem is gone

(little hierarchy problem is there!)
GR has emerged in a way restoring gauge invariance (broken explicitly by Poincare breaking scale):

𝛻𝒦 𝛻 &𝒦
,
Γ)( = +Γ)(
, +𝒪 ⟹ ℝ)( Γ = 𝑅)( ( +Γ) +𝒪( & )
&
𝑀89 𝑀89

𝑐$ &
𝛿𝑆 𝑔, ℝ = ∫ 𝑑 $ 𝑥 −𝑔 {−Q)( ℝ)( Γ + str 1 ℝ 𝑔, Γ − 𝑐* 𝑅)( +Γ tr 𝒱) 𝒱 ( }
16
&
d$% f 𝒦g& 𝒦
= ∫ 𝑑c𝑥 −𝑔 {− e
𝑅(𝑔) − cℋ 𝑅 𝑔 ℋe +𝒪 &
d$%
}

GR has emerged in a way

restoring the explicitly
broken gauge symmetries
(symmergent gravity)
Logarithmic corrections are important:

$ ℳ' ℳ$ -
Ø an 𝒪(𝑀89 ) shift in vacuum energy: (𝛿𝑉)9G+ = (log $ − )
7$J$ K℘ &

cosmological constant
problem (severest form)

$
%- )
& &
Ø an 𝒪(𝑚A?2 ) shift in Higgs boson mass-squared: (𝛿𝑚'& )9G+ = ∑H) 𝑐': 𝜆'H) 𝑚H ) log $
%&

little hierarchy problem

(heavier the BSM larger the Higgs mass)
difference from other models: BSM and SM do not have to interact!
BSM couples to SM unnaturally

Ø 𝜆(C# ∼ 𝜆EB ⟹ 𝛿𝑚(% ?D0

≳ 𝑚(
(Higgs is destabilized by BSM)

BSM does not couple to SM Ø BSM is visible yet «fine-tuned»

(BSM can be detected!)
Ø 𝜆CC@ = 0 ⟹ 𝛿𝑚(% ?D0
=0
(Higgs is absolutely stable!) Ø BSM = split-SUSY (broken at 8𝜋𝑀>? )
Ø BSM is pitch-dark
(BSM evades detection!)
• str 1 = 0
& -
• 𝑀89 = str ℳ &
7$J$
BSM couples to SM naturally
!
&& (N. Arkani-Hamed
Ø 𝜆(C# ≲ !
&'
⟹ 𝛿𝑚(% ?D0 ≲ 𝑚(% and S. Dimopoulos,
#

(Higgs is logarithmically stable) hep-th/0405159)

Ø BSM is dark
(BSM can be detected!)
Pitch-Dark BSM agrees with all the current data:

no coupling
Ø PD BSM couples to SM only gravitationally:
X
𝜆HH: = 0 ⟹ (𝛿𝑚'& )9G+ = 0

(Higgs mass is absolutely stable!)

Ø PD BSM is home to Dark Energy.

(It might compensate (𝛿𝑉)?D0 to solve the CCP)

Ø PD BSM is home to Dark Matter

(Data seem to favor «undetectable» Dark Matter)

Ø PD BSM can be formed by gravitational particle

production at the end of inflation.

(P. Peebles and A. Vilenkin, arXiv:astro-ph/9904396)

Dark BSM ensures Higgs stability and offers a rich astro-particle physics:

Ø Dark BSM couples to SM see-sawically: coupling

$
%.
𝜆'H) ≲ $ ⟹ 𝛿𝑚'& 9G+
≲ 𝑚'
&
%- )

(Higgs mass is logarithmically stable!)

Ø Dark BSM is home to Dark Energy/Dark Photon

(They might be observed at high-luminosity)

Ø Dark BSM is home to Dark Matter

(Data may hide suchlike Dark Matter)
Dark BSM can be searched variously:

SM BSM

&
𝑚 "
𝜆&?2/A?2 ≲ &
production 𝑚A?2 annihilation

SM detection BSM
Dark BSM particles can be detected mainly at high-luminosity colliders.

𝜆 EB/6EB 1
heavier the BSM
feebler the couplig

disallowed

allowed

&
𝑚A?2
𝑚"&

excluded by LHC !
Scalar Dark Matter mass is bounded from above (when 𝑚( < 𝑚(# ):

h′ ℎ

h′ ℎ
%
𝜆 ((#

Ø h′ remains stable if it ejoys a ℤ% symmetry

&(#
Ø ℎ′ acquires correct relic density if 𝜆 % ((# ≃ 2.1×10G' ( )
H;:

Ø and see-sawic structure imposes 𝑚( ≲ 𝑚(# ≲ 3.38 𝑚( ≃ 420 GeV

quite a low bound!

(DM may have various forms, though!)
 Direct Detection of Dark Matter 32
See-sawic bounds can put restrictions on Dark Matter exclusion limits (depending on mediator and DM candidate)

only scalar DM!

(T. Lin, arXiv:1904.07915)

Figure 12. The current experimental parameter space for spin-independent WIMP-
nucleon cross sections. Not all published results are shown. The space above the
Dark photon coupling (kinetic mixing with hypercharge) is already within the see-sawic range:

𝜆xy(

𝑚vw
(T. Lin, arXiv:1904.07915)
Dark Neutrios must be relatively light:

⟨𝐻⟩ 𝑁′ ⟨𝐻⟩
𝜆I## 𝜆I##
𝐿 𝐿

Ø active neutrinos acquire a mass 𝑚" = 𝜆%I## ( 𝐻 /𝑀## )

Ø and as a result, see-sawic structure imposes 𝑚## ≲ 1000 TeV

a fairly light RH neutrino sector!

(F. Vissani, hep-ph/9709409, 1998)

Symmergence leads to a natural, diverse and wide SM+BSM:

Ø Exact Einstein gravity.

Ø Natural Higgs boson

Ø Charge and color conservation

BSM
Ø Diverse BSM sector
SM
Ø Various particle and astro-particle phenomena

Ø Dimensionally Regularized SM + BSM:

,
log Λ%℘ = − 𝛾K + log( 4𝜋𝜇% ) + 1
J
BSM
Ø CCP remains! GR
Thank you!

particle physicist in the time of LHC

The affine curvature obeys a non-linear PDE (ℋ and 𝒱! are dropped, for simplicity):

&MNO - ℝ 3 &MNO - ℝ ) &MNO - ℝ

ℝ = 𝑅 − 3𝛻 & log(1 + ) − 𝛻 log(1 + )𝛻 log(1 + )
$
2+, & ) $
2+, $
2+,

%
ℝ 𝑔, Γ ≃ 𝑅( 0Γ) for ℝ 𝑔, Γ ≪ 𝑀>?
%
for ℝ 𝑔, Γ ∼ 𝑀>? non-linearities
dominate, gravity deviates from GR!
§ Color breaking demolishes confinement and destructs therefore all the hadronic structures.

§ Isospin is broken explicitly and spontaneously (by 𝐻 ≠ 0).

§ Electromagnetism is broken explicitly by 𝑐) ≠ 2 𝑐6 :

𝑔&& − 𝑔R& 𝐻 & )

tan 2𝜃mQ = & & & & tan 2𝜃Q ⟹ 𝜕) 𝐽S2 ≠ 0
𝑔& − 𝑔R 𝐻 + 2 𝑐Q − 2 𝑐A Λ ℘

𝜈 𝑒† 𝑒‡

𝜈 𝑒† 𝑒‡

(L. Okun & M. Voloshin, ‘77; A. Ignatiev & G. Joshi, ‘96)