Linear Wire Antennas

EE-4382/5306 - Antenna Engineering

 Outline
• Introduction
• Infinitesimal Dipole
• Small Dipole
• Finite Length Dipole
• Half-Wave Dipole
• Ground Effect

Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design 4th Ed., Wiley, 2016.
Stutzman, Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design 3rd Ed., Wiley, 2012.
Linear Wire Antennas 2
Finite Length Dipole

3
 Finite length dipole
A finite length dipole is still in the order of 𝑎 ≪ 𝜆, where and 𝑎 is the thickness
of the. However, the length 𝑙 of the antenna is in the same order of magnitude
𝜆
as the operating wavelength < 𝑙 ≤ 2𝜆
10
The current distribution is now approximated to a sinusoidal function:
𝑙 𝑙
ෝ𝑧 𝐼0 sin 𝑘 − 𝑧
𝒂 , 0≤𝑧≤
2 2
𝐈e x, y, z =
𝑙 𝑙
ෝ𝑧 𝐼0 sin 𝑘 − 𝑧
𝒂 , − ≤𝑧≤0
2 2

Linear Wire Antennas Slide 4

Linear Wire Antennas Slide 5
Linear Wire Antennas Slide 6
 Radiated Fields: Element Factor,
Space Factor, and Multiplication
To obtain the radiated fields of the finite length dipole in the far-field region,
we subdivide the antenna into infinitesimal dipoles and integrate to obtain the
contributions from all the infinitesimal elements.
𝑘𝐼𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑅
𝑑𝐸𝜃 = 𝑗𝜂 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑧
4𝜋𝑅

𝑅 ≅ 𝑟 − 𝑧 cos 𝜃 for far-field approximations in phase terms

𝑅 ≅ 𝑟 for far-field approximations in amplitude terms

𝑘𝐼𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟
𝑑𝐸𝜃 = 𝑗𝜂 sin 𝜃 𝑒 +𝑗𝑘𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) 𝑑𝑧
4𝜋𝑟
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
+2 +2 +2
𝑘𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟
𝐸𝜃 = ඵ 𝑑𝐸𝜃 = න 𝑗𝜂 sin 𝜃 න 𝐼𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑒 +𝑗𝑘𝑧 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑧
𝑙
−2
𝑙
−2 4𝜋𝑟 𝑙
−2

total field = element factor × (space factor)

Linear Wire Antennas Slide 7
 Radiated Fields – Far-Field
𝑘𝑙 𝑘𝑙
−𝑗𝑘𝑟
𝐼0 𝑒 cos cos 𝜃 − cos
2 2
Eθ = 𝑗𝜂
2𝜋𝑟 sin 𝜃

𝑘𝑙 𝑘𝑙
Eθ 𝐼0𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 cos cos 𝜃 − cos
2 2
Hϕ = = 𝑗
𝜂 2𝜋𝑟 sin 𝜃

Linear Wire Antennas Slide 8

Linear Wire Antennas Slide 9
 Power Density, Radiation Intensity,
Radiation Resistance, Directivity
∗
1 1 𝐸𝜙
𝑊𝑎𝑣 = Re E × H ∗ = Re 𝐚ො 𝜃 E𝜃 × 𝐚ො 𝜙
2 2 𝜂

2𝜋 𝜋

ෝ𝑟 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
ෝ𝑟 𝑊𝑎𝑣 ∙ 𝒂
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ඾ 𝑾𝑎𝑣 ∙ 𝑑𝒔 = න න 𝒂
𝑆 0 0

𝐼0 2 1 1 𝑘𝑙
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 =𝜂 𝐶 + ln 𝑘𝑙 − 𝐶𝑖 𝑘𝑙 + sin 𝑘𝑙 𝑆𝑖 2𝑘𝑙 − 2𝑆𝑖 𝑘𝑙 + cos 𝑘𝑙 𝐶 + 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐶𝑖 2𝑘𝑙 − 2𝐶𝑖 𝑘𝑙
4𝜋 2 2 2

𝑥
∞
cos 𝑦 𝑥
cos 𝑦 sin 𝑦
𝐶𝑖 𝑥 = − න 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝑑𝑦 𝑆𝑖 𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 ∞ 𝑦 0 𝑦

Linear Wire Antennas Slide 10

 Power Density, Radiation Intensity,
Radiation Resistance, Directivity
1
𝐶 + ln 𝑘𝑙 − 𝐶𝑖 𝑘𝑙 + sin 𝑘𝑙 𝑆𝑖 2𝑘𝑙 − 2𝑆𝑖 𝑘𝑙 +
2𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜂 2
𝑅𝑟 = = 1 𝑘𝑙
𝐼0 2 2𝜋
cos 𝑘𝑙 𝐶 + 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐶𝑖 2𝑘𝑙 − 2𝐶𝑖 𝑘𝑙
2 2

2𝐹0 ȁ𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐷0 =
𝑄
1
𝐶 + ln 𝑘𝑙 − 𝐶𝑖 𝑘𝑙 + sin 𝑘𝑙 𝑆𝑖 2𝑘𝑙 − 2𝑆𝑖 𝑘𝑙 +
2
𝑄= 1 𝑘𝑙
cos 𝑘𝑙 𝐶 + 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐶𝑖 2𝑘𝑙 − 2𝐶𝑖 𝑘𝑙
2 2

Linear Wire Antennas Slide 11

 Input Resistance
To calculate Input Resistance at the terminals, assume lossless antenna (no 𝑅𝐿 )
and equate the power at the input to the power at the current maximum

𝐼𝑖𝑛 2 𝐼0 2
𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅
2 2 𝑟
2
𝐼0
𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅𝑟
𝐼𝑖𝑛

𝑅𝑖𝑛 = Radiation Resistance at Input terminals

𝑅𝑟 = Radiation Resistance at Current Maximum
𝐼0 = Current Maximum
𝐼𝑖𝑛 = Current at input terminals

Assuming a sinusoidal current,

𝑅𝑟
𝑅𝑖𝑛 =
𝑘𝑙
sin2
2
Introduction to Antennas Slide 12
Linear Wire Antennas Slide 13
Linear Wire Antennas Slide 14
Half-Wave Dipole

15
 Half-Wave Dipole
One of the most commonly used antennas.
𝜆
The arms are in length and are fed at the center.
4

Radiation Resistance is excellent for transmission

line connections:
𝑅𝑟 = 73
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 73 + 𝑗42.5
To get rid of reactance, it is common practice to
cut the length until it vanishes.

Directivity is also good for omnidirectional

terrestrial communications
4𝜋𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐷0 = = 1.643 = 2.156 dBi
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑

Linear Wire Antennas Slide 16

 Half-Wave Dipole Fields
𝜋
𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟
𝐼0 cos cos 𝜃
𝐸𝜃 ≅ 𝑗𝜂 2
2𝜋𝑟 sin 𝜃

𝜋
𝐼0 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 cos cos 𝜃
𝐻𝜙 ≅ 𝑗 2
2𝜋𝑟 sin 𝜃

𝐼0 2
𝑊𝑎𝑣 ≅ 𝜂 2 2 sin3 (𝜃)
8𝜋 𝑟

𝐼0 2 3
𝑈= 𝑟 2 𝑊𝑟𝑎𝑑 ≅𝜂 2
sin (𝜃)
8𝜋
Normalized Power Pattern
𝑈𝑛 ≅ sin3 (𝜃)

Linear Wire Antennas Slide 17

 Half-Wave Dipole

Introduction to Antennas Slide 18

 Half-Wave Dipole

Introduction to Antennas Slide 19

 Half-Wave Dipole

Introduction to Antennas Slide 20

 Half-Wave Dipole

Introduction to Antennas Slide 21

 Dipole - Examples
A center-fed dipole of length 𝑙 is attached to a balanced lossless
transmission line whose characteristic impedance is 50 Ω. Assuming
the dipole is resonant at the given length, find the input VSWR when
𝜆 𝜆 3𝜆
(a) 𝑙 = (b) 𝑙 = (c) 𝑙 = (d) 𝑙 = 𝜆
4 2 4

1 + ȁΓȁ 𝑅𝑖𝑛 − 𝑍0 𝑅𝑟
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = Γ= 𝑅𝑖𝑛 =
1 − ȁΓȁ 𝑅𝑖𝑛 + 𝑍0 𝑘𝑙
sin2
2

𝑅𝑟 ቚ 𝜆 ≅ 6.84
𝑙=4

𝑅𝑟 ቚ 𝜆 ≅ 73
𝑙=2

𝑅𝑟 ቚ 3𝜆 ≅ 372
𝑙= 4

𝑅𝑟 ቚ 𝜆 =∞
𝑙=
4
Introduction to Antennas Slide 22
 Dipole - Examples
The approximate far zone electric field radiated by a very thin wire
linear dipole of length 𝑙, positioned symmetrically along the z-axis, is
given by
𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟
𝐸𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜 sin1.5 (𝜃)
𝑟
Where 𝐶𝑜 is a constant. Determine the exact directivity and the
length of the dipole

2𝜋 𝜋
4𝜋𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐷0 = 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 = න න 𝑈 sin(𝜃) 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑
0 0

Introduction to Antennas Slide 23

 Dipole Examples
𝜆
A dipole with its center at the origin radiates a time-averaged power
2
𝜆
of 600 W. A second dipole is placed with its center point at
2
𝑃(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙) where 𝑟 = 200 m, 𝜃 = 90°, 𝜙 = 40°. It is oriented so that
its axis is parallel to that of the transmitting antenna. What is the
available power at the terminals of the second (receiving) dipole?
Assume both antennas are lossless and perfectly matched in all
unmentioned parameters.

Friis Transmission Equation

2
𝜆
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 𝐷0𝑡 𝐷0𝑟
4𝜋𝑟

𝑈 ≅ sin3 (𝜃)
Introduction to Antennas Slide 24