PARTICLE PHYSICS WITH BLACK HOLES

Durmuş Demir
Sabancı University
http://myweb.sabanciuniv.edu/durmusdemir/

Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Fizik ve Astronomi Kulübü (April 29, 2023)

 FLAT SPACE

two events separated by a distance 𝑑𝑠

3D z

𝑑𝑠 ! ! ! !
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑧

𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦

x
two events can have zero separation (𝑑𝑠 = 0)
if they coincide (𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑑𝑧 = 0)
space is flat
 FLAT SPACETIME

4D t
z

𝑑𝑠 ! = − 𝑐𝑑𝑡 ! + 𝑑𝑥 ! + 𝑑𝑦 ! + 𝑑𝑧 !
𝑑𝑠

𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦

x
“minus” sign is needed
for light to propagate
two events can have zero separation (𝑑𝑠 = 0)
even if they do not coincide (𝑑𝑡 ≠ 0, 𝑑𝑥 ≠ 0,
𝑑𝑦 ≠ 0, 𝑑𝑧 ≠ 0)

spacetime is flat
 FLAT SPACETIME

4D t in spherical coordinates:
z
𝑑𝑠

𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑠 ! = − 𝑐𝑑𝑡 ! + 𝑑𝑟 ! + 𝑟! 𝑑 𝜃 ! + sin! 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 !

𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜙
𝑑𝜃
y

x
spacetime is flat
(coordinate change has no effect)
 FLAT DILATED SPACETIME

4D t
z
𝑑𝑠
in an environment with intrinsic speed 𝑣!"# :
𝑑𝑟

𝑑𝑡
!
𝑑𝜙
!
𝑣"#$ !
𝑑𝑟 ! ! 𝑑𝜃 !
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑠 =− 1− ! 𝑐𝑑𝑡 + ! + 𝑟 + sin! 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 !
𝑐 𝑣"#$
y 1− !
𝑐

dilated time
contracted distance
 CURVED SPACETIME

in the presence of a body (Jupiter) of mass 𝑀, the escape speed

t
𝑣$% turns out to be the most natural intrinsic speed (𝑣!"# = 𝑣$% ):

z 𝑑𝑠
Ø escape speed from the body:
𝑑𝑟

𝑑𝑡
' ! (& )* ! = !(& )
𝑑𝜙 𝑚𝑣%& = ⟹ 𝑣%&
! + +
𝑑𝜃

𝑀
y Ø distance between two points outside the body:

!
𝑣%& 𝑑𝑟 !
x 𝑑𝑠 ! =− 1− ! 𝑐𝑑𝑡 ! + + 𝑟 ! 𝑑𝜃 ! + sin! 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 !
𝑐 !
𝑣%&
(NASA-SSE, 2019) 1− !
𝑐

gravitational gravitational
time dilation space contraction
 CURVED SPACETIME

Ø Shwarzschild radius:

#
#!" %&$ ' (" %&$ '
= ≡ ⟹ 𝑟) =
$# ($ # ( $#
𝑀

(J. Jennings, 2018)

Ø 𝑑𝑠 can be expressed in terms of Schwarzschild radius 𝑟! :

𝑟& 𝑑𝑟 !
o 𝑟% Sun = 3 km ! ! ! 𝑑𝜃 !
𝑑𝑠 =− 1− 𝑐𝑑𝑡 + 𝑟 + 𝑟 + sin! 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 !
𝑟 1− &
o 𝑟% Jupiter = 3 m 𝑟

o 𝑟% Earth = 10 mm
 EINSTEIN GRAVITY

Ø distance 𝑑𝑠 for the escape speed turns out to be the solution of

the Einstein equations for gravity of a compact body of mass 𝑀 :

gravity theory solution of Einstein equations

Einstein𝑀
gravity action: Schwarzschild solution (zero vacuum energy 𝑉" = 0) :

- %$ "
∫ 𝑑 Vol , './(&
− 𝑉0 𝑑𝑠 #
=− 1−
$!
𝑐𝑑𝑡 #
+ # + 𝑟# 𝑑 𝜃 #
+ sin# 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 #
$ &' #!

(K. Schwarzschild, 1916 arXiv:physics/9905030)

Ø true measure of curving

𝑟 is the Riemann curvature:
!

#
12 𝑟!#
Riemann curvature = (
𝑟
 BLACK HOLE

Ø if the body 𝑀 is too massive to require an escape speed bigger than

the speed of light:

𝑣F) > 𝑐
𝑟) 𝑠
𝑀 (or 𝑟 < 𝑟! ) then a black hole forms:
𝑀

o 𝑟 = 𝑟) ⇒ event horizon (the point of no return)

o 𝑟 = 𝑟) ⇒ event horizon (infinite time dilation)

𝑟! o 𝑟 < 𝑟) ⇒ black hole interior (cannot be probed from outside)

o 𝑟 < 𝑟) ⇒ black hole interior (effectively: time ⇔ radial distance)

 PHOTON MOTION AROUND BLACK HOLE

! 5& !
Ø Photon: 𝑑𝑠 =0⟹ =0
56

/ +' +̇ (
Ø Azimuthal plane (𝜃 = ): − 1− 𝑐 ! 𝑡̇ ! + ) + 𝑟 ! 𝜙̇ ! = 0 energy barrier
! + '2 )'

𝑉*++ (𝑟)
3
Ø Energy is conserved: 𝑡̇ = )
'2 )'

ℓ
Ø Ang. Mom. is conserved: 𝜙̇ =
+(

+̇ ( ℓ( +' 3 3𝑟! 𝑟
Ø Photon is a unit-mass particle: + 1− =
! !+ ( + ! 2

ℓ# ( ℓ# ℓ(
Ø 𝑉FGG 𝑟 = %(#
1 − (" = %(#
− %("%
 PHOTON SPHERE
stable photon sphere

.
Ø photons orbiting in xy-plane (𝑟 = 𝑟,- = constant, 𝜃 = ):
#

&/#
𝑑𝜙 𝑐 𝑟!
𝑑𝑠 = 0 ⟹ = 1−
𝑑𝑡 𝑟/ 𝑟/ 3
𝑟) 𝑠 𝑟78 = 𝑟&
2
&/#
𝑑𝜙 𝑐 𝑟!
𝑀 EoM ⟹ =
𝑑𝑡 𝑟/ 2𝑟/

𝑟,-

Ø photon radius 𝑟 = 𝑟,- is the last stable orbit.

unstable photon region

Ø photon radius 𝑟 = 𝑟,- depends on the underlying gravity theory.
(photons fall into BH)
(fosstodon.org, 2022)
 BLACK HOLE SHADOW

Ø photons falling within the photon sphere fall into black hole – a large shadow!

Ø consider a general spacetime:

𝛼!"

𝑑𝑠 ! = −𝐴(𝑟) 𝑐 𝑑𝑡 ! + 𝐵 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 ! + 𝐷(𝑟) 𝑑 𝜃 ! + sin! 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 !

(Perlick and Tsupko 2022 Phys Rep 947 1)

Ø shadow is characterized by “gravitational capture angle” ≡ shadow angle 𝛼%* :

𝑟&
𝐷 𝑟78 𝐴 𝑟9 !
𝑟78 1−
:;<=>?@A;<BCD 𝑟9
sin! 𝛼 &8 = 𝑟& ×
𝐴 𝑟78 𝐷 𝑟9 1− 𝑟9!
𝑟78

!E +'(
Distant observer:
, ++(
 shadow

𝑟! 𝑠
𝑟#

accretion disc
of matter

Shadow of a black hole Shadow of a black hole

(Thomas Bronzwaer and Heino Falcke 2021 ApJ 920 155) (EHT observation of Sgr. A* in 2019)
Shadow of M87* (2019) Shadow of M87* (AI)
(EHT, 2019) (PRIMO, 2023)

(Lia Medeiros et al 2023 ApJL 947 L7)

 LIGHT BENDING BY BLACK HOLE

apparent star

real star 𝑏 𝑉*++ (𝑟)

reflected light

(Burger, D. et al 2018 Gen Relativ Gravit 50, 156)

5+ ' ' +'

Ø = − 1− 3𝑟! 𝑅" 𝑟
56 I( +( +
2
5J '
Ø =
56 +(

G 5+ AH>CC +' !+'

Ø 𝜑F = 2 ∫- -
, - - ) (
-,
+( 2 '2 )'
.( ) (
(P. Laursen, 2021)
bending of light leads to
multiple images for objects
behind (lensing effect)
 absorption of a corona by
the (spinning) black hole
Markarian (320 mil. lys)

(NASA-NuSTAR, 2014)
 QUANTUM TUNNELING AND HAWKING RADIATION

Ø effective potential seen by massless particle (photon):

ℓ! 𝑟& ℓ! ℓ𝑟&
𝑉%KK 𝑟 = 1 − = !− L
2𝑟 ! 𝑟 2𝑟 2𝑟 𝑉*++ (𝑟)
massless particle

Ø potential energy barrier for massless

particles is formed by angular momentum
(1/𝑟 # ) and Schwarzschild radius (𝑟! /𝑟 1 ) quantum tunneling

Ø potential energy barrier for massive

particles involves in addition the
Newtonian contribution (1/𝑟) 𝑟

Ø quantum particles that fell into the black

hole can tunnel out through the barrier.
massive particle
Ø tunneled particles appear as radiation –
the Hawking radiation.
 QUANTUM TUNNELING AND HAWKING RADIATION

Ø Time it takes to traverse the barrier region: 𝑉*++ (𝑟)

$&'( $&'(
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
Δ𝑡 = U =U = 𝐸
$$% 𝐸 − 2 𝑉*++ 𝑟 $$% ℓ# ℓ𝑟!
𝐸−
𝑟 #+ 𝑟1
2

$&'(
𝑟 1 𝑑𝑟 𝑟23 𝑟456 𝑟
=U = 2𝜋𝑖× Z Res8
$$% 𝐸𝑟 ( − ℓ# 𝑟 1 + 𝑟! ℓ𝑟 # 7

9∼ℓ∼&
2𝜋𝑖× 𝑟456 − 𝑟23 ≃ 2𝜋𝑖 ×2 𝑟!

Ø Wavefunction: 𝜓 ∝ 𝑒 "MN$ ≃ 𝑒 2,/+' M Hawking temperature

1 ℏ𝑐 L
Ø Black body spectrum: 𝑇O ≃ ≡
4𝜋𝑟& 8𝜋𝑘P 𝐺Q 𝑀
 QUANTUM TUNNELING AND HAWKING RADIATION

Emitted power (photons only):

𝑟) 𝑠
ℏ𝑐 (
𝑀 𝑃=
15360𝜋𝐺<# 𝑀#

Evaporation time (photons only):

1
5120 𝜋𝐺<# 𝑀1 (A
𝑀
𝑡=>? = ≈ 10 years ×
ℏ𝑐 @ 𝑀BCD

Hawking radiation

(D. N. Page 1976 PRD 13, 198)

QUANTUM TUNNELING AND HAWKING RADIATION

(Frolov and Novikov 1998 “Black hole physics” (Springer))

 SYMMERGENT GRAVITY

Ø Quantum field theories (QFTs) exist in flat spacetime and make sense with an ultraviolet (UV)
cutoff scale.

Ø A gauge symmetry breaking cutoff can be:

o either the mass of a vector particle (like Z boson or W boson masses)

o or not the mass of a particle (like QCD scale or Newton’s constant)

Ø A UV cutoff which is the mass of a vector boson respects translation symmetry and the gauge
symmetries it breaks can be restored by introducing the Higgs field (Higgs mechanism).

Ø A UV cutoff which is not the mass of a particle breaks translation symmetry and the gauge
symmetries it breaks can be restored by introducing affine curvature (Symmergence mechanism).

o affine curvature leads to the usual curvature dynamically (holographically)

o emergence of general relativity necessitates new particles beyond the new ones.

(DD, 2021 Gen Relativ Gravit 53, 22)

 SYMMERGENT GRAVITY
Translation-respecting UV Cutoff 𝑀℘ Translation-breaking UV Cutoff Λ ℘

2 Tr[𝑉 𝜂 01 𝑉 ]
𝑀℘ 0 1 Φ4 𝑉0 𝜂01 𝑉1 Φ 𝜂01 (𝐷0 Φ)4 (𝐷1 Φ) Λ2℘𝑉0 𝜂01 𝑉1 𝑉0 ℝ01 ΓD 𝑉1 𝑉0 ℝ01 Γ − 𝑅01 3Γ 𝑉1

Higgs mechanism: Symmergence mechanism:

Φ-potential Γ-action

𝑀℘ → Φ Λ2℘𝑔01 → ℝ01 Γ

Φ=0 Φ Γ ≈ 3Γ Γ
ℝ01 Γ ≈ 𝑅01 3Γ

gravity emerged
gauge symmetry is restored gauge symmetry is restored
(DD, 2023 PRD, under review)
 ASYMPTOTICALLY-FLAT SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

gravity theory solution of Einstein equations

Symmergent gravity: 𝑟! # 𝑑𝑟 #
𝑑𝑠 # = 𝑒H $ − 1− 𝑐 𝑑𝑡 # + # # + sin# 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 #
∫ 𝑑 Vol
E
+
&
𝑅 #
𝑟 𝑟! + 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑀
@ &(.F) G(./ 1−
𝑟

Schwarzschild solution

64𝜋
𝛾=− 𝑑 𝑑𝜑 𝑟
3(𝑛I − 𝑛J ) 𝑟# − 𝑟𝑟! = −𝛾𝑟 # 𝜑(𝑟)
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑟!

number difference between

bosonic and fermionic degrees (H. K. Nguyen, 2022 arXiv:2211.07380)
of freedom (B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress)
 ASYMPTOTICALLY-FLAT SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

5 5

4
4 (nB -nF )/M2 =1
(nB -nF )/M2 =-2000
(nB -nF )/M2 =500
2
(nB -nF )/M =-500 3
(nB -nF )/M2 =2000
3 2
(nB -nF )/M =-50
𝑀
M

M
r

r
φ

φ
2
1

1
0

0 -1
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
r r
M M

𝑟!
Ø The conformal factor 𝜑(𝑟) diverges at the Schwarzschild event horizon
𝑟 = 𝑟% ≡ 2𝑀 and gets diminished exponentially (power-law periodically)
at large 𝑟 for 𝑛5 − 𝑛6 < 0 (𝑛5 − 𝑛6 < 0 ).

(B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress)

 ASYMPTOTICALLY-FLAT SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

it is convenient to write the symmergent metric as:

! !
𝑑𝑟 ! !
𝑑𝑠 = −𝐴 𝑟 𝑐𝑑𝑡 + + 𝐶(𝑟) 𝑑 𝜃 + sin! 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 !
𝐵 𝑟
𝑀

time-dilation potential: angular potential:

H $
𝑟! 𝐶 𝑟 = 𝑒H $ 𝑟#
𝐴 𝑟 =𝑒 (1 − )
𝑟

𝑟!
space-contraction potential:
$
𝐵 𝑟 = 𝑒 'H $
(1 − !)
$

(B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress)

 ASYMPTOTICALLY-FLAT SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

1.4

1.2

1.0
𝑀
0.8
M
r
A

0.6

0.4 (nB -nF )/M2 =-200

(nB -nF )/M2 =-100

0.2 (nB -nF )/M2 =-1

0.0
10 20 30 40 50
r
M

Ø The metric potentials 𝐴 𝑟 𝑟!and B 𝑟 approach to the flat spacetime limit of 𝐴 𝑟 =

𝐵 𝑟 = 1 at large 𝑟 for 𝑛5 − 𝑛6 < 0. The approach is exponential and different 𝑛5 − 𝑛6
values are hard to distinguish observationally.

(B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress)

 ASYMPTOTICALLY-FLAT SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2

1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8
𝑀
M

M
r

r
A

B
0.6 0.6

0.4 (nB -nF )/M2 =1 0.4 (nB -nF )/M2 =1

(nB -nF )/M2 =200 (nB -nF )/M2 =200
0.2 (nB -nF )/M2 =1500 0.2 (nB -nF )/M2 =1500

0.0 0.0
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
M M

𝑟! and 𝐵(𝑟) approach to the flat spacetime limit of

Ø The metric potentials 𝐴(𝑟)
𝐴 𝑟 = 𝐵 𝑟 = 1 at large 𝑟 for 𝑛5 − 𝑛6 > 0. The approach is power-law/
periodic and different 𝑛5 − 𝑛6 values are easier to distinguish observationally.

(B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress)

 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

gravity theory solution of Einstein equations

Symmergent gravity action: Schwarzschild-dS/AdS solution (𝑉" = 0):
E K &'L %$ "
∫ 𝑑(Vol)@ − 𝑉" + &(* 𝑅 # − 𝑑𝑠 # = ℎ 𝑟 𝑐𝑑𝑡 # + + 𝑟 # 𝑑𝜃 # + sin# 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 #
𝑀 &(.F) M.F) "K* -($)

𝑟! 1 − 𝑎 𝑟#
loop-induced quadratic ℎ 𝑟 =− 1− −
𝑟 24𝜋𝐺< 𝑐P
curvature constant:
" 8"
𝑐7 = $ &%
29:; 𝑟!
𝑎: an 𝑂(1) constant
parametrizing the
symmergent vacuum energy
(I. Çimdiker, A. Övgün, DD, Phys.Dark Univ. 34 (2021) 100900)
 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

𝑟!

(J. Raimbayev et al 2206.06599 (Annals of Physics)

(I. Çimdiker, A. Övgün, DD, Phys.Dark Univ. 34 (2021) 100900)
 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

𝑟!

(J. Raimbayev et al 2206.06599 (Annals of Physics)

the regions in 𝑎 − 𝑐7 plane
admitting BH solutions (I. Çimdiker, A. Övgün, DD, Phys.Dark Univ. 34 (2021) 100900)
 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

𝑟!

event horizon: 𝑟* = 2 𝑀 is (J. Raimbayev et al 2206.06599 (Annals of Physics)

the Schwarzschild radius (I. Çimdiker, A. Övgün, DD, Phys.Dark Univ. 34 (2021) 100900)
 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

𝑎
𝑠=

𝑟!

Photon sphere radius for a

rotating symmergent black hole
(R. Pantig, A. Ögün, DD, Eur. Phys. J. C 83 (2023) 250 )
of angular momentum number 𝑠)
 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

𝑟!

(J. Raimbayev et al 2206.06599 (Annals of Physics)

effective potential for ℓ = 4.5 𝑀
(I. Çimdiker, A. Övgün, DD, Phys.Dark Univ. 34 (2021) 100900)
 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

𝑟!

innermost (ISCO) and outermost

(J. Raimbayev et al 2206.06599 (Annals of Physics)
(OSCO) stable circular orbits
(I. Çimdiker, A. Övgün, DD, Phys.Dark Univ. 34 (2021) 100900)
 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

𝑟!

bounds on model parameters form shadow (J. Raimbayev et al 2206.06599 (Annals of Physics)
radii of Sgr.A* (left) and M87* (right)
(I. Çimdiker, A. Övgün, DD, Phys.Dark Univ. 34 (2021) 100900)
 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

𝑟!

bending angle (𝜇𝑎𝑠) for a nearby source (𝑟< /20)

(J. Raimbayev et al 2206.06599 (Annals of Physics)
and an observer with impact parameter 𝑏.
(I. Çimdiker, A. Övgün, DD, Phys.Dark Univ. 34 (2021) 100900)
 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

𝑟!

Hawking temperature (𝑟% = 1) for

a charged symmergent black hole
(𝑐7 = 0.9 and 𝑎 = 0.5) .
(B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Ögün, DD, under review CQG)
 SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

Hawking radiation from photon, electron etc. :

Hawking radiation from new dark fields:

𝑟) 𝑠
𝑀

Black hole temperature and evaporation rate

change if symmergent particles are included!

Hawking radiation
THANK YOU!
Accretion Disk around and Shadow of M87*
(R S Lu et al 2023 Nature 616, 686–690)
 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

𝑟!

bounds on model parameters form (J. Raimbayev et al 2206.06599 (Annals of Physics)

shadow radii of M87* and Sgr.A* (I. Çimdiker, A. Övgün, DD, Phys.Dark Univ. 34 (2021) 100900)