FM-II Lab Manual

Military College of Engineering (MCE), Risalpur [Copyrights]
Fluid Mechanics-II
LAB MANUAL
Submitted by: Submitted to:
PA/TC/PC/ASC/NC No:
Name:
Class/Sec: Syn No:
CMS ID:
[National University of Sciences & Technology, Pakistan]

Table of Contents
Foreword ................................................................................................................................................. 1
Lab Policy ................................................................................................................................................. 2
TO MEASURE THE HEAD LOSS DUE TO FRICTION, SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT, SUDDEN CONTRACTION, AND
BENDS 4
TO STUDY THE SPECIFIC ENERGY CURVE AND TO DETERMINE THE CRITICAL DEPTH AND MINIMUM
SPECIFIC ENERGY IN THE CHANNEL 11
DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE FOR BROAD CRESTED WEIR IN THE CHANNEL 17
TO STUDY THE HYDRAULIC JUMP IN AN OPEN CHANNEL FOR DEPTH AFTER THE JUMP AND LOSS OF
ENERGY IN THE JUMP 21
TO STUDY THE FLOW OVER A TRIANGULAR WEIR IN THE CHANNEL 25

TO STUDY THE FLOW THROUGH VENTURI – FLUME FITTED IN AN OPEN CHANNEL 29
TO STUDY THE FLOW OVER SHARP CRESTED WEIR IN AN OPEN CHANNEL 33
TO STUDY THE CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR A PELTON TURBINE 37
TO STUDY THE CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR AN AXIAL FLOW IMPULSE TURBINE 41
TO STUDY THE CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR A REACTION TURBINE 45
TO STUDY THE CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR A FRANCIS TURBINE 49
TO STUDY THE CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR A RECIPROCATING PUMP 56
TO STUDY THE CHARACTERISTIC CURVE FOR A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 62

FLUID MECHANICS-II
Foreword
The primary aim of CE 252 Fluid Mechanics II laboratory and practical work
is to make the students understand and demonstrate the application of
various mathematical equations and numerical schemes on small scale
physical models. It is also intended to display the fluid behavior in varying
flow conditions.
In order that students have a fairly good understanding of the theory

underlying the experiments, the entire course is designed such that
classroom lectures precede lab work. Students are advised to pay close
attention in class so that they can perform well in the lab.
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FLUID MECHANICS-II
Lab Policy
Groups
Students will be formed into groups / syndicates of ten or fifteen on the

first lab day. Once a student has signed up with a group, he may not change
groups without prior approval of the instructor.
Lab Reports
You will perform the experiment in group, and turn in individual laboratory
reports on the next day of the conduct. Your report should be self-
contained, i.e. an engineering technologist should be able to perform the
experiment and duplicate your results by reading your report. DO NOT
"adjust" your data to make them fit what you believe to be an acceptable
value. Your report should contain accurate description of the experiment. If
your results differ significantly from reference values you should check your
settings carefully (calibration, wrong units, wrong calculations, etc.), and do
the experiment again. Try to explain any discrepancies but do not "adjust"
your data.
Report Format
The report must be typewritten. A report should include the following in

order
A. A title page, which includes the following information, in order:
1. Course Number and Section Number

2. Experiment Title
3. Names of the Group Members (who contributed to do the
lab/report)
4. Due Date
B. Objective or purpose and scope of the experiment work.
C. Theoretical aspect of the experiment.
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FLUID MECHANICS-II
D. Experimental procedure that explains briefly the procedure of how the

experiment was performed and all the equipment used.
E. Experimental and /or calculated results. (Include all data you have
taken, a sample calculation, and the results) The result table must be
presented in tabular form. Also, all calculations and graphical work (e.g.
graph) must be hand written/drawn.
F. Discussion of results in light of the theoretical “predictions”. Include an

error analysis. Quantify the errors whenever possible.
G. Conclusions, wherein you write what you learned from the experiment.
Your conclusions must summarize your report and must be based on your
experimental results.
Late lab reports will not be accepted.
Fluid Mechanics-II Lab Policy
We want to maintain the high quality conditions of this lab for the students
in future years. Thus, it is necessary for you to adhere to the established
policy of NO BEVERAGES, FOOD, NEWS PAPERS, MAGAZINES, and TOBACCO
PRODUCTS within the premises of Fluid Mechanics - II lab.
PAGE 3
FLUID MECHANICS-II
PIPE FRICTION/HEAD LOSS

Object
1. To measure the head loss due to friction, sudden enlargement, sudden

contraction, and bends.
Scope
2. Efficiency of a pipe reservoir system is determined by net effect of total energy

and total head loss of the system. This practical covers the determination of total head
loss of a pipe reservoir system including major / minor losses.
Theoretical Explanation
3. Loss of head due to friction in a straight pipe The energy loss in overcoming the
frictional resistance is known as head loss. A rational formula for the loss of head in a
pipe due friction may be obtained by assuming Froude’s experimental results of fluid
friction to hold.
hf = fLV2/2gd
Figure 1 hf in straight pipe

4. Loss of head due to sudden enlargement Consider a fluid flowing along a pipe of
area a1 with a velocity v1 and a pressure of p1. Let the pipe be suddenly enlarged to an
area a2 , velocity v2 and the pressure p2. The fluid will flow by the enlargement and
backwash of eddies will be formed in the corners. The formation of these eddies causes
the head loss.
hL = (v1 – v2)2/2g
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FLUID MECHANICS-II
Figure 2 Sudden expansion in pipe

5. Loss of head due to sudden contraction.The loss of head due to contraction is
not due to contraction itself but to sudden enlargement which follows the contraction.
Let the pipe change section from an area of a1 to an area a. The fluid is flowing into the
narrow section, will be further contracted at the sec cc forming a vena contracta in the
same way as a jet issuing from an orifice. In this spectrum, the fluid may be detached
from the pipe walls due to Vena contracta effect and may join the walls again due to
friction. Some energy is lost in this scenario, which is calculated as under:
hL = kV2/2g where k is constant = 0.5
Figure 3 Sudden contraction in pipe

6. Loss of head due to elbow and 90 bends. This loss is sudden change of direction
and resistance of sharp bends, elbows and is expressed as a function of V2/2g
hL = kV2/2g where k is constant = 1
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FLUID MECHANICS-II
Figure 4 90º and elbow bend in pipe

Explanation of Procedure
7. Procedure for the conduct of this experiment will be explained in this section.
We will learn what apparatus will be utilized in this experiment, procedure adopted, the
responses/ reading recorded and how can infer useful information about the
experiment.
8. Video Clips will be shown to the students during the Lab-Conduct.
a. Apparatus Required
(1) Pipe friction/loss of head apparatus fitted on wall.
(2) Hydraulics Bench.
(3) Mercury Monometer.
(4) Thermameter.
b. Procedure Adopted
(1) Connect the inlet of the variable area flow meter to hydraulic
bench outlet.
(2) Open all the valves on the unit except the vent valve.
(3) Turn on the water supply and allow water to flow through the
apparatus.
(4) Close the water outlet valve slightly to provide some
backpressure.
(5) Open the air vent valve and allow air to escape. Water starts to
flow through the air vent valve, then close the vent valve and
open the outlet valve.
(6) Read and note the flow rate from rotameter. Also determine
whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.
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FLUID MECHANICS-II
(7) Choose two sections for finding head loss and connect them to
the Hg manometer. (This will give value of pressure head for
determination of total head loss.
(8) Take 5 to 6 readings to changing the flow rate. Measure the
pressure head against each flow rate. (This activity will be
performed for straight pipe, sudden enlargement, sudden
contraction and 4 x bends)
(9) Calculate Total head loss for a pipe reservoir system as under:
(10) Calculate the energy required.

(11) Determine the HP of pump required to overcome the losses.
Conduct of Experiment/ Lab
9. Student syndicates will perform this experiment in groups of 8 individuals at a

time. This experiment will be demonstrated to the syndicate, the students will take
various measurements by themselves and record data individually.
10. All students will submit lab report to lab staff/ lab engr in person to get their
attendance marked for this particular lab.
11. A graded quiz will be conducted at the end of the day or next day from the same
practical.
Observations and calculation
12. Diameter (d) and length of pipe (L) for pipe friction
i. d= cm
ii. L = .................. cm
iii. A = -------------------- cm2
13. Diameter of pipe d1, d2 for sudden enlargement and area
iv. d1=................... cm
v. d2 =… .............. cm
vi. A1 = ------------------ cm2
vii. A2 = ------------------ cm2
14. Diameter d1, d2 for sudden contraction and area
viii. d1=… ............... cm
ix. d2=… ............. cm
PAGE 7
FLUID MECHANICS-II
x. A1 = ----------------- cm2
xi. A2 = ----------------- cm2
15. Diameter of pipe for elbow and 90º bend = ----------------- cm
16. Note the reading in the table below from the apparatus for above 4 experiment
Table
Loss of head due to friction.
Q v hf NR  hL
cm3/sec cm/sec cm
Calculations
v = Q/A.
(f = 64/R for laminar flow)
Loss of head due to sudden enlargement.
Q v1 v2 hL
cm3/sec cm/sec cm/sec cm
Calculations
v1 = Q/A1.and v2 = Q/A2.
hL= (v1 v2)2/2g
PAGE 8
FLUID MECHANICS-II
Loss of head due to sudden contraction.

Q v1 v2 hL
cm3/sec cm/sec cm/sec cm
Calculations
v1 = Q/A1
v2 = Q/A2
hL= kv22/2g k = 0.5
= 0.5v22/2g
Loss of head due 90º bend
Q v hL
cm3/sec cm/sec cm
Loss of head due to elbow bend
Q v hL
cm3/sec cm/sec cm
PAGE 9
FLUID MECHANICS-II
Calculations
v = Q/A.
hL= kv2/2g where k = 1
= v2/2g
Determine the Total head loss
Determine the HP of a pump required to overcome these losses.
(H = Total head loss)
Analysis and Discussion
17. Students will analyze the effects of variation in pipe cross sections and shape on
total head and calculate total head loss due to above said variation.
18. Discussions will be carried out to analyze the head loss for different parameters
in a given pipe fittings or to change the pump capacity to fulfill the head/flow
requirement at a given length/point.
Precautions
a.
b.
Comments
PAGE 10
FLUID MECHANICS-II
SPECIFIC ENERGY DIAGRAM FOR TWO GIVEN FLOW RATES

Object
1. To study the specific energy curve and to determine the critical depth and
minimum specific energy in the channel.
Scope
2. To determine the critical depth and corresponding Minimum specific energy of a

specific flow in open channel.
3. Critical depth. The depth of channel, corresponding to minimum specific energy is

called critical depth.
Critical depth (yc) = (q²/g)1/3
q = Flow per unit width.
g = Acceleration due to gravity.
4. Specific energy. The specific energy E at a particular section is defined as the energy
head referred to the channel bed as datum.
Specific energy (E) = y + v²/2g
y = Depth of water and v = Velocity of flow
g = Acceleration due to gravity
v²/2g = Velocity head
Minimum specific energy (Emin) = yc + vc²/2g
5. Above equation indicates that the specific energy is equal to the sum of the depth
of water and the velocity head. It can be seen that for a given channel section and
discharge (Q), the specific energy in a channel section is a function of depth only. When the
depth of flow is plotted against the specific energy for a given channel section and
discharge, a specific energy is obtained (Figure 1).
6. There are two possible depths; the low stage is called the alternate depth of
highstage and vice versa. At the point C on the curve the specific energy is a minimum.
PAGE 11
FLUID MECHANICS-II
Emin
y C
yc
Figure 1 Specific energy curve for a discharge

7. The condition of minimum specific energy corresponds to the critical state of flow.
Thus, at critical state the two alternate depths apparently becomes one, which is known as
critical depth (yc).
8. When the depth of flow is greater than the critical depth, the velocity of flow is less
than the critical velocity for a given discharge, and hence, the flow is subcritical. When the
depth of flow is less than the critical depth, the flow is supercritical.
experiment.
(1) Open Channel.
(2) Sluice gate.
(3) Broad Crested Weir.
(4) Hydraulic Bench
(5) Steel Ruler
(1) Open channel is adjusted so that the bed is horizontal.
(2) Connect the hydraulic bench outlet pipe to the inlet of the open
channel.
(3) Switch on the hydraulic bench, open the flow from flow regulating
valve and note the flow rate as Q.
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FLUID MECHANICS-II
(4) Fix the sluice gate in the open channel for a stable jump, measure
the depth of water before and after the sluice gate as y1 and y2.
(5) Now increase the opening of the sluice gate and note the reading as
y3 and y4.
(6) Take the reading y5 and y6 to increase the sluice gate opening more.
(7) Now place the broad crested weir at the place of sluice gate in the
channel on that flow rate and measure the depth of water on the
weir as y7, y8, y9, y10, y11 and y12. Calculate the velocity (v), velocity
head (v2/2g) and specific energy (E) on all depth points.
(8). Calculate the velocity (v), velocity head (v2/2g) and specific energy
(E) against depth.
(9) Now change the flow from the flow-regulating valve and repeat
the procedure as above for the next curve.
(10) Draw the graphs between E and y. For yc and Emin against each Q
(Figure 2)
E min
y C
yc
Figure 2 Specific energy curves for two discharges
(11) Calculate theoretical critical depth (y'c) and min specific energy
(E’min) from:
(12) y'c1 = (q²/g)1/3 =
(13) E'min1 = (3/2)y'c1 =
(14) y'c2 = (q²/g)1/3 =
(15) E'min2 = (3/2)y'c2 =
(16) Compare the y’c with yc and E’min with Emin
(17) y’c1 yc1 = -----------------cm E'min1 Emin1 = ------------cm
(18) y’c2 yc2 = -----------------cm E'min2 Emin2 = -----------cm
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FLUID MECHANICS-II

12. All students will show submit the lab report to lab staff/ lab engr in person to get
their attendance marked for this particular lab.
13. A graded quiz will be conducted out of the same practical at the end of the day
or next day.
14. Length of weir = --------------------cm

15. Height of weir = -------------------- cm
16. Width of Channel (b) = ------------ cm
Table No. 1
Q Depth of water (y) v v2/2g E From graph
cm3/sec cm cm/sec cm cm
y1 =
y2 =
yc1 =
y3 =
y4 =
y5 =
y6 =
Emin1=
y7 =
y8 =
y9 =
y10=
PAGE 14
FLUID MECHANICS-II
y11=
y12=
Table No. 2
y1 =
y2 =
yc2 =
y3 =
y4 =
y5 =
y6 =
Emin2=
y7 =
y8 =
y9 =
y10=
y11=
y12=
Calculations
v = Q/A
= Q/by
E = y + v2/2g
PAGE 15
FLUID MECHANICS-II
17. Students will analyze the said specific energy diagram for y c and Emin in the
channel and will be able to change the slope/design parameter of a channel.
18. Discussions will be carried out to analyze the critical hump height/critical depth
and how it varies with the hump height in the channel.
19. Students will analyze the error between theoretical values and practically
calculated values of yc and Emin and how to minimize the error and causes for error in
energy and depth of water calculations in the channel.
Precautions
a.
b.
c.
d.
Comments
PAGE 16
FLUID MECHANICS-II
COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE FOR BROAD CRESTED WEIR

Object
1. Determination of coefficient of discharge (Cd) for a broad crested weir in an open

channel.
Scope
2. Broad crested weir is used to raise the water level upstream and to measure the
discharge. Actual discharge is less than theoretical discharge due to roughness of sill
surface and viscosity. Coefficient of discharge is used to measure the actual discharge
over the weir.
3. A weir having broad sill is known as a broad crested weir. The discharge from a
weir of this type depends on the head (H), the breadth (b) and the length (L) of the sill. It
will also depend on the roughness of the sill’s surface, viscosity and the temperature.
Figure 1 Broad crested weir in channel
4. As the water flows over the sill there is a loss of head due to frictional resistance. If
the sill is very long, this resistance will be similar to that of the bed of an open channel.
Coefficient of discharge (Cd) = Qact/Qtheo
= Qact /1.705bH1.5
experiment.
PAGE 17
FLUID MECHANICS-II
(1) Open Channel.
(2) Broad Crested Weir.
(3) Hydraulic Bench
(4) Steel Ruler
channel.
(3) Place the broad crested weir approx. 50 cm or more from flow
entry point.
(4) Note the discharge “Qact” from hydraulic bench and head over the
weir “H” (upstream before slope of water) in open channel.
(5) Calculate the “Qtheo” from: -
Qtheo = 1.705bH1.5.
(6) Calculate the Coefficient of discharge
Cd= Qact /Qtheo
(7) Take 5 to 6 readings after changing the flow rate and calculate the
Cd for each value of flow rate.
(8) Calculate mean value of Cd.

or next day.
10. Length of weir = -------------------- cm

11. Height of weir = -------------------- cm
PAGE 18
FLUID MECHANICS-II
Table.
q t Qact H Qtheo Cd
ltrs sec m3/sec m m3/sec
Calculations
q = Volume of water collected.
t = Time
= ----------- Sec
Qact = (q/t)/1000
H = Head over the weir
Qtheo = 1.705bH1.5
Cd = Qact/Qtheo
12. Students will able to find coefficient of discharge for the above weirs and to
analyze the roughness factor, which changes the coefficient of discharge.
13. Discussions will be carried out to analysis/measurement of the Qact with help of
Cd and how the discharge is affected by the friction on the surface of the weir.
14. Effects of changing the slope of the channels will also be discussed.
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FLUID MECHANICS-II
Precautions
a.
b.
c.
Comments
PAGE 20
FLUID MECHANICS-II
STUDY OF HYDRAULIC JUMP IN THE CHANNEL

Object
1. To study the hydraulic jump in an open channel for depth after the jump and loss
of energy in the jump.
Scope
2. The hydraulic jump has a great scope in practical life i.e.

a. To dissipate energy in water flowing over weirs and other hydraulic
structures and thus prevent scouring downstream from destruction.
b. To recover head or raise the water level on the downstream and maintain
high water level in the channel for irrigation or other water distribution
purposes.
c. To mix chemicals used for water purification and so forth.
d. To aerate water for city water supplies.
e. To remove air pockets from water supply lines and prevents air locking.
3. Hydraulic jump is a sudden and turbulent passage of water from the supercritical
to sub critical state. It is useful mean to dissipate energy of flowing water which
otherwise may cause damage to the bed / sensitive structure.
Figure 1 Hydraulic jump in channel
y2 = depth after the jump

= { y1 + (y12 + 8q2/gy1)1/2}/2
E = Specific energy
= y + v2/2g
E1 E2 = Energy loss in the jump.5
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FLUID MECHANICS-II
experiment.
(1) Open Channel.
(2) Sluice gate.
(3) Hydraulic Bench
(4) Steel Ruler
channel.
valve to the desired position.
(4) Fix the sluice gate in the open channel at a distance of 50 cm or
more from the water flow entry.
(5) Adjust the sluice gate for a stable jump.
(6) Note the discharge (Q) from the hydraulic bench, measure the
depth of water in the channel before (y1) and after the jump (y2).
(7) Calculate theoretical value of depth after the jump as y2’.
(8) Calculate the y2’y2 for error.
(9) Calculate the E1, E2 and energy loss as E1 E2.
(10) Now change the flow rate, adjust the sluice gate for a stable jump
and note the reading as above.
(11) Take 5 to 6 readings

or next day.
9.
PAGE 22
FLUID MECHANICS-II

Table
Q q y1 y2 v1 v2 y'2 y'2–y2 E1 E2 E1–E2
l/m cm2/s cm cm cm/s cm/s cm cm cm cm cm
Calculations
Q = Q/b
v1 =
q/y1 v2
=q/y2
y2 ’= [y1+ (y12+8q2/gy1)1/2/2]
2
E1 = y1 + v1 /2g
E2 = y2 + v22/2g
13. A discussion will be carried out about the reasons of the error and the error will
be removed. The effects of slope on the readings will also be discussed. Apart from the
variation of depth downstream the jump, the location of the jump will also be
emphasized.
PAGE 23
FLUID MECHANICS-II
Precautions
a.
b.
c.
d.
Comments
PAGE 24
FLUID MECHANICS-II
STUDY OF FLOW OVER A TRIANGULAR WEIR IN THE CHANNEL

Object
1. To study the flow over a triangular weir in an open channel for critical depth and
minimum specific energy.
Scope
2. Effects of triangular weir on the specific energy and determination of critical

depth vis a vis minimum specific energy is covered in this practical.
3. For flow over a triangular weir in an open channel: -
Flow per unit width (q) = Q/b
Where Q= flow in open channel
b = Width of the channel
Specific energy (E) = y + q2/2gy2
Where y = Depth of water over the weir
4. As the water flows over the hump (triangular weir) the available specific energy
head is reduced by an amount equal to the height of the hump.
E = E1 Z Where z = height of hump
Total energy head (H) = E + Z =q2/2gy2 + Z
Critical depth yc = (q2/g)1/3g
Figure 1 Triangular weir in the channel

5. The condition of minimum specific energy corresponds to the critical state of flow.
Thus, at critical state the two alternate depths apparently becomes one, which is known as
critical depth yc(Figure 2).
PAGE 25
FLUID MECHANICS-II
Emin
y C
yc
Figure 2 Specific energy curve

6. When the depth of flow is greater than the critical depth, the velocity of flow is less
than the critical velocity for a given discharge, and hence, the flow is subcritical. When the
depth of flow is less than the critical depth, the flow is supercritical.
experiment.
(1) Open Channel.
(2) Graph paper.
(3) Triangular Weir.
(4) Hydraulic Bench
(5) Steel Ruler
channel.
valve and note the flow rate as Q.
(4) Triangular weir a positioned approx 50 cm from flow entry.
(5) Switch on the hydraulic bench and open the flow-regulating valve
for flow over the weir.
(6) Note the discharge (Q) from rotameter, depth of water (y) at
various points, (Z) marked on the weir from 1 to 10 andcalculate
the specific energy (E) at all points.
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FLUID MECHANICS-II
(7) Calculate theoretical minimum specific energy (E’min) and critical

depth (y’c).
(9) Draw the graphs between E and y. For yc and Emin against each Q.
(10) Calculate theoretical critical depth (y'c) and min specific energy
(E’min) from:
(11) y'c = (q²/g)1/3 =
(12) E'min1 = (3/2)y'c1 =
(13) Compare the y’c with yc and E’min with Emin
(14) y’c  yc = ---------------- cm
(15) E'min2  Emin2 = ----------- cm

or next day.
12. Length of weir = -------------------- cm
13. Height of weir = -------------------- cm
Table
y1 = yc =
y2 =
y3 =
y4 =
y5 =
PAGE 27
FLUID MECHANICS-II
y6 = Emin=
y7 =
y8 =
y9 =
y10=
y11=
y12=
Calculations
v = Q/A
= Q/by
E = y + v2/2g
15. Students will analyze the said specific energy diagram for yc and Emin in the
channel and will be able to change the design parameter of a channel.
16. Discussions will be carried out to analyze the critical hump height/critical depth
and it varies with the hump height in the channel.
17. Students will analyze the error between yc and Emin and how to minimize the error
and causes for error in energy and depth of water in the channel.
Precautions
a.
b.
c.
Comments
PAGE 28
FLUID MECHANICS-II
STUDY OF FLOW THROUGH A VENTURIFLUME IN THE CHANNEL
Object
1. To study the flow through Venturi – Flume fitted in an open channel.

Scope
3. Effects of venturi-flume on the specific energy, depth and velocity of steady /

unsteady flow are covered in this practical.
2. A flume or channel becomes more efficient as a measuring device when

operated in a modular condition i.e. not influenced by downstream level. When used in
this, a standing wave or hydraulic jump is formed downstream of the throat. Critical
flow conditions exist in the throat.
Figure 1 Plan and side view of flume in the channel
yc = (2/3)H = 3q2/g
i.e.q = (2/3H)3/2g per unit width.
Q = 1.7O5bH1.5 (theoretically)
Q = Cd 1.7O5bH1.5 (practically)
experiment.
(1) Open Channel.
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FLUID MECHANICS-II
(2) Venturi-flume.
(3) Hydraulic Bench
(4) Steel Ruler
(1) Adjust the flow channel so that the channel bed is horizontal and
connect the open channel pipe to the hydraulic bench.
(2) Fit the venture-flume model in the open channel approximately
50cm or more from the water flow entry.
(3) Switch on the hydraulic bench and adjust the flow rate to a
maximum readable quantity of flow.
(4) Measure the depth of water (h) between entry point and flume,
record the flow rate and calculate the total head (H).
(5) Repeat step 4 by decreasing / increasing the flow rate.
(6) Draw graph between H3/2 and Q and Graph between h3/2 and for
Qact.
H3/2
h3/2
3/2 3/2
H , h
y
C x
Figure 2 Graph between Q and H3/2, h3/2
(7) Find the slopes (m) of the line for h3/2 and H3/2.
m = y/x = y2 – y1/x2 – x1
(8) Apply the equation and find the Qact from: -
Qact = 1/m (H3/2 – C)
and Qact = 1/m (h3/2 – C) Where C is the intercept
(9) Put the value of m and C in the equation and make a general
formula for Q
(10) Qact = - litres/sec
PAGE 30
FLUID MECHANICS-II

or next day.
8. Width at throat = -------------------- mm

9. Width of Channel (b) = ------------ mm
Table.
h Q A V V2/2g H h3/2 H3/2
mm l/sec mm2 mm/sec mm Mm Mm mm
Calculations
h = Depth of water before flume.

Q= Flow rate = (l/min)/60
A= bh
V= Q/A
H = h + V2/2g = Head over the weir
PAGE 31
FLUID MECHANICS-II
10. Discussion will be carried out on practical application of venturi-flume, effects

generated and how the critical contraction will be achieved.
Precautions
a.
b.
c.
Comments
PAGE 32
FLUID MECHANICS-II
STUDY OF FLOW OVER SHARP CRESTED WEIR IN THE CHANNEL
Object
1. To study the flow over sharp crested weir in an open channel.

Scope
2. A relationship will be established by the students between discharge (Q) and

Head (h) over the sharp crested weir in an open channel. It will cover the concept and
application of sharp crested weir and its effects in the open channel flow.
3. A large rectangular notch is also termed a sharp crested weir and the sheet of
the liquid flowing over the notch or weir is known as “nappe”. If the pressure under the
nappe is atmospheric, it will, in most cases, be clear of the notch plate. For a full width
notch, air will not be able to get under the nappe and the liquid will cling to downstream
side of the notch plate making prediction of the discharge difficult. By making certain
simplifying assumptions, the relationship between rate of flow and the depth at the
notch be determined. The assumptions are as follows: -
Figure 1 Side view of sharp crested weir in the channel
a. Upstream of the weir, the flow is uniform and the pressure varies with
depth i.e.
p = gh
b. The free surface remains horizontal as for the plane of the weir, all
particles passing over the weir move horizontally.
c. The pressure throughout the sheet of liquid or nappe, is atmospheric.
d. The effect of viscosity and surface tension are neglected.
e. Qtheo = (2/3)b.2g h3/2 = 2.935 b h3/2 m3/s
f. Qact = Cd 2.935 b h3/2 m3/s
PAGE 33
FLUID MECHANICS-II
experiment.
(1) Open Channel
(2) Sharp crested Weir
(3) Hydraulic Bench
(4) Steel Ruler
(1) Adjust the flow channel so that the channel bed is horizontal and
connect the open channel pipe to the hydraulic bench.
(2) The weir is positioned in the flow channel with its base projection
facing upstream, approximately 50cm or more from water flow
entry, with the sharp edge of the weir on the upstream side.
(3) Fix the weir plate with fixed rod, which is used in conjunction with
the top-clamping block to fix the potion of the weir plate in the
channel.
(4) Switch on the hydraulic bench.
(5) Measure the head over the weir (h).
(6) Decrease the flow rate and note the Q and h.
(7) Take about 10 readings.
(8) Calculate the value of loge Q and loge h for each reading.
(9) Graph between loge Q and loge h for Qact
y
C
x
logeh
logeQ
Figure 2 Graph between loge Q and loge h3/2
(10) Find the slopes (m) of the line from graph.
PAGE 34
FLUID MECHANICS-II
m = y/x = y2 – y1/x2 – x1
(11) Find the Qactfrom:-
loge h = m loge Q + C Where C is the intercept.
(12) Put the value of m and C and make a general formula for Q
(13) Qact = liters/sec

or next day.
9. Width at throat = -------------------- mm

10. Width of Channel (b) = ------------ mm
Table
q t Q h loge Q loge h
liters sec liters/sec mm liters/sec mm
PAGE 35
FLUID MECHANICS-II
Calculations
Q = q/t.
11. Discussion will be carried on variation of exponent of h with respect to discharge

Q. Effects of using sharp crested weir will be analyzed and compared with the effects of
venture-flume, broad crested weir and other notches. The students will be able to
decide the use of appropriate weir / notch as per the user requirement.
Precautions
a.
b.
c.
Comments
PAGE 36
FLUID MECHANICS-II
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR A PELTON TURBINE

Object
1. To study the characteristic curves for a Pelton turbine.

Scope
2. Practical work exercises are to understand the operating characteristics of the

Pelton turbine. It is possible to determine at what speed of turbine, spear valve opening
(i.e. volume flow rate) and head of water, the turbine should be run to develop a given
power output and yet have the best possible efficiency. The best speed line is obtained
by drawing a line through the major axes of the iso-efficiency curves.
3. The Pelton turbine (Figure 1) is the most visually obvious example of an impulse
machine. A spear valve directs a jet of water at a series of buckets, which are mounted
on the periphery of a rotor. As the water exiting the spear valve is at atmospheric
pressure, the force exerted on the rotor is entirely due to changes in the direction of the
flow of water. The Pelton turbine is therefore associated with considerable changes of
kinetic energy but little change in pressure energy. The spear valve allows the jet
diameter to be varied, which allows the water flow rate to be varied with a constant jet
velocity. Large turbines may include more than one spear valve around the periphery of
the rotor. In this case a single spear valve is installed.
Figure 1 Rotor and nozzle arrangement for Pelton turbine
PAGE 37
FLUID MECHANICS-II
Figure 2 Example characteristics of a turbine at different speed
4. The operating characteristics of a turbine are often conveniently shown by

plotting torque T, brake power Pb, and turbine efficiency Et against turbine rotational
speed n for a series of volume flow rates Q v, as shown in Fig 2. It is important to note
that the efficiency reaches a maximum and then falls, whilst the torque falls constantly
and linearly. In most cases a turbine is used to drive a generator in the production of
electricity. The speed of the generator is fixed to produce a given frequency of
electricity. The optimum conditions for operation occur when the maximum turbine
efficiency coincides with the rotational speed of the generator. As the load on the
generator increases then the flow of water to the turbine must increase to maintain the
required operating speed.
5. Armfield Software is designed to allow students to determine the operating
characteristics of a Pelton wheel turbine. Test results may be displayed in tabular and
graphical forms. It is a simple matter to repeat or add to the data to cover areas of the
turbine performance of particular interest.
experiment.
(1) Turbine service unit.
(2) Computer with Armsfield Software.
(3) Interface Device (IFD-6).
PAGE 38
FLUID MECHANICS-II
(1) Close turbine throttle valve then start the pump (pump motor
started under minimum load). Open throttle and select ‘charts’ -
open spear valve until full flow and allow the water to circulate
until all air bubbles have dispersed.
(2) Decide on suitable increments in force to give adequate sample
points (typically 15 points between zero and maximum flow).
(3) Slacken off the tensioning screw so no force is being applied to
the turbine, i.e. Fb  0. When the measured readings as indicated
in the boxes on the schematic diagram are sufficiently steady,
click ‘GO’ to take a sample. This represents the first point on the
characteristic curve.
(4) Tighten the screw, to give the first increment in brake force for
the brake. When readings are steady enough, click ‘GO’.
(5) Repeat step (4) above for a gradually increasing set of Fb values,
i.e. increasing values of torque. The final sample point will
correspond to the turbine stalling. Save the results.
(6) Now partially close the spear valve. Repeat the taking of samples
for gradually increasing values of torque, as in (3) above.
(7) Continue until several result sets have been obtained.
(8) The recorded sets of data may now be examined and assessed in
the Table or Graph screens. Be sure to save the data each time
before taking new readings.
(9) Calculate and note the efficiency and specific speed of given
turbine.

or next day.
PAGE 39
FLUID MECHANICS-II
11. This experiment is totally computerized, so all observations and calculations are
given in software help file.
C . .d 2 2..dPo
(i) Qv  d
4
P1
(ii) H 
g
(iii) Ph  gHQv
(iv) T  Fb  r
(v) Pb  2nT
Pb
(vi)   100

Ph
N Pm
(vii) N s 
H H
12. Students will analyze the output profile of turbine and will be able to find
optimum angular velocity for specific head and discharge.
13. Some discussions will be carried out on analysis of curves of various turbines for
a specific discharge and head. Students will be able to select most efficient turbine for a
specific scenario.
14. At the conclusion of the work, students are asked a series of questions (given in
the software) on an interactive basis, to ensure that a true understanding of turbine
characteristics has been achieved.
Precautions
a.
Comments
PAGE 40
FLUID MECHANICS-II
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR AN AXIAL FLOW IMPULSE TURBINE
Object
1. To study the characteristic curves for an axial flow impulse turbine.

Scope

Axial flow Impulse Turbine. It is possible to determine at what speed of turbine, volume
flow rate and head of water, the turbine should be run to develop a given power output
and yet have the best possible efficiency. The best speed line is obtained by drawing a
line through the major axes of the iso-efficiency curves.
3. In an impulse turbine (Figure 1) the kinetic energy of a jet leaving a high pressure
stationary nozzle is converted on impact with the turbine blades to rotational
mechanical energy. As the water exiting the jet is at atmospheric pressure, the force
exerted on the rotor is entirely due to changes in the direction of the flow of water. The
impulse turbine is therefore associated with considerable changes of kinetic energy but
little change in pressure energy.
In this case four independently controlled nozzles are installed around the rotor.
Figure 1 Rotor and nozzle arrangement of impulse turbine
PAGE 41
FLUID MECHANICS-II

speed n for a series of volume flow rates Qv, as shown in Fig 2. It is important to note
5. Armfield Software is designed to allow students to determine the operating
characteristics of an axial flow impulse turbine. Test results may be displayed in tabular
and graphical forms, and it is a simple matter to repeat or add to the data to cover areas
of the turbine performance of particular interest.
experiment.
PAGE 42
FLUID MECHANICS-II
(2) Computer with Armsfield software.

the turbine, i.e. Fb  0. When the measured readings as indicated
characteristic curve.
the brake. When readings are steady enough, click ‘GO’.
(5) Repeat step (4) above for a gradually increasing set of Fb values,
correspond to the turbine stalling. Save the results.
(6) Now partially close the throttle valve. Repeat the taking of
samples for gradually increasing values of torque, as in (3) above.
(7) Continue until several result sets have been obtained.
before taking new readings.
turbine.

9. All students will show submit the lab report to lab supervisor in person to get
or next day.
PAGE 43
FLUID MECHANICS-II
C . .d 2 2..dPo
(i) Qv  d
4
P1
(ii) H 
g
(iv) T  Fb  r
(v) Pb  2nT
Pb
(vi)   100
Ph

N Pm
(vii) N s 
H H
specific scenario.
Precautions
Comments
PAGE 44
FLUID MECHANICS-II
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR A REACTION TURBINE

Object
1. To study the characteristic curves for a reaction turbine.

Scope

Reaction turbine. It is possible to determine at what speed, and at what gate opening
(i.e. volume flow rate), the turbine should be run to develop a given power output, and
yet have the best possible efficiency. The best speed line is obtained by drawing a line
through the major axes of the iso-efficiency curves.
3. In a reaction turbine (Figure 1) the water is subject to a pressure drop as it flows

through the rotor. The reaction turbine is therefore associated with considerable
changes in pressure energy but little change in kinetic energy and is sometimes called a
pressure turbine. In the reaction turbine, water enters the rotor via a face seal and is
discharged tangentially through two nozzles at the periphery of the rotor. The nozzles
therefore move with the rotor.
Figure 1 Rotor of reaction turbine
PAGE 45
FLUID MECHANICS-II

speed n for a series of volume flow rates Q v, as shown in Fig 4. It is important to note
5. Armsfield Software is designed to allow students to determine the operating
characteristics of a reaction turbine. Test results may be displayed in tabular and
graphical forms, and it is a simple matter to repeat or add to the data to cover areas of
the turbine performance of particular interest.
experiment.
PAGE 46
FLUID MECHANICS-II
the turbine, i.e. Fb 0. When the measured readings as indicated
characteristic curve
the brake. When readings are steady enough, click ‘GO’
(5) Repeat step iv) above for a gradually increasing set of Fb values,
correspond to the turbine stalling. Save the results
(6) Now partially close the throttle valve. Repeat the taking of
samples for gradually increasing values of torque, as in(3) above
(7) Continue until several result sets have been obtained
before taking new readings
turbine.

or next day.
PAGE 47
FLUID MECHANICS-II
C . .d 2 2..dPo
(i) Qv  d
4
P1
(ii) H 
g
(iv) T  Fb  r
(v) Pb  2nT
Pb
(vi)   100
Ph
 N Pm
(vii) N s 
H H
specific scenario.
Precautions
a.
Comments
PAGE 48
FLUID MECHANICS-II
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR A FRANCIS TURBINE

Object
1. To study the characteristic curves for a Francis turbine.

Scope

Francis turbine. It is possible to determine at what speed, and at what volume flow rate
the turbine should be run to develop a given power output, and yet have the best
possible efficiency. The best speed line is obtained by drawing a line through the major
axes of the iso-efficiency curves.
3. Francis turbine is an inward flow radial reaction turbine. This has the advantages
of the centrifugal force acting against the flow, which reduces the tendency to race. In
Francis turbine the flow is regulated by revival guide blades. This type of turbine now
used for waterpower schemes of medium heads. Head up to 1000ft are used and overall
efficiencies of 90 percent are attained. The turbine runner and guide vanes are fitted in
a spiral casing (Figure 1 & 2).
Figure 1 Francis turbine with spiral casing
PAGE 49
FLUID MECHANICS-II
Figure 2 Francis turbine runner and guide vanes
Figure 3 Francis turbine in the lab
4. An inward flow reaction turbine, in its simplest form, consist of fixed guide
blades, which guides the water to center into the revolving wheel at correct angle, i.e.
for the shock less entry of water. Adjusting the vane angle tangentially to the relative
velocity of water and the revolving wheel does this. The water while gliding over the
vanes exerts some force on the revolving wheel to revolve.
5. It may be noted that whenever the load (power generation required) on the
turbine is decreased, it causes the shaft to rotate at a higher speed. The centrifugal
force, which increases due to higher speed, tends to reduce the quantity of water
flowing over the vanes, and thus the velocity of water at the entry is also reduced. It
ultimately tends to reduce the power produced by the turbine. This is the advantage of
an inward flow reaction turbine that it adjusts automatically according to the required
load on the turbine. The highest efficiency is obtained, when the velocity of leaving
water is as small as possible.
PAGE 50
FLUID MECHANICS-II
6. The energy per unit of weight actually disposable (head) of the Francis turbine is
represented by the difference between total energy (by unit weight) at the volute inlet
and the total energy (by the unit weight) at the diffuser in way of the drain free level, by
assuming a total energy the sum of all three energy types (position, pressure and kinetic
energy) proper to a fluid under the hydraulic point of view.
Figure 4 Francis turbine diagram for head measuring
7. By indicating 1 the inlet cross section area of the volute (where the pressure
gauge is placed) with 2 the diffuser way of free level, (Figure 4) the resulting head is
given by:-
H[m] = [z1 + 105p1/g +v12/2g]  [z2 + 105p2/g +v22/2g]---------- (1)
Where z[m] = height.
P[bar] = pressure.
v[m/s] = velocity.
In the above mentioned sections 1 and 2 with  = 1000kg/m3, specific mass of water. By
taking as reference for pressures the atmospheric pressure, we have z 2 = 0 and p2 = 0 so
that (1) becomes:
H[m] = [z1 + 105p1/g + v12  v22/2g] ------------------------------------ (2)
Where z1 [m] = height of pressure gauge placed at the inlet section of the
volute in respect of water level.
p1[bar] = pressure determined on the same gauge.
v1[m/s] = velocity of water at sec 1
v2[m/s] = velocity of water at sec 2
8. Input power (Pi)= QH
9. Output power (Pm)= TorqueAngular velocity = M 2N
10. Efficiency ()= (Input power/Output power)×100 = (Pi/Pm)×100
PAGE 51
FLUID MECHANICS-II
N Pm
11. Specific speed N s 
 H H
12. A diagram as such will allow going back to the best value of number of
revolutions (maximum efficiency and maximum output power) upon given flow
rate/head conditions. In order to determine the efficiency/number of revolution
characteristic and power output/ number of revolution characteristic of a turbine under
examination, for a stated pair of constant values (Q and H Figure 5 & 6)
 = -------%
N= ------ rpm
Q = ---- m3/h
%
N (rpm)
Figure 5 Characteristic for  and N
H = ------- m
N= ------ rp m
Pm = ------ KW
Pm
(KW)
N (rpm)
Figure 6 Characteristic for Pm and N
experiment.
PAGE 52
FLUID MECHANICS-II
Compact Francis Turbine.
(1) Start-up the plant.
(2) By acting upon the valve placed on the turbine as well as upon the
distributor and brake, bring to the required flow rate conditions Q
and head H with minimum rotational speed N compatible with
such values.
(3) Measure and record the following values:
(i) Rotational speed N [RPM]
(ii) Turbine shaft torque M [N-m]
(iii) Turbine shaft torque M [N-m]
(iv) Flow rate Q [m3/h] (constant)
(v) Head h [m]
(4) By acting on the brake, increase the rotational speed N [RPM].
(5) Ascertain that the values of H [m] and Q [m3/h] are not changed,
should this occurs act on the distributor and on the valve to
restore said values.
(6) Repeat and record the measures under serial (3) for the new N
value.
(7) Act as per serial (4), (5) and (6) until obtaining a sufficient number
of tests or until this possible, taking care not to reach too high
rotational speed values.
(8) Stop the plant. and for each accomplished test, calculate and
record:
(i) Inlet hydraulic power
(ii) Output power
(iii) Efficiency
(9) Draw a graph for N and , N and Pm.(Figure 5 & 6)
(10) Find N for max  and N for max Pm.(Figure 5 & 6)
(11) Calculate Specific speed Ns for a given turbine
PAGE 53
FLUID MECHANICS-II
specific scenario.
17. Z1 = ------------- m ( with reference to Figure 4)

18. D1 = 0.0762 m
19. Di = 0.061 m
20. D2 = Di [m] + 2z [m]tan = ------- m where  = 4
Table
Z1 Q p H N M Pi Pm 
m m3/h bar m rpm N-M KW KW %
PAGE 54
FLUID MECHANICS-II
Calculations
H [m] = [z1 + 105p1/g + (v12  v22)/2g]
v1 [m/s] = Qv[m3/h]/3600  A1[m2]
And A1 = D12/4 where D1 = 0.0762m
v2 [m/s] = Qv[m3/h]/3600  A2[m2]
And A2[m2] = D22/4
Where D2 = Di [m] + 2z [m]tan
Where Di = 0.061m and  = 4
Andz = difference of level between the diffuser inlet section and free
level of the tank.
Kinetic rate = v 12 v22 /2g
H [m] = [z1 + 105p1/g + (v12  v22)/2g]
Input power (Pi)=QH
Output power (Pm) = M 2N
Efficiency () = (Pi/Pm) ×100
N Pm
Specific speed N s 
H H

specific scenario.
Precautions
Comments
PAGE 55
FLUID MECHANICS-II
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR A PLUNGER PUMP

Object
1. To study the characteristic curves for a plunger pump.

Scope
2. To find operating characteristics of a given pump and the indicated

powerrequired to run the pump vis a vis the efficiency of the system required.
3. The plunger pump unit is a small-scale example of positive displacement,

reciprocating machine. In the pump (figure 1) a piston working in a cylinder displaces a
given volume of fluid for each stroke. The fluid enters the cylinder at low pressure on
the backstroke of the piston, being sealed off from the inlet by a non-return valve. It is
then expelled at high pressure on the forward stroke, again being prevented from
flowing backwards by another non-return valve.
Fig. 1 Positive Displacement plunger pump

4. The operating characteristics of a plunger pump are often conveniently shown by
plotting pressure in the cylinder and pressure at the pump outlet (pc and po) against
time t. The best way to describe the operating characteristics of a Plunger Pump is
through the use of characteristic curves (Figure 2). This figure shows the variation of the
outlet pressure po with respect to time t when the pump is operating against a loading
valve (spring-operated back pressure valve).
5. In Figure 2 the pressure changes with the varying position of the plunger within
the pump, decreasing when the plunger moves back to take in fluid, and increasing as
the plunger moves forward to eject the fluid.
PAGE 56
FLUID MECHANICS-II
Figure 2 Operating characteristic of plunger pump

6. Ideally indicator diagram for a reciprocating pump is shown in figure 3 for
suction and delivery stroke
Figure 3 Operating characteristic of plunger pump
However, as the plunger velocity varies with the crank angle it must be subject to
accelerating forces. The effect of the accelerated motion of the plunger on the
theoretical indicator diagram is shown in figure 4:
PAGE 57
FLUID MECHANICS-II
The indicated power is still the same as that given by figure 3, since the area of the
diagram has not been changed.
7. In addition to the inertia effects produced by the accelerated motion of the

liquid, energy has to be supplied to overcome the frictional resistance to motion of the
liquid in the pipelines. The friction head varies parabolically with the stroke, and hence
the final indicator diagram to be obtained from a 'real' situation pump will contain the
characteristics shown in figure 5
8. At the beginning of the suction stroke, and at the end of the delivery stroke, care
must be taken that the head does not fall so low that separation will occur (i.e.
cavitations due to the pressure in the cylinder being reduced to the vapor pressure of
the liquid).
9. The action of the non-return valves is not perfect one. Leakage occurs mainly
when suction changes to delivery and delivery changes to suction within the cylinder.
This leakage is due to the fact that the valves take a finite length of time to close and
seal against the pressure acting against them. During this time, fluid (and hence
pressure) is lost. The amount of fluid lost depends on the pressures in the system. Any
air in the water will be compressible and will also affect the volumetric efficiency of the
pump.
PAGE 58
FLUID MECHANICS-II
It is a simple process to determine the volumetric efficiency Ev of the pump at different

operating pressures. The actual amount of fluid being pumped is measured in relation to
a pump running perfectly (i.e. no leakage).
Qv(theoretical) = (Plunger stroke/sec)×(Swept volume of the cylinder)
To determine the actual flow rate (Qvactual) requires a measurement of the actual volume
of fluid pumped over a period of time. This is done using a volumetric measuring tank on
the plunger pump unit, containing a known volume of liquid.
Qv(actual) =Volume of volumetric tank/time to empty tank
Volumetric efficiency (Ev) = [Qv(theoretical)/ Qv(actual)] ×100
experiment.
(1) Plunger pump demo unit.
(1) Initially the manual outlet control valve should be closed and the
manual inlet control valve should be open. Open the connecting
valve between the two water tanks to allow the volumetric
measurement tank to fill fully
(2) With the pump running select the 'Diagram'screens. In the top
left hand corner of the diagram section is a box containing the
controls for the volumetric test. Set the pump to the required
operating condition e.g. loading valve adjusted to 700 kPa and the
manual control valve adjusted give a maximum pressure of 200
kPa.
(3) Click on 'start'. After a check on the system the red indicator will
change from 'Idle' to 'Ready', showing that the software is ready
to begin timing as soon as the volume in the measurement tank
passes the first sensor.
PAGE 59
FLUID MECHANICS-II
(4) Close the connecting valve between the two tanks to isolate the
main tank. The level in the volumetric tank will begin to fall as the
plunger pumps the water out. As soon as the level passes the first
sensor the red indicator will change from 'Ready' to 'Running' and
the timer will start
(5) The timer stops when the level passes the second sensor. Open
the tank-connecting valve immediately to prevent the plunger
pumping air.
(6) The software will then calculate the flow rate and resulting
efficiency, and this will be presented on the table with the
maximum cylinder pressure as a reference. Further readings can
be taken at different pressures and plotted to show the effect of
system pressure on volumetric efficiency. The effect of the
pulsation damper (pressure accumulator) and loading valve can
also be investigated.

or next day.
15. This experiment is totally computerized, so all observations and calculations

have given in software help file.
Qv(actual) =Volume of volumetric tank/time to empty tank
Volumetric efficiency (Ev) = [Qv(theoretical)/ Qv(actual)] ×100
15. Students will analyze the plunger / reciprocating pump characteristic for suction
and delivery stroke and will be able to calculate indicated power with the help of
plotted indicated diagram for a given speed of pump.
16. Students will be able to calculate the power required to run the pump to fulfill
the parameters/requirements.
PAGE 60
FLUID MECHANICS-II
17. Some discussions will be carried out on analyze of efficiency of the pump (with
or without pulsation damper) and the function of pulsation damper.
software) on an interactive basis to ensure that a true understanding of pump
Precautions
Comments
PAGE 61
FLUID MECHANICS-II
CHARACTERISTIC CURVE FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Object
1. To study the characteristics curve for a centrifugal pump between discharge Q

and head developed at delivery end.
Scope
2. The characteristic curve for a centrifugal pump shows the relation between the
required pumping head and the flow rate in the pipeline. On the basis of the curve
drawn for a pump, we will be able to find the head against flow rate and vice versa.
3. The centrifugal pump is so called because the pressure increase within its rotor
due to centrifugal action is an important factor in its operation. It consists of an impeller
rotating with in a case. Fluid enters the impeller in the center position called the eye,
flows outwardly, and is discharged around the entire circumference into a casing (Figure
1). During flow through the rotating impeller the fluid receives energy from the vanes,
resulting in an increase in both pressure and absolute pressure. Since a large part of the
energy of the fluid leaving the impeller is kinetic, it is necessary to reduce the absolute
velocity and transform the large portion of this velocity head. This is accomplished in the
volute casing surrounding the impeller.
Figure 1 Pump diagram showing suction and discharge

4. From the result of the test on a centrifugal pump, the characteristic curve may
be plotted. The pump characteristics curve shows the relation between the head
PAGE 62
FLUID MECHANICS-II
developed by the pump and its rate of discharge when the pump is operating at a given
relative speed.
h
[mbar]
Q [%]
Figure 2 Relation of Q and delivery end pressure

experiment.
Centrifugal pump test stand.
For recording of our pump characteristic we have measured only the
delivery end pressure compared with atmospheric pressure.
(1) Close the drains cock and fill the tank with water.
(2) Connect the delivery end pressure taping to one side of mercury
manometer andother side of the mercury manometer remains
open to atmosphere.
(3) Switch on the pump, vent the air by opening the vent valve and
then close the vent valve.
(4) Switch off the pump for checking the both side of the mercury
manometer to zero level.
(5) Note the discharge in percentage from rotameter, convert
percentage flow into liter per hour (100% flow = 1500 l/h) and
note the delivery end pressure in mbar on the mercury
manometer under the atmospheric pressure
PAGE 63
FLUID MECHANICS-II
(6) Now reduce the quantity of flow by gradually closing the

diaphragm valve, note the delivery end pressure in mbar and
percentage flow up to 0% of flow rate.
(7) Draw a graph between Q% and delivery end pressure as in Figure 2.

or next day.
10. 100%Q = 1500 l/h

Table
Flow rate Valve Fully 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
Valve Fully
% Open ---% Closed 0%
Flow rate
l/h
delivery
end
pressure
(mbar)
11. Students will analyze the centrifugal pump characteristic for flow rate and
delivery end pressure and will be able to change (if required) the pump for higher flow
rate to fulfill the delivery head requirements.
PAGE 64
FLUID MECHANICS-II
Precautions
a.
b.
c.
Comments
PAGE 65

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Military College of Engineering (MCE), Risalpur [Copyrights]

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Class/Sec: Syn No:

[National University of Sciences & Technology, Pakistan]

TO STUDY THE FLOW OVER A TRIANGULAR WEIR IN THE CHANNEL 25

TO STUDY THE CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR A REACTION TURBINE 45

TO STUDY THE CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR A FRANCIS TURBINE 49

TO STUDY THE CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR A RECIPROCATING PUMP 56

TO STUDY THE CHARACTERISTIC CURVE FOR A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 62

In order that students have a fairly good understanding of the theory

Students will be formed into groups / syndicates of ten or fifteen on the

The report must be typewritten. A report should include the following in

A. A title page, which includes the following information, in order:

1. Course Number and Section Number

B. Objective or purpose and scope of the experiment work.

C. Theoretical aspect of the experiment.

D. Experimental procedure that explains briefly the procedure of how the

F. Discussion of results in light of the theoretical “predictions”. Include an

Late lab reports will not be accepted.

Fluid Mechanics-II Lab Policy

PIPE FRICTION/HEAD LOSS

1. To measure the head loss due to friction, sudden enlargement, sudden

2. Efficiency of a pipe reservoir system is determined by net effect of total energy

Figure 1 hf in straight pipe

Figure 2 Sudden expansion in pipe

hL = kV2/2g where k is constant = 0.5

Figure 3 Sudden contraction in pipe

hL = kV2/2g where k is constant = 1

Figure 4 90º and elbow bend in pipe

(10) Calculate the energy required.

9. Student syndicates will perform this experiment in groups of 8 individuals at a

(f = 64/R for laminar flow)

Loss of head due to sudden enlargement.

cm3/sec cm/sec cm/sec cm

Loss of head due to sudden contraction.

cm3/sec cm/sec cm/sec cm

Loss of head due to elbow bend

Determine the HP of a pump required to overcome these losses.

(H = Total head loss)

Analysis and Discussion

SPECIFIC ENERGY DIAGRAM FOR TWO GIVEN FLOW RATES

2. To determine the critical depth and corresponding Minimum specific energy of a

3. Critical depth. The depth of channel, corresponding to minimum specific energy is

Figure 1 Specific energy curve for a discharge

Figure 2 Specific energy curves for two discharges

11. Student syndicates will perform this experiment in groups of 8 individuals at a

14. Length of weir = --------------------cm

Q Depth of water (y) v v2/2g E From graph

Analysis and Discussion

COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE FOR BROAD CRESTED WEIR

1. Determination of coefficient of discharge (Cd) for a broad crested weir in an open

Figure 1 Broad crested weir in channel

7. Student syndicates will perform this experiment in groups of 8 individuals at a

10. Length of weir = -------------------- cm

ltrs sec m3/sec m m3/sec

STUDY OF HYDRAULIC JUMP IN THE CHANNEL

2. The hydraulic jump has a great scope in practical life i.e.

Figure 1 Hydraulic jump in channel

y2 = depth after the jump

6. Student syndicates will perform this experiment in groups of 8 individuals at a

Observations and calculation

9. Width of Channel (b) = ------------ cm

l/m cm2/s cm cm cm/s cm/s cm cm cm cm cm