Symmergent Gravity

and Its Black Hole Solutions

Durmuş Ali Demir

YEFAK 2023
İstanbul Üniversitesi – 27 Mayıs 2023
Ø QFTs are inherent to flat spacetime.

Ø QFTs are defined with an invariant action.

Ø QFTs make sense with a UV cutoff.

L. Ford, arXiv: 9707.062 [gr-qc]

R. Wald, arXiv: 0907.0416 [gr-qc]
 UV cutoff

Poincare-conserving yes mass of a no Poincare-breaking

UV cutoff (𝑀℘ ) particle? UV cutoff (Λ℘ )

vector
particle gauge symmetry breaking
(at loop-level)
mass?

yes

gauge symmetry breaking

(at tree-level) How to restore the gauge symmetries?
 UV COMPLETION BY GAUGE INVARIANCE

Poincare-conserving UV cutoff 𝑀℘ : Poincare-breaking UV cutoff Λ℘ :

" tr[𝑉 𝑉# ]
tree-level mass term = 𝑀℘ # loop-level mass term= Λ"℘tr[𝑉# 𝑉# ]

" Λ"℘ “spurion Σ”

𝑀℘ “spurion 𝑆”
(Poincare-breaking)
(Poincare-conserving)

tr[ 𝑉# Σ#% 𝑉 % ]
tr[𝑆 " 𝑉# 𝑉# 𝑆]

“spurion 𝑆” “Higgs 𝜙 ”

The spurion Σ#$ must be a Poincare-breaking

one. It cannot involve 𝑆! What is it? What
tr[(𝐷# 𝜙)$ 𝐷 # 𝜙] does correspond to the Higgs field 𝜙?

DD, Phys. Rev. D 107, 105014 (2023)

P. Anderson, Phys. Rev. Phys. 130, 439 (1962) DD, Gen Relativ Gravit 53, 22 (2021)
F.Englert & R. Brout, Phys. Rev. Lett. 13, 321 (1964) DD, Adv. High En. Phys. 4652048 (2019)
P. Higgs, Phys. Rev. Lett. 13, 508 (1964) DD, Adv. High En. Phys. 6727805 (2016)
 EFFECTIVE QFT: Dimensional Regularization

QFTs without UV cutoff:

&!' * &$' *
Ø Dimensional Regularization (𝐷 → 4 ): 𝐼% = ∫ 𝜇0+1 ∫
() ! '"+,"-./ # () $ '"+,"-./ #

C. Bollini & J. Giambiagi, Nuovo Cim. B12, 20 (1972)

G. ’t Hooft & M. Veltman, Nucl. Phys. B44, 189 (1972)

QFTs with UV cutoff:

Ø Question: How to extend the Dimensional Regularization to QFTs with UV cutoff such that
logarithmic (global) and power-law (local) UV sensitivities come independently?

Ø Useful hint: Dimensional Regularization with 𝐷 → 0 and 𝐷 → 2 gather, respectively, the 𝜇0 and 𝜇( terms.

I. Jack & D. Jones, Nucl. Phys. B342, 127 (1990)

M. Al-Sarhi, D. Jones & I. Jack, Nucl. Phys. B345, 431 (1990)
 EFFECTIVE QFT: Detached Regularization

Ø In conformity with the Cutoff and Dimensional Regularizations, one finds the Detached Regularization:

(3℘)
𝑑0 𝑝 1 1 0+(% (%+1 0+1
𝑑1 𝑝 1
6 𝛿 + 𝛿 Λ 𝜇 + 𝛿 𝜇 6
2𝜋 0 𝑝( − 𝑚( + 𝑖0 % 8𝜋 (+% 1 / 1( ℘ 10
2𝜋 1 𝑝( − 𝑚( + 𝑖0 %

𝐷 → 0 and 𝐷 → 2 𝐷→4

Ø Typical loop integral in Detached Regularization with 𝑀𝑆 Renormalization:

§ Λ ℘ for power-law divergences

𝑖 Λ0℘
𝐷 = 0, 𝑛 = 0 § 𝜇 for logarithmic divergences
32𝜋 (
−𝑖Λ(℘ 𝜇
(3℘)
𝑑0 𝑝 1 1 − log 𝐷 = 2, 𝑛 = 1
6 = 16𝜋 ( 𝑚
2𝜋 0 𝑝( − 𝑚( + 𝑖0 %
𝑖𝑚( 𝜇
1 + 2 log 𝐷 = 4, 𝑛 = 1
16𝜋 ( 𝑚
𝑖 𝜇
log 𝐷 = 4, 𝑛 = 2
8𝜋 ( 𝑚
DD, C. Karahan & O. Sargın, Phys. Rev. D 107, 045003 (2023)
 EFFECTIVE QFT: Power-Law Corrections

𝛿𝑆!"# = $ 𝑑 $ 𝑥 −𝜂 −𝑐% (log 𝜇)Λ$℘ − 1 𝑐' (log 𝜇) Λ(℘𝑚( − 𝑐) (log 𝜇) Λ(℘𝜙 *𝜙 + 𝑐+ (log 𝜇)Λ(℘tr 𝑉, 𝑉,
'

flat metric 𝜂#%

3ℎ:(
𝑐 (56) 789 ≈ (
4𝜋 (56)
𝑐;8<& 21𝑔=(
16𝜋 (
1 (56) 21𝑔((
M 𝑐, log 𝜇 =𝑚( (
str 𝑀( 𝑐;8> '
𝑆OPP = 𝑆QROO 𝜂, 𝜓 + 𝛿𝑆STUVRWQXYWZ32𝜋𝜂, 𝜓, log 𝜇
, + 𝛿𝑆[T\ (𝜂, 𝜓, log 𝜇 , Λ℘) 16𝜋 (
(56)
𝑐;8? 39𝑔*(
𝑛A − 𝑛B "
32𝜋 (
mass matrix of fields
𝑐@ =
128𝜋 (

𝑛& bosonic and 𝑛'

fermionic degrees DD, Phys. Rev. D 107, 105014 (2023)
of freedom DD, C. Karahan & O. Sargın, Phys. Rev. D 107, 045003 (2023)
 EFFECTIVE QFT: Flat Spacetime to Curved Spacetime

𝜂#$ ⟶ 𝑔#$ (switching to curved metric 𝑔#$ with 𝜕# 𝑔CD ≠ 0)

Ø General covariance

𝜕# ⟶ 𝛻# (switching to covariant derivative 𝛻# with 𝛻# 𝑔CD = 0)

adding curvature terms to make 𝑔#$ dynamical is inconsistent

(adding bare constants to a loop-level effective QFT)
Ø Problem with effective QFTs:

curvature can arise only with the gauge fields 𝑉# through the
defining relation 𝛻# , 𝛻$ 𝑉 E = 𝑅F#$
E
𝑉F

DD, Phys. Rev. D 107, 105014 (2023)

 EFFECTIVE QFT: Flat Spacetime to Curved Spacetime

Kinetic construct (bulk) Kinetic construct (bulk+boundary)

𝐼( 𝜂 = ∫ 𝑑 )𝑥 −𝜂 𝑐( tr 𝑉 *+ 𝑉*+ 𝐼?( 𝜂 = ∫ 𝑑 )𝑥 −𝜂 𝑐( tr[𝑉 * (−𝐷 "𝜂*+ + 𝐷* 𝐷+ + 𝑖𝑉*+ )𝑉+ + 𝜕* 𝑉+ 𝑉 *+ ]

𝐼( 𝜂 = 𝐼?( 𝜂

Flat spacetime (metric=𝜂#% ) Curved spacetime (metric=𝑔#% )

−𝐼( 𝜂 + 𝐼?( 𝜂 = 0 −𝐼( 𝑔 + 𝐼?( 𝑔 = −∫ 𝑑 )𝑥 −𝑔 𝑐( tr[𝑉 * 𝑅*+ -Γ V+ ]

𝜂*+ → 𝑔*+
𝜕* → 𝛻*

Flat spacetime effective action Curved spacetime effective action

𝑆,'' (𝜂, 𝜓, log 𝜇 , Λ ℘) −𝐼( 𝜂 + 𝐼?( 𝜂 𝑆,'' (𝑔, 𝜓, log 𝜇 , Λ ℘) − 𝐼( 𝑔 + 𝐼?( 𝑔

= 𝑆,'' (𝜂, 𝜓, log 𝜇 , Λ ℘) = 𝑆,'' (𝑔, 𝜓, log 𝜇 , Λ ℘) − ∫ 𝑑)𝑥 −𝑔𝑐( tr[𝑉 * 𝑅*+ -Γ V+ ]

DD, Phys. Rev. D 107, 105014 (2023)

no change ! change with curvature !
DD, Gen Relativ Gravit 53, 22 (2021)
DD, Adv. High En. Phys. 4652048 (2019)
 EFFECTIVE QFT: Poincare-Breaking Spurion

𝛿𝑆'GH = 6 𝑑0 𝑥 −𝜂 −𝑐@ Λ0℘ − M 𝑐, 𝑚( Λ(℘ − 𝑐7 Λ(℘ 𝜙 " 𝜙 + 𝑐; Λ(℘ tr 𝑉# 𝑉#

,

Poincare-breaking spurion: Λ"℘𝜂#% ⟶ Σ#%

𝜂#% ⟶ 𝑔#%
General covariance:
𝜕# → 𝛻#

I( ( * I)
𝛿𝑆'GH = ∫ 𝑑0 𝑥 −𝑔 − 𝑔#$ Σ#$ − ∑, 𝑐, 𝑚( 𝑔#$ Σ#$ − 𝑔#$ Σ#$ 𝜙 " 𝜙 + 𝑐; (Σ#$ − 𝑅#$ <Γ ) tr 𝑉# 𝑉 $
*J 0 0

yet-to-be specified spurion

DD, Phys. Rev. D 107, 105014 (2023)

DD, Gen Relativ Gravit 53, 22 (2021)
 EFFECTIVE QFT: Poincare-Breaking Spurion to Curvature

Ø In an arbitrary second-quantized theory with no presumed properties, “… lack of translational invariance would
just be interpreted as the effect of gravitational fields being present, which are not translational invariant.”

C. Froggatt & H. Nielsen, Ann. Phys. 517, 115 (2007)

Ø QFTs are inherent to flat spacetime and their UV cutoff Λ℘ is the only translation (Poincare) breaking source.
There must exist thus an affinity between the UV cutoff Λ℘ in flat spacetime and curvature in curved spacetime.

E is independent of the Levi-Civita connection <Γ E so the

Γ#$ #$
affine curvature ℝ#$ (Γ) remains non-zero in flat spacetime.
E :
Ø In view of this affinity, the spurion Σ#$ can be taken as the Ricci curvature ℝ#$ (Γ) of an affine connection Γ#$
. . .
/ − Γ Γ/ .
Σ,- ⇛ ℝ,- Γ = 𝜕. Γ-, − 𝜕- Γ., + Γ./ Γ-, -/ ., ℝ#$ (Γ) is a dynamical field at the same level as
E .
the Higgs field thanks to the dynamics of Γ#$

DD, Phys. Rev. D 107, 105014 (2023)

DD, Gen Relativ Gravit 53, 22 (2021)
 EFFECTIVE QFT: Metric-Palatini Gravity

Ø Affine curvature ℝ(Γ) gives rise to metric-Palatini gravity:

I( ( <*+ℝ*+ L I)
0 CD
𝛿𝑆'GH = ∫ 𝑑 𝑥 −𝑔 − 𝑔 ℝCD Γ − − 𝑔CD ℝCD Γ 𝜙 " 𝜙 + 𝑐; (ℝCD Γ − 𝑅CD <
Γ ) tr 𝑉 C 𝑉D
*J *J)M, 0

E E
Ø Metrical gravity emerges once the affine connection ΓCD is integrated out. To that end, one solves the EoM of ΓCD :

L𝛻 Q =0
E CD

There must exist new particles beyond the

known particles for str 𝑀( to be able to
1 𝑐5 CD " 𝑐@ #$ generate 𝐺 +* = 8𝜋𝑀( .
𝑄CD = + 𝑔 𝜙 𝜙 + 𝑔 ℝ#$ Γ 𝑔CDN − 𝑐; tr[𝑉CRS𝑉D ]
16𝜋𝐺N 4 8
The new particles do not have
to couple to known particles.

str 𝑀 (
𝐺N+* = 4𝜋 M 𝑐, 𝑚(
*+OPPQ 8𝜋
, DD, Phys. Rev. D 107, 105014 (2023)
DD, Gen Relativ Gravit 53, 22 (2021)
 EFFECTIVE QFT: Emergent General Relativity

Ø General solution of the affine connection:

E E *
ΓCD = <ΓCD + 𝑄+* EF
𝛻C 𝑄DF + 𝛻D 𝑄FC − 𝛻F 𝑄CD
(

+*/(
Ø Enormity of the Planck scale 𝐺N leads to:

E E
§ ΓCD = <ΓCD + 8𝜋𝐺N 𝛻C 𝑄DE + 𝛻D 𝑄CE − 𝛻 E 𝑄CD + 𝒪(𝐺N( )

# #
§ ℝCD Γ = 𝑅CD <Γ + 8𝜋𝐺N 𝛻# 𝛻C 𝛿D$ + 𝛻 $ 𝛻C 𝛿D − □𝛿C 𝛿D$ − 𝛻C 𝛻D 𝑔#$ + 𝛼 ↔ 𝛽 𝑄#$ + 𝒪(𝐺N( )

derivatives of the scalars 𝜙 and gauge fields 𝑉.*

DD, Phys. Rev. D 107, 105014 (2023)
DD, Gen Relativ Gravit 53, 22 (2021)
 EFFECTIVE QFT: Emergent General Relativity

gauge symmetries got restored!

Ø ∫ 𝑑0 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑐; (ℝCD Γ − 𝑅CD <Γ ) tr[𝑉 C 𝑉D ] = ∫ 𝑑0 𝑥 −𝑔 0 + 𝒪(𝐺N )

GR emerged!

* U <
Ø ∫ 𝑑0 𝑥 −𝑔 − 𝑔CD ℝCD Γ = ∫ 𝑑0 𝑥 −𝑔 − + 𝒪(𝐺N )
*J)M, *J)M,

quadratic corrections to scalar masses give

cause to non-minimally coupled scalar fields
I)
Ø ∫ 𝑑0 𝑥 −𝑔 −𝑐7 𝑔CD ℝCD Γ 𝜙 " 𝜙 = ∫ 𝑑0 𝑥 −𝑔 − 𝑅(𝑔)𝜙 " 𝜙 + 𝒪(𝐺N )
0

quartic corrections to vacuum energy

give rise to quadratic curvature terms
I( ( I(
Ø ∫ 𝑑0 𝑥 −𝑔 − 𝑔CD ℝCD Γ = ∫ 𝑑0 𝑥 −𝑔 − 𝑅(𝑔) ( + 𝒪(𝐺N )
*J *J
DD, Phys. Rev. D 107, 105014 (2023)
DD, Gen Relativ Gravit 53, 22 (2021)
 EFFECTIVE QFT: Renormalized QFT + Emergent GR

5 6 :0 :1
𝑆012345 = 𝑆 𝑔, 𝜓 + 𝛿𝑆 𝑔, 𝜓 + ∫ 𝑑 $ 𝑥 −𝑔 − − 𝑅 𝑔 ( − 𝑅 𝑔 𝜙 *𝜙 + 𝒪(𝐺; )
7894/ 78 $

QFT with 𝑅 + 𝑅 ( gravity with

§ dimensional-regularization in § non-minimal coupling to scalars,

curved background geometry,
§ loop-induced coefficients originating
§ loop corrections computed in from the flat spacetime QFT.
the flat spacetime QFT

symmetry-restoring emergent gravity = “symmergent gravity”

DD, Phys. Rev. D 107, 105014 (2023)
DD, Gen Relativ Gravit 53, 22 (2021)
 Symmergent Gravity: Main Properties and Salient Predictions
new massive particles are a
must for Newton’s constant
to take the right value
Higgs mass stability requires
neutrinos to be Dirac
cosmic inflation is naturally of the
Starobinsky type but scalar field
inflation can also be realized
detection of new particles can
wait for high-luminosity LHC
new particles do not have to Higgs mass stability requires new
couple to the SM particles particles (e.g. dark matter) to couple
to SM particles weakly/feebly.
Higgs-curvature coupling (10 % in the SM) pure Einstein gravity is attained if
can reveal Higgs couplings to new particles nature has equal numbers of bosonic
and fermionic degree of freedom
black hole shadow, photon radius,
deflection angle and quasiperiodic
DD, Phys. Rev. D 107, 105014 (2023)
oscillations can provide viable testbeds DD, Gen Relativ Gravit 53, 22 (2021)
DD, Galaxies 9, 2 (2021)
DD, Adv. High En. Phys. 4652048 (2019)
the Universe may contain dark DD, Adv. High En. Phys. 6727805 (2016)
stars, dark planets, even dark K. Cankoçak et al., Eur. Phys. J. C80, 1188 (2020)
galaxies. DD, C. S. Ün, arXiv: 2005.03589 [hep-ph] (2020)
I. Çimdiker, DD, A. Övgün, Phys. Dark Univ. 34, 100900 (2021)
J. Rayimbaev et al., Annals of Physics 454, 169335 (2023)
R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, Eur. Phys. J. C83, 250 (2023)
S. Jalalzadeh et al., Phys. Dark. Univ. 40, 101227 (2023)
 Symmergent Black Holes: The Action

𝑅 𝑔 𝑐@
𝑆V<W = ∫ 𝑑0 𝑥 −𝑔 − − 𝑅 𝑔 ( − 𝑉:G:
16𝜋𝐺N 16

𝑉:G: = 𝑉:WXX + 𝛿𝑉

1 0
𝛿𝑉 = str 𝑀
64𝜋 ( (1 − 𝛼)
s
𝛿𝑉 =
24𝜋𝐺N( 𝑐@

(one possible
𝑚/0 1 parametrization)
𝛿𝑉 = 𝑛 − 𝑛 =
64𝜋 ( A B
24𝜋𝐺N( 𝑐@

(if bosons and fermions

had equal masses 𝑚/ ) J. Rayimbaev et al., Annals of Physics 454, 169335 (2023)
R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, Eur. Phys. J. C83, 250 (2023)
 Symmergent Black Holes: Field Equations

1 1
𝑅#$ − 𝑅 𝑔#$ − 2𝜋𝐺N 𝑐@ 𝑅#$ − 𝑅𝑔#$ + 𝑔#$ − 𝛻# 𝛻$ 𝑅 − 8𝜋𝐺N 𝑉:G: = 0
2 4

Ø One class of solutions corresponds to constant scalar curvature (𝑅 = 𝑅/ = −8𝜋𝐺N 𝑉:G: )

§ dS solution (𝑉:G: > 0 or 𝑛? > 𝑛Y )

§ AdS solution (𝑉:G: < 0 or 𝑛? < 𝑛Y )

W. Nelson, Phys. Rev. D 82, 104026 (2010)
H. Lü et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 171601 (2015)
§ 𝑐@ disappears from asymptotically-flat zero-𝑅 solution

Ø Another class corresponds to corresponds to variable scalar curvature (𝑅 ≠ constant)

§ There exist asymptotically-flat solutions explicitly involving 𝑐@

H. Buchdahl, Nuovo Cim. 23, 141 (1962)
H. Nguyen, Phys. Rev. D 107, 104009 (2023)
B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress (2023)
 Symmergent Black Holes: Schwarschild-dS/AdS Solutions

gravity theory (𝑉:WXX = 0) static spherically-symmetric solutions

Symmergent gravity action: Schwarzschild-dS/AdS solution:

5 :0 ( 7<=
> @A 2
∫ 𝑑$𝑥 −𝑔 −
7894/
−
78
𝑅 −
?94/ 2 :0 𝑑𝑠 ( = ℎ 𝑟 𝑐𝑑𝑡 ( − − 𝑟 ( 𝑑𝜃 ( + sin( 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 (
B A
𝑀

𝑟V 1 − 𝛼s 𝑟 (
ℎ 𝑟 =1− −
𝑟 24𝜋𝐺N 𝑐@
𝛼s = a constant parametrizing
symmergent vacuum energy
C3 <C4
𝑐% =
($?92

𝑟V

I. Çimdiker, DD, A. Övgün, Phys. Dark Univ. 34, 100900 (2021)

 Symmergent Black Holes: Asymptotically-Flat Variable-𝑅 Solutions

gravity theory (𝑉:G: = 0) static spherically-symmetric solutions

Symmergent gravity action: Buchdahl-Nguyen solution:
5 :0 ( @A 2
∫ 𝑑$𝑥 −𝑔 − − 𝑅 𝑑𝑠 ( = 𝐴(𝑟) 𝑑𝑡 ( − − 𝐶(𝑟) 𝑑 𝜃 ( + sin( 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 (
7894/ 78 D A

𝑀 𝑒 +Z W
W/ W/ 𝐶 𝑟 = 𝑒 +Z W
𝑟(
𝐴 𝑟 = 1−
W
𝐵 𝑟 = 𝑒Z W 1−
W

𝑑 𝑑𝜑 𝑟
𝑟 ( − 𝑟𝑟V = −𝛾𝑟 ( 𝜑(𝑟)
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟

𝑟V
* J0)
𝛾=− =−
J)I( = %- +%.
H. Buchdahl, Nuovo Cim. 23, 141 (1962)
H. Nguyen, Phys. Rev. D 107, 104009 (2023)
B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress (2023)
 Symmergent Black Holes: Asymptotically-Flat Variable-𝑅 Solutions

5 5

4
4 (nB -nF )/M2 =50
(nB -nF )/M2 =-2000
(nB -nF )/M2 =500
2
(nB -nF )/M =-500 3
(nB -nF )/M2 =2000
3 2
(nB -nF )/M =-50

𝑀
M

M
2
r

r
φ

φ
2
1

1
0

0 -1
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
r r
M M

Ø Conformal factor 𝜑(𝑟)

𝑟V diverges at the Schwarzschild horizon 𝑟 = 𝑟5 ≡ 2𝑀 and gets
suppressed exponentially (sinusoidally) at large 𝑟 for 𝑛6 − 𝑛7 < 0 (𝑛6 − 𝑛7 < 0 ).

B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress (2023)

 Symmergent Black Holes: Asymptotically-Flat Variable-𝑅 Solutions

1.2 1.2

1.0
1.0

0.8
0.8

0.6
𝑀
M

M
r

0.6

r
A

B
0.4
(nB -nF )/M^2= -2000 (nB -nF )/M^2= -2000
0.4
(nB -nF )/M^2= -500 (nB -nF )/M^2= -500
0.2
(nB -nF )/M^2= -50 (nB -nF )/M^2= -50

0.0 0.2

-0.2 0.0
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
M M

Ø Metric potentials 𝐴 𝑟 and

𝑟V B 𝑟 approach to the flat spacetime limit of 𝐴 𝑟 = 𝐵 𝑟 = 1 at large 𝑟. The approach is exponential
and different 𝑛6 − 𝑛7 < 0 values are hard to distinguish observationally.

B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress (2023)

 Symmergent Black Holes: Asymptotically-Flat Variable-𝑅 Solutions

1.2 1.2

1.0
1.0

0.8
0.8

0.6
M

M
r

0.6

r
A

B
0.4
(nB -nF )/M^2 =50 (nB -nF )/M^2 =50
0.4
(nB -nF )/M^2=500 (nB -nF )/M^2=500
0.2
(nB -nF )/M^2=2000 (nB -nF )/M^2=2000

0.2
0.0

-0.2 0.0
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
M M

Ø Metric potentials 𝐴 𝑟 and B 𝑟 approach to the flat spacetime limit of 𝐴 𝑟 = 𝐵 𝑟 = 1 at large 𝑟. The approach is
𝑟
sinusoidal and gradual Vand different 𝑛? − 𝑛Y > 0 values could be distinguished observationally.

B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress (2023)

 Symmergent Black Holes: Asymptotically-Flat Variable-𝑅 Solutions

4.2 6.5

6.0
4.0

5.5
3.8

5.0
3.6

rPS /M
rPS /M

𝑀
4.5

3.4
4.0

3.2 3.5

3.0 3.0

-3500 -3000 -2500 -2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
nB - nF nB - nF

M2 M2

Ø Photonsphere radius
𝑟V 𝑟[\ for 𝑛? − 𝑛Y < 0 (left) and 𝑛? − 𝑛Y > 0 (right).

B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress (2023)

 Symmergent Black Holes: Asymptotically-Flat Variable-𝑅 Solutions

0.14 0.14

(nB -nF )/M 2 =-2000

0.12 (nB -nF )/M 2 =50
2 0.12
(nB -nF )/M =-200
(nB -nF )/M 2 =200
2
0.10 (nB -nF )/M =-50
0.10 (nB -nF )/M 2 =2000
TH [r/M]*(M)

TH [r/M]*(M)
0.08
𝑀 0.08
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
r 0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
M r
M

Ø Hawking temperature
𝑟V as a function of the radial coordinate 𝑟 for 𝑛? − 𝑛Y < 0 (left) and 𝑛? − 𝑛Y > 0 (right).

B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress (2023)

 Symmergent Black Holes: Asymptotically-Flat Variable-𝑅 Solutions

Hawking radiation from photon, neutrino etc. :

Hawking radiation from new dark fields:

𝑟€ 𝑠
𝑀
Black hole temperature and evaporation rate
change if symmergent particles are included!

Hawking radiation={𝛾, 𝜈} + {light symmergent particles}

D. Gogoi, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress (2023)

B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress (2023)
𝑀 Thank you.

𝑟V