1) Corrected the title (talk was erroneously based on previous version)

2) Added slide 4 to clarify inertial and non-inertial scales (arXiv:1703.05733 )

3) Improved slides 3, 5 and 35.

I thank to the audience for questions that elucidated and strengthened the model.
(I am grateful especially to T. Aliev, A. Özpineci, İ. Şahin, İ. Turan, A. U. Yılmazer)
SYMMERGENT GRAVITY: REASON FOR BSM, STABILIZER OF SM + BSM

Durmuş Demir
Sabancı University, İstanbul

Ankara HEP Days (January 25, 2020) 2

 GR time
of m
etri c 𝑔 !"
)

c e
SM ( cu r v
e d spa

(QFT in flat spacetime of metric 𝜂!"

with full experimental confirmation)

BSM
(QFT in flat spacetime of metric 𝜂!" as required
for dark matter, massive neutrinos, flavor, …)

QFT and GR are incompatible!

(R. Wald, 0907.0416,2009)
Poincare (translation) breaking is what differentiates between particle masses and other scales:

SM BSM

𝑚) 𝑚"# , 𝑚$% , 𝑚&' , … , 𝑚( Λ℘

particle masses not a particle mass

don’t break Poincare symmetry breaks Poincare symmetry

(𝑚# = QFT parameter) (Λ℘ = QFT borderline)

(DD, 1703.05733, 2017)

Each extension comes with a specific UV scale and specific mechanism:

Fact Interpretation Mechanism

neutrinos have mass explicit lepton number breaking see-saw
at a scale 𝑚% < ∞ (𝑚% ↪ neutrino mass)

gravity exists explicit Poincare breaking covariance

at a scale Λ℘ < ∞ (Λ&℘ ↪ curvature)

Poincare breaking
can be taken to be
an indicator of
curved spacetime

(DD, 1703.05733, 2017)

The vacuum and the Higgs sectors are both destabilized:

+ !
ℓ ≤ Λ!℘ + ℎ
ℓ! ≤ Λ!℘
ℎ
+ ⋯

𝛿𝑆*+ 𝜂, Λ ℘ = −∫ 𝑑 , 𝑥 −𝜂 {𝑐, str 1 Λ,℘ + 𝑐- str 𝑚. Λ.℘ + 𝑐) Λ.℘ℎ. }

Quantity Loop Factor Problem

vacuum energy 1 Cosmological Constant Problem
𝑐' = 2 𝑐( =
32𝜋 &

Higgs boson mass 1 & & Big Hierarchy Problem

𝑐) = (2 𝑚 ) + str 𝑚 )
32𝜋 & Λ&*

(Ya. Zeldovich, 1967, M. Veltman, 1981)

The photon, gluon, … all acquire masses:

𝑉0 (𝑘) ℓ! ≤ Λ!℘ 𝑉 / (𝑘)

𝛿𝑆1 𝜂, Λ ℘ = ∫ 𝑑 , 𝑥 −𝜂 𝑐1 Λ.℘ + 0. logΛ ℘ tr V0 V0 + "transverse part"

Gauge Boson Loop Factor Broken Symmetry

𝑔!+,-,…,0 𝑐1 =
&-
𝑔4& color
-23!

&-
𝑊!5,-,…,6 𝑐* = 𝑔&& isospin
-23!

𝐵! 68 hypercharge
𝑐7 = 6&3! 𝑔9&

1"
𝐴! 𝑐* ≠ 2𝑐7 ⟹ tan 𝜃: ≠ electric charge
1!

(D’Attanasio, hep-ph/9602156, 1996; Peskin & Schroeder, 1995) (L. Okun, 1977; A. Ignatiev & G. Joshi, 1996)
How to stabilize the Higgs boson mass ?

How to prevent charge and color breaking ?

In search for an answer, start with a trivial identity:

𝛿𝑆1 ≡ −𝐼1 + ∫𝛿𝑆𝑑1, 𝑥+ 𝐼1−𝜂 𝑐1 Λ.℘ tr V0 V0 + ∫ 𝑑 , 𝑥 −𝜂 𝑐1 tr[𝑉0 −𝐷0/

. 𝑉 / + 𝜕 (𝑉 𝑉0/ )]
0 /

. + Λ. 𝜂
≡ −𝐼1 𝜂 + ∫ 𝑑 , 𝑥 −𝜂 𝑐1 tr[𝑉0 −𝐷0/ / 0/
℘ 0/ 𝑉 + 𝜕0 (𝑉/ 𝑉 )]

𝑐1
𝐼1 𝜂 = ∫ 𝑑,𝑥 −𝜂 tr V0/ V0/
2
& = 𝐷& 𝜂
𝐷!" !" − 𝐷! 𝐷" − 𝑉!"

𝐷! = 𝜕! + 𝑖𝑔 𝑉!

(DD, 1901.07244, 2019; 1605.00377, 2016)

… and invoke general covariance to take the “new 𝛿𝑆; ” into curved spacetime:

𝜂0/ ↪ 𝑔0/
𝛿𝑆1 𝜂, Λ ℘ 𝛿𝑆1 𝑔, Λ ℘ ≡ −𝐼1 𝑔 + ∫ 𝑑 , 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑐1 tr[𝑉0 −𝒟0/
. + Λ. 𝑔 / 0/
℘ 0/ 𝑉 + 𝛻0 (𝑉/ 𝑉 )]

& = 𝒟&𝑔
𝒟!" !" − 𝒟! 𝒟" − 𝑉!"

𝒟! = 𝛻! + 𝑖𝑔 𝑉!

2Γ 3 4
0/ = 𝑔 35 (𝜕0 𝑔/5 + 𝜕/ 𝑔50 - 𝜕5 𝑔/0 )
.
… but a curvature sector is needed for metric 𝑔!" to be dynamical:

𝛿𝑆1 𝑔, Λ ℘ + curvature sector (𝑅 𝑔 = 𝑔!" 𝑅!" ( 1Γ))

76
R . 𝑅 𝑔 + 𝑐V. 𝑅(𝑔). +
∫ 𝑑 , 𝑥 −𝑔 {𝑀 #
𝑅(𝑔)9 + ⋯}
#8$

$ !, 𝑐'!, 𝑐'%, ⋯ are all incalculable constants!

𝑀
(loops have been used up in flat spacetime)

curvature-by-hand works only for classical FT !

for QFT<== 𝑔, Λ℘ curvature must arise from “within”
How to make curvature arise from within effective QFT?
E. Krestchmann, 1915,
J. D. Norton, 2001,
general covariance alone does not mean gravity; R. D. Sorkin, 2002 , …
any theory (say, Newtonian) can be made covariant
curvature must be included separately; either by hand
… or by a new rule giving birth to curvature :

𝜂0/ ↪ 𝑔0/ 𝛬.℘ 𝑔0/ ↪ ℝ0/ (𝛤)

QFT:;; 𝜂, Λ ℘ QFT:;; 𝑔, Λ ℘ QFT:;; 𝑔, ℝ

> ≠ 1Γ > ⟹ ℝ
Γ!" 1
!" !" 𝛤 ≠ 𝑅!" ( Γ)

“affine curvature” is the substance needed to

fix the “vacuous” nature of general covariance

(DD, PPC, Texas A&M, 2017)

Extended general covariance makes 𝛿𝑆; purely geometrical:

𝜂0/ ↪ 𝑔0/
𝛿𝑆1 𝜂, Λ ℘ −𝐼1 𝑔 + ∫ 𝑑 , 𝑥 −𝑔 c< tr 𝑉0 −𝒟0/
. +ℝ
0/ Γ 𝑉 / + 𝛻0 𝑉/ 𝑉0/
𝛬.℘ 𝑔0/ ↪ ℝ0/ (𝛤)

= ∫ 𝑑 , 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑐1 tr 𝑉0 ℝ0/ Γ − 𝑅0/ ( 2Γ) 𝑉 /

if 𝑐; is held unchanged
under 𝛬&℘ 𝑔!" ↪ ℝ!" (𝛤)
CCB gets suppressed if
>
Γ!" dynamics enables
ℝ!" Γ → 𝑅!" ( 1Γ)
Extended general covariance cools down the vacuum and Higgs sectors (ℝ 𝑔, Γ = 𝑔!" ℝ!" Γ ):

7& 7' . 7(
𝛿𝑆*+ 𝑔, ℝ = ∫ 𝑑 , 𝑥 −𝑔 {− ℝ 𝑔, Γ ℎ. − str 1 ℝ 𝑔, Γ − str 𝑚. ℝ 𝑔, Γ }
, 4= ,

str[…] must
&
lead to 𝑀?@ !
𝒪(Λ(℘ ) vacuum
energy turned
into curvature-
squared!
𝒪(Λ&℘ ) Higgs mass-
squared turned into
Higgs-curvature
coupling!
Newton’s constant necessitates a BSM sector:

7 7' . 7(
𝛿𝑆*+ 𝑔, ℝ = ∫ 𝑑,𝑥 −𝑔 {− & ℝ 𝑔, Γ ℎ. − str 1 ℝ 𝑔, Γ − str 𝑚. ℝ 𝑔, Γ }
, 4= ,

str 𝑚& < 0, str 𝑚& ∼ Λ&*

⟹ SM alone is insufficient !

introduce a “BSM sector”

composed of fields 𝜓 A of masses
𝑚A = {𝑚)# , 𝑚; # , 𝑚B# , ⋯ }
SM and BSM do not have to couple to each other:

. 4 one-loop 1
𝑀&> = 𝑐- str 𝑚. + 𝑐-) str 𝑚?. str ℳ &
. 64𝜋 &

ℳ = {𝑚) , 𝑚1 , 𝑚; , 𝑚)) , 𝑚1) , 𝑚;) , ⋯ }

no need to SM-BSM coupling!

(in contrast to SUSY, compositeness,
extra dimensions, little Higgs, …)
Extended general covariance sets the complete curvature sector (on the SM+BSM basis):

𝑐, .
𝛿𝑆 𝑔, ℝ = ∫ 𝑑,𝑥 −𝑔 {−Q0/ ℝ0/ Γ + str 1 ℝ 𝑔, Γ − 𝑐1 𝑅0/ 2Γ tr 𝒱0 𝒱 / }
16

.
𝑀&> 𝑐,
𝑄0/ = + str 1 ℝ 𝑔, Γ 𝑔0/ + 𝒦 0/
2 8

7ℋ
𝒦 0/ = ℋ . 𝑔0/ − 𝑐𝒱 tr 𝒱0 𝒱 /
,

ℋ = {ℎ, ℎA } 𝒱! = {𝑉! , 𝑉!A }

 > :
GR is possible only for a specific solution of Γ!"

A𝛻 𝑄0/ = 0
B

3 = 2Γ 3 + 4
Γ0/ 0/ 𝑄C4 35 𝛻0 𝑄/5 + 𝛻/ 𝑄50 − 𝛻5 𝑄0/
.

> because
a non-linear PDE for Γ!"
𝑄!" involves the affine curvature
ℝ 𝑔, Γ ∼ 𝜕Γ + ΓΓ
GR emerges only if ℝ
dependence is erased
 >
erasing ℝ 𝑔, Γ from Γ!"

(H) (;)
str 1 = 0 ⟹ 𝑛D#EFD# = 𝑛D#EFD#

!
!" C$%
𝑄 = 𝑔!" + 𝒦 !"
&

4
3 = 2Γ 3 +
Γ0/ 0/ (𝑄h C4 )35 𝛻0 𝑄h/5 + 𝛻/ 𝑄h50 − 𝛻5 𝑄h0/
.

2Γ 3 4 J𝒦 $
= 0/ + $ 𝛻0 𝒦/5 + 𝛻/ 𝒦50 − 𝛻5 𝒦0/ + 𝒪( ' )
#+, #+,

a purely algebraic
relation between
>
Γ!" and 1Γ!">
!
Extended general covariance suppresses Charge and Color Breaking (CCB):

𝛻𝒦 𝛻 .𝒦
3
Γ0/ = 2Γ0/
3 +𝒪 ⟹ ℝ Γ = 𝑅 ( 2Γ) +𝒪(
.
𝑀&>
0/ 0/
𝑀&>. )

J$ 𝒦
𝛿𝑆1 𝑔, ℝ ≡ ∫ 𝑑,𝑥 −𝑔 𝑐1 tr 𝑉0 ℝ0/ Γ − 𝑅0/ 2Γ 𝑉/ =0+ ∫ 𝑑,𝑥 −𝑔 𝑐1 𝒪( $ )
#+,

CCB is suppressed ! no gauge or

Higgs mass
terms at all!
Extended general covariance leads to exact Einstein gravity:

𝛻𝒦 𝛻 .𝒦
3
Γ0/ = 2Γ0/
3 +𝒪 ⟹ ℝ0/ Γ = 𝑅0/ ( 2Γ) +𝒪( . )
.
𝑀&> 𝑀&>

𝑐, .
𝛿𝑆 𝑔, ℝ = ∫ 𝑑 , 𝑥 −𝑔 {−Q0/ ℝ0/ Γ + str 1 ℝ 𝑔, Γ − 𝑐1 𝑅0/ 2Γ tr 𝒱0 𝒱 / }
16
&
b$% d 𝒦e& 𝒦
= ∫ 𝑑a𝑥 −𝑔 {− c
𝑅(𝑔) − aℋ 𝑅 𝑔 ℋc +𝒪 &
b$%
}

exact Einstein gravity

(no higher-curvature terms;
impossible to get with
general covariance alone!)
Extended general covariance solves the big hierarchy problem:

𝛻𝒦 𝛻 .𝒦
3
Γ0/ = 2Γ0/
3 +𝒪 ⟹ ℝ0/ Γ = 𝑅0/ ( 2Γ) +𝒪( . )
.
𝑀&> 𝑀&>

𝑐, .
𝛿𝑆 𝑔, ℝ = ∫ 𝑑 , 𝑥 −𝑔 {−Q0/ ℝ0/ Γ + str 1 ℝ 𝑔, Γ − 𝑐1 𝑅0/ 2Γ tr 𝒱0 𝒱 / }
16
&
b$% d 𝒦e& 𝒦
= ∫ 𝑑a𝑥 −𝑔 {− c
𝑅(𝑔) − aℋ 𝑅 𝑔 ℋc +𝒪 &
b$%
}

big hierarchy problem is gone

(little hierarchy problem is there!)
GR has emerged in a way restoring gauge invariance (broken explicitly by Poincare breaking scale):

𝛻𝒦 𝛻 .𝒦
3
Γ0/ = 2Γ0/
3 +𝒪 ⟹ ℝ0/ Γ = 𝑅0/ ( 2Γ) +𝒪( . )
.
𝑀&> 𝑀&>

𝑐, .
𝛿𝑆 𝑔, ℝ = ∫ 𝑑 , 𝑥 −𝑔 {−Q0/ ℝ0/ Γ + str 1 ℝ 𝑔, Γ − 𝑐1 𝑅0/ 2Γ tr 𝒱0 𝒱 / }
16
&
b$% d 𝒦e& 𝒦
= ∫ 𝑑a𝑥 −𝑔 {− c
𝑅(𝑔) − aℋ 𝑅 𝑔 ℋc +𝒪 &
b$%
}

GR has emerged in a way

restoring the explicitly
broken gauge symmetries
(symmergent gravity)
Logarithmic corrections are important:

, ℳ' ℳ$ 4
Ø an 𝒪(𝑀&> ) shift in vacuum energy: (𝛿𝑉)>L2 = (log $ − )
=,O$ P℘ .

cosmological constant
problem (severest form)

$
-- )
. .
Ø an 𝒪(𝑚FD# ) shift in Higgs boson mass-squared: (𝛿𝑚). )>L2 = ∑M) 𝑐)? 𝜆)M) 𝑚M ) log $
-&

little hierarchy problem

(heavier the BSM larger the Higgs mass)
difference from other models: BSM and SM do not have to interact!
BSM couples to SM unnaturally

Ø 𝜆)D# ∼ 𝜆FC ⟹ 𝛿𝑚)& @E1

≳ 𝑚)
(Higgs is destabilized by BSM)

BSM does not couple to SM Ø BSM is visible yet «fine-tuned»

(BSM can be detected!)
Ø 𝜆DDA = 0 ⟹ 𝛿𝑚)& @E1
=0
(Higgs is absolutely stable!) Ø BSM = split-SUSY (broken at 8𝜋𝑀?@ )
Ø BSM is black
(BSM evades detection!)
• str 1 = 0
. 4
• 𝑀&> = str ℳ .
=,O$
BSM couples to SM naturally
!
'& (N. Arkani-Hamed
Ø 𝜆)D# ≲ !
''
⟹ 𝛿𝑚)& @E1 ≲ 𝑚)& and S. Dimopoulos,
#

(Higgs is logarithmically stable) hep-th/0405159)

Ø BSM is dark
(BSM can be detected!)
Black BSM agrees with all the current data:

no coupling
Ø Black BSM couples to SM only gravitationally:
X
𝜆MM? = 0 ⟹ (𝛿𝑚). )>L2 = 0

(Higgs mass is absolutely stable!)

Ø Black BSM is home to Dark Energy.

(It might compensate (𝛿𝑉)@E1 to solve the CCP)

Ø Black BSM is home to Dark Matter

(Data seem to favor «undetectable» Dark Matter)

Ø Black BSM can be formed by gravitational particle

production at the end of inflation.

(P. Peebles and A. Vilenkin, arXiv:astro-ph/9904396)

Dark BSM ensures Higgs stability and offers a rich astro-particle physics:

Ø Dark BSM couples to SM see-sawically: coupling

$
-.
𝜆)M) ≲ $ ⟹ 𝛿𝑚). >L2
≲ 𝑚)
.
-- )

(Higgs mass is logarithmically stable!)

Ø Dark BSM is home to Dark Energy/Dark Photon

(They might be observed at high-luminosity)

Ø Dark BSM is home to Dark Matter

(Data may hide suchlike Dark Matter)
Dark BSM can be searched variously:

SM BSM

.
𝑚 +
𝜆.D#/FD# ≲ .
production 𝑚FD# annihilation

SM detection BSM
Dark BSM particles can be detected mainly at high-luminosity colliders.

𝜆 FC/7FC 1

disallowed

allowed

.
𝑚FD#
𝑚+.

excluded by LHC !
Scalar Dark Matter mass is bounded from above (when 𝑚) < 𝑚)# ):

h′ ℎ

h′ ℎ
&
𝜆 ))#

Ø h′ remains stable if it ejoys a ℤ& symmetry

'(#
Ø ℎ′ acquires correct relic density if 𝜆 & ))# ≃ 2.1×10H( ( )
I<;

Ø and see-sawic structure imposes 𝑚) ≲ 𝑚)# ≲ 3.38 𝑚) ≃ 420 GeV

quite a low bound!

(DM may have various forms, though!)
 Direct Detection of Dark Matter 32
See-sawic bounds can put restrictions on Dark Matter exclusion limits (depending on mediator and DM candidate)

only scalar DM!

(T. Lin, arXiv:1904.07915)

Figure 12. The current experimental parameter space for spin-independent WIMP-
nucleon cross sections. Not all published results are shown. The space above the
Dark photon coupling (kinetic mixing with hypercharge) is already within the see-sawic range:

𝜆vw(

𝑚tu
(T. Lin, arXiv:1904.07915)
Dark Neutrios must be relatively light:

⟨𝐻⟩ 𝑁′ ⟨𝐻⟩
𝜆J%# 𝜆J%#
𝐿 𝐿

Ø active neutrinos acquire a mass 𝑚" = 𝜆&J%# ( 𝐻 /𝑀%# )

Ø and as a result, see-sawic structure imposes 𝑚%# ≲ 1000 TeV

a fairly light RH neutrino sector!

(F. Vissani, hep-ph/9709409, 1998)

Symmergence leads to a natural, diverse and wide SM+BSM:

Ø Exact Einstein gravity.

Ø Natural Higgs boson

Ø Charge and color conservation

BSM
Ø Diverse BSM sector
SM
Ø Various particle and astro-particle phenomena

-
Ø Dimensionally Regularized SM + BSM: log Λ&℘ = − 𝛾L + log( 4𝜋𝜇& ) + 1
K

Ø CCP remains!
BSM
GR
What are the differences between Symmergence and others?

𝑚H)
𝛿𝑚). = 𝑐) Λ.℘ + 𝑐)H) 𝑚H.) log
Λ℘

Model Λ℘ 𝑐) 𝑐)M# Gravity LHC/DM result

SUSY ΛNOP 𝑐) = 0 𝑐)M# ∼ 𝑐FC exclusion

LED ΛL* 𝑐) ≠ 0 𝑐)M# ∼ 𝑐FC QG exclusion

TC Λ PQ 𝑐) ≠ 0 𝑐)M# ∼ 𝑐FC E exclusion

SYMMER Λ&℘ → 𝑅 𝑐) ≠ 0 𝑐)M# = free CG no exclusion

GENCE log Λ℘ → log 𝜇
Thank you!

particle physicist in the time of LHC

The affine curvature obeys a non-linear PDE (ℋ and 𝒱! are dropped, for simplicity):

.RST 4 ℝ 9 .RST 4 ℝ 0 .RST 4 ℝ

ℝ = 𝑅 − 3𝛻 . log(1 + ) − 𝛻 log(1 + )𝛻 log(1 + )
$
#+, . 0 $
#+, $
#+,

&
ℝ 𝑔, Γ ≃ 𝑅( 1Γ) for ℝ 𝑔, Γ ≪ 𝑀?@
&
for ℝ 𝑔, Γ ∼ 𝑀?@ non-linearities
dominate, gravity deviates from GR!
§ Color breaking demolishes confinement and destructs therefore all the hadronic structures.

§ Isospin is broken explicitly and spontaneously (by 𝐻 ≠ 0).

§ Electromagnetism is broken explicitly by 𝑐* ≠ 2 𝑐7 :

𝑔.. − 𝑔W. 𝐻 . 0
tan 2𝜃nV = . . . . tan 2𝜃V ⟹ 𝜕0 𝐽X# ≠ 0
𝑔. − 𝑔W 𝐻 + 2 𝑐V − 2 𝑐F Λ ℘

𝜈 𝑒„ 𝑒…

𝜈 𝑒„ 𝑒…

(L. Okun & M. Voloshin, ‘77; A. Ignatiev & G. Joshi, ‘96)