Lec - 5 - Mohrs Circle

CE 205
Mechanics of Solids- II
Lecture-5
Plane STRESS TRANSFORMATION

Mohr’s Circle
1
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Lectures Outlines :
❖Stress at a Point
❖Stress Transformation
• Analytical Method
• Mohr’s Circle Method
❖Strain Transformation
❖Relation between Elastic Constants
❖Failure Theories
3
CONCEPT OF MOHR’S CIRCLE
4
CONCEPT of MOHR’S CIRCLE
➢ The transformation equations for plane stress can be represented in graphical

form by a plot known as Mohr’s circle
➢ This graphical representation is extremely useful because it enables you to
visualize the relationships between the normal and shear stresses acting on
various inclined planes at a point in a stressed body
➢ Using Mohr’s circle you can also calculate principal stresses, maximum
shear stresses and stresses on inclined planes
➢ Mohr’s circle is also valid for strains and moments of inertia
* Mohr’s circle is named after the famous German civil engineer Otto Christian Mohr (1835-1918),
who developed the circle in 1882
APPLICATION OF MOHR’S CIRCLE TO COMBINED LOADINGS
• It is a popular method of stress transformation for two reasons:
• First, it allows us to visualize how the normal and shear stress components
vary with the angle of transformation or with the plane on which they act
changes its direction.
• Second, since all relevant data can be obtained from Mohr’s circle by
trigonometry, it is not necessary to refer to the transformation equations
The radius of the circle is R, and its center has the coordinates (σ; 0)
The properties of Mohr’s circle :
• The coordinates of each point on the circle
represent the normal and shear stresses that
act on a specific plane that passes through
the selected point in the body. (For this
reason, each time you plot a point on the
circle, you should immediately label it to
identify the plane that it represents.)
• A convenient method for keeping track of the sense of shear stress: Shear stress
that has a clockwise moment about the center of the element, is plotted up
(above the X-axis). If the moment of the shear stress is counterclockwise, the
point is plotted down (below the X-axis)
• The angle between two diameters on the circle is twice the

transformation angle, with both angles measured in the same
direction (clockwise or counterclockwise)
• If we write Eqs σx’ = (σx + σy)/2 + ((σx - σy)/2)cos2θ + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin2θ and 𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = - ((σx -
σy)/2)sin2θ + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos2θ in the form sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
σx’ - (σx + σy)/2 = ((σx - σy)/2)cos2θ + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin2θ

𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = - ((σx - σy)/2)sin2θ + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos2θ
• Then the parameter θ can be eliminated by squaring each equation and adding them
together. The result is
(σx’ - (σx + σy)/2)2 + (𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ )2 = ((σx - σy)/2)2 + (𝜏𝑥𝑦 )2
• Finally, since σx, σy, 𝜏𝑥𝑦 are known constants, then the above equation can be written
in a more compact form as
(σx’ - σave)2 + (𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ )2 = R2
• where
σave = (σx + σy)/2
R = √(((σx - σy)/2)2 + (𝜏𝑥𝑦 )2)

• If we establish coordinate axes, σ positive to the right and 𝜏 positive downward, and then
plot Eq, (σx’ - σave)2 + (𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ )2 = R2, it will be seen that this equation represents a circle
having a radius R and centre on the σ axis at point C(σavg, 0), Fig b. This circle is called
Mohr’s circle, because it was develped by the German engineer Otto Mohr.
• Each point on Mohr’s circle represents the two stress components σx’
and 𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ acting on the side of the element defined by the outward x’ axis,
when this axis is in a specific direction θ.
• For example, when x’ is coincident with the x axis as shown in Fig , then θ
= 0o and σx’ = σx and 𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = 𝜏𝑥𝑦. We will refer to this as the “reference
point” A and plot its coordinates A(σx , 𝜏𝑥𝑦), Fig c.
• Now consider rotating the x’ axis 90° counterclockwise, Fig b. Then σx’ = σy and 𝜏𝑥′𝑦′
= -𝜏𝑥𝑦. These values are the coordinates of point G(σy , -𝜏𝑥𝑦) on the circle, Fig c.
Hence, the radial line CG is 180° counterclockwise from the radial “reference line”
CA. In other words, a rotation θ of the x’ axis on the element will correspond to a
rotation 2θ on the circle in the same direction.
• Hence, Mohr’s circle can be used to determine the principal stresses, the
maximum in-plane shear stress, or the stress on any arbitrary plane.
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS. The following steps are required to draw
and use Mohr’s circle.
Construction of the Circle
• Establish a coordinate system such that the horizontal axis
represents the normal stress σ, with positive to the right, and the
vertical axis represents the shear stress 𝜏, with positive downwards,
Fig a. (If the 𝜏 axis were constructed positive upwards, then the
angle 2θ on the circle would be measured in the opposite direction
to the orientation θ of the x’ axis.)
• Using the positive sign convention for σx, σy, 𝜏𝑥𝑦, Fig a, plot the
center of the circle C, which is located on the σ axis at a distance σave
= (σx + σy)/2 from the origin, Fig a.
• Plot the “reference point” A having coordinates A(σx , 𝜏𝑥𝑦). This point
represents the normal and shear stress components on the
element’s right-hand vertical face, and since the x’ axis coincides
with the x axis, this represents θ = 0o Fig a.
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS. The following steps are required to
draw and use Mohr’s circle.
Construction of the Circle (Contd…)
• Connect point A with the centre C of the circle
and determine CA by trigonometry. This
represents the radius R of the circle, Fig a.
• Once R has been determined, sketch the circle.
Principal Stress
• The principal stresses σ1 and σ2 (σ1 > σ2 ) are
coordinates of points B and D, where the circle
intersects the σ axis, i.e., where 𝜏 = 0, Fig a.
• These stresses act on planes defined by angles
θp1 and θp2, Fig b. One of these angles is
represented on the circle as 2θp1. It is
measured from the radial reference line CA to
line CB.
Principal Stress (Contd…)
• Using trigonometry, determine θp1 from the circle.
Remember that the direction of rotation 2θp on the
circle (here it happens to be counter-clockwise)
represents the same direction of rotation up from
the reference axis (+x) to the principal plane (+x’),
Fig b. (If the 𝜏 axis were constructed positive
upwards, then the angle 2θ on the circle would be
measured in the opposite direction to the
orientation θ of the x’ axis.)
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress
• The average normal stress and maximum in-plane
shear stress components are determined from the
circle as the coordinates of either point E or F, Fig
a.
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress (Contd…)

• In this case the angles θs1 and θs2 give the
orientation of the planes that contain these
components, Fig c. The angle 2θs1 is shown in Fig
a and can be determined using trigonometry. Here
the rotation happens to be clockwise, from CA to
CE, and so θs1 must be clockwise on the element,
Fig c. (If the 𝜏 axis were constructed positive
upwards, then the angle 2θ on the circle would be
measured in the opposite direction to the
orientation θ of the x’ axis.)
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS. The following steps are required to draw and use Mohr’s circle.
Stresses on Arbitrary Plane
• The normal and shear stress components σx’ and 𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ acting on a specified plane or x’ axis,
defined by the angle θ, Fig d, can be obtained by finding the coordinates of point P on the
circle using trigonometry, Fig a.
• To locate P, the known angle θ (in this case counterclockwise), Fig d, must be measured on
the circle in the same direction 2θ (counterclockwise) from the radial reference line CA to
the radial line CP, Fig a.
EXAMPLE : 9-7
Due to the applied loading,

the element at point A on
the solid shaft in Fig. is
subjected to the state of
stress shown.
Determine the principal
stresses acting at this
point.
EXAMPLE : 9-7: Solution
EXAMPLE : 9-7
EXAMPLE : 9-8
The state of plane stress at a point is

shown on the element in Fig.
Determine the maximum in-plane
shear stress at this point.
EXAMPLE : 9-8 : Solution
EXAMPLE : 9-8
EXAMPLE : 9-9
The state of plane stress at a point is shown on

the element in Fig.
Represent this state of stress on an element
oriented 30° counterclockwise from the
position shown.
EXAMPLE : 9-9 : Solution
EXAMPLE : 9-9
Self-Assessment Problem
Problem # 9-60
Determine the principal stresses,

the maximum in-plane shear
stress, and average normal stress.
Specify the orientation of the
element in each case.
Problem # 9-60 : SOLUTION
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
• The strength of a ductile material depends upon its ability to

resist shear stress, it becomes important to find the absolute
maximum shear stress in the material when it is subjected to a
loading.
Consider the material to be subjected to the in-plane principal
stresses σ1 and σ2 shown in Fig. ,where both of these stresses are
tensile. (Let σ1 > σ2 )
If we view the element in two dimensions at a time, that is,

in the y–z, x–z, and x–y planes, Figs b, c and d, then we can
use Mohr’s circle to determine the maximum in-plane shear
stress for each case
• For y-z Plane, Mohr’s circle extends between 0 and σ2 for the
case shown in Fig b.
From this circle, Fig e, the maximum in-plane shear stress is
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 = σ2/2.
• For x-z plane, Mohr’s circle extends between 0 and σ1 for the
case shown in Fig c.
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 = σ1/2.
• For x-y Plane, Mohr’s circle extends between σ2 and σ1 for the
case shown in Fig d.
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 = σ1 -σ2 /2.
• Comparing all three circles, the absolute maximum shear stress is

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = σ1/2
• It occurs on an element that is rotated 45° about the y axis from the element shown in Fig a
or c. It is this out of plane shear stress that will cause the material to fail, not 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑖𝑛−𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.
• if one of the in-plane principal stresses has the

opposite sign of the other, Fig a, then the three
Mohr’s circles that describe the state of stress
(σ and σ have opposite signs)
for the element when viewed from each plane 1 2
are shown in Fig b. Clearly, in this case

𝜏𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (σ1 –σ2)/2
• Here the absolute maximum shear stress is

equal to the maximum in-plane shear stress
found from rotating the element in Fig a, 45o
about the z axis.
IMPORTANT POINTS
• If the in-plane principal stresses both have the same sign (+,+ or -,-), the
absolute maximum shear stress will occur out of the plane and has a value of
𝜏𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = σmax/2
This value is greater than the in-plane shear stress.
• If the in-plane principal stresses are of opposite signs, then the absolute
maximum shear stress will equal the maximum in-plane shear stress; that is
𝜏𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (σmax- σmin) /2
Example
The point on the surface of the

pressure vessel in Fig. is subjected to
the state of plane stress. Determine
the absolute maximum shear stress at
this point.
Example : SOLUTION
Example : SOLUTION
Example : 9-11
Due to an applied loading, an element at the

point on a machine shaft is subjected to the
state of plane stress shown in Fig.
Determine the principal stresses and the
absolute maximum shear stress at the point
Example : 9-11 : Solution
Example : 9-11 : Solution
Problem # : 9-83
The state of stress at a point is shown on

the element.
Determine the principal stresses and the
absolute maximum shear stress.
Problem # : 9-83 : Solution
Problem # : 9-83 : Solution
• As the in-plane principal stresses are of opposite signs, then the absolute
maximum shear stress will equal the maximum in-plane shear stress; that is
𝜏𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (σmax- σmin) /2
Combined Loadings
(axial, torsional, flexural) Combined stresses

Mohr’s Circle
Design Criteria,  allow ,  allow  max
(0, )
2 1 
Principal stresses and,
Maximum shearing stress
( , − )
2 1
1
 2 s

 max
2
1 2 1  max
Torsional Failure Modes
Axial + Torsional Loading

Problem : The solid shaft in small hydraulic turbine is 100mm in diameter and supports an axial
compressive load of 140π kN. Determine the maximum power that can be developed at 4 Hz without
exceeding a maximum shearing stress of 70 MPa or Maximum Normal Stress of 90 MPa
 D2  (0.1)2
A= = = 2.5 10−3  m2
4 4
 D4  (0.1) 4
J= = = 3.125 10−6  m 4
D = 100 mm 32 32
  70 MPa
  90 MPa P = 140 kN 
− P (140000 ) 
= = = −5.6  107 N/m 2 = −56 MPa
A 2.5 10 
−3
Tc T (0.05) 1.6 106 1.6T

= = = T( ) N/m 2
= MPa
J 3.125 10−6   
APPLICATION OF MOHR’S CIRCLE TO COMBINED
 LOADINGS
 Mohr’s Circle
56 MPa  max
(0, 1.6 T )
1.6T
MPa

C = −28 MPa 2 (−28,0) 1 
C
1.6T 2
 max = R = (−28) + (
2
)  70 MPa

(−56, − 1.6T )
1.6T
 2 = C + R = −28 − (−28) 2 + ( ) 2  90 MPa

P = 2 f  T
1.6T 2
(−28) 2 + ( )  62 MPa
 P  2 (4)(1086)
P  27, 294.2 watt

T  1086.15 N.m P  273 kW
Bending + Torsional Loading

 D4  (0.1) 4
I= = = 1.5625 10−6  m 4
64 64
 D4  (0.1) 4
J= = = 3.125 10−6  m 4
32 32
D = 100 mm
  80 MPa
  100 MPa
M = 2500 N.m
Mc (2500 )(0.05)
= = = 8  10 7
N/m 2
= 80 MPa
I 1.5625 10 
−6
Tc T (0.05) 1.6 106 1.6T

= = = T( ) N/m 2
= MPa
J 3.125 10−6   
APPLICATION OF MOHR’S CIRCLE TO COMBINED
 LOADINGS
80 MPa Mohr’s Circle
1.6T
 max
(0,  )
1.6T
MPa

C = 40 MPa 2 (40,0) 1 
C
1.6T 2
 max = R = 40 + (
2
)  80 MPa

(80, − 1.6 T )
1.6T
 1 = C + R = 40 + 402 + ( )2  100 MPa

P = 2 f  T
1.6T 2
402 + ( )  60 MPa

P  2 (30)(87.81)
T  87.81 N.m P  16,551.8 watt

Practice Problems
Problem # F9-10 , F9-12 , 9-54, 9-56, 9-63, 9-75, 9-82, 9-84, 9-87

Lec - 5 - Mohrs Circle

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CE 205

Plane STRESS TRANSFORMATION

➢ The transformation equations for plane stress can be represented in graphical

• The angle between two diameters on the circle is twice the

σx’ - (σx + σy)/2 = ((σx - σy)/2)cos2θ + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin2θ

R = √(((σx - σy)/2)2 + (𝜏𝑥𝑦 )2)

Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress (Contd…)

Due to the applied loading,

The state of plane stress at a point is

The state of plane stress at a point is shown on

Determine the principal stresses,

• The strength of a ductile material depends upon its ability to

If we view the element in two dimensions at a time, that is,

• Comparing all three circles, the absolute maximum shear stress is

• if one of the in-plane principal stresses has the

are shown in Fig b. Clearly, in this case

• Here the absolute maximum shear stress is

The point on the surface of the

Due to an applied loading, an element at the

The state of stress at a point is shown on

Axial + Torsional Loading

Tc T (0.05) 1.6 106 1.6T

P  27, 294.2 watt

Bending + Torsional Loading

Tc T (0.05) 1.6 106 1.6T

T  87.81 N.m P  16,551.8 watt

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