Kelas : SNM HI-A

Kelompok : 3 (Tiga)
Anggota Kelompok :
1. Auliya Rezita Hakim 151190111
2. Ranti Naomi Sinaga 151210001
3. Siti Maysarah Sitorus 151210005
4. Shafiyah Kirana Putri 151210007
5. Dini Tamara 151210012
6. Emilia Isabel N 151210017
7. Vriscilla Simanjorang 151210038
8. Keyla Salsabila P 151210093
9. Buana Triwira Aji 151210145
10. Ribka Kristanti Soegiharto 151210048

Chair : Dini Tamara

Co - Chair : Keyla Salsabila Putri
Council : ASEAN + 3
Topic : “Maximizing Green Environmental and Decreasing Air Pollution
in Southeast Asia”

Agenda Setting :
1. The causes of air pollution happened in each country and pollution levels in each
countries
2. How dangerous air pollution is to each country and how the problem affects the
well-being of human life.
3. Solutions that can be offered from each country to solve the problem
4. Encourage the business sector to adopt environmentally friendly technologies and
policies
Country Allocation :
1. Japan
2. People’s Republic of China
3. Socialist Republic of Vietnam
4. The Republic of Indonesia
5. The Republic of Korea
6. The Federation of Malaysia
7. The Republic of Singapore
8. The Kingdom of Thailand
: Shafiyah Kirana Putri
: Ribka Kristanti Soegiharto
: Auliya Rezita Hakim
: Ranti Naomi Sinaga
: Buana Triwira Aji
: Siti Maysarah Sitorus
: Emilia Isabel N
: Vriscilla Simanjorang
 Committee: ASEAN + 3
Country: Japan
Name: Shafiyah Kirana Putri
Topic Area: Maximizing Green Environmental
and Decreasing Air Pollution in Southeast Asia

Country Position

Air pollution is one of Japan's major environmental problems. According to Japan,

the main cause of air pollution is the burning of fossil fuels, which are produced from
power plants, industrial facilities and cars. Japan believes that most polluted areas are
densely populated urban areas. In an effort to reduce air pollution, Japan is making a lot of
efforts to improve air quality and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the country is focusing
on diversifying its energy mix, by increasing the share of nuclear and renewable energy. In
recent years, figures show a decline in total annual greenhouse gas emissions. However,
there has been international criticism that Japan's actions are not enough to combat climate
change.

During the Meiji government's era, policies that promoted swift industrial growth in
Japan didn't prioritize pollution concerns. However, the issue escalated notably during the
period of robust economic expansion in the 1950s. To support post-war reconstruction and
boost the national income, substantial amounts of oil and coal were consumed for energy
generation. This intensified pollution, particularly centered on sulfur oxides (SOx), and
gave rise to a significant problem. Consequently, in industrialized cities across the nation, a
growing number of individuals began experiencing respiratory issues, commonly referred
to as Yokkaichi asthma.

However, in Japan’s current situation, people are becoming more aware of poor air
quality, anti-pollution movements are intensifying nation wide and measures related to
pollution control are being promoted. Since then, various regulations such as the enactment
of the Air Pollution Control Act and the promotion of resource saving and energy saving
have been carried out. has been put into effect, and air quality has improved significantly.
The Japanese government is increasingly implementing many programs to reduce air
pollution and create a good and healthy environment.
Past Action

Japan believes hydrogen is the way. In collaboration with the Research Association
of Hydrogen Supply & Utilization Technology, the local government in Japan established
'Hydrogen

1
Town' as a part of Fukuoka prefecture's broader 'hydrogen strategy.' Kitakyushu
Hydrogen Town is dedicated to supplying hydrogen-based power to residential and
industrial areas, utilizing fuel cells for direct power delivery via pipelines. The success of
this strategy has been remarkable, to the extent that Kitakyushu now extends its expertise
and support to other nations, including China, Cambodia, and Vietnam, to assist them in
addressing pollution challenges. One of its notable achievements is the 'Phnom Penh
miracle,' where it collaborated with the Cambodian government to revamp the city's water
infrastructure, introducing filters and ensuring 24-hour access to drinkable water for Phnom
Penh residents.

Since 2012, Japan has confirmed its role as a global leader in advocating for
short-term reductions in climate pollutants (SLCP), especially in efforts to achieve energy
efficiency as a key strategy to combat this. deadly super pollutant. A key part of this effort
is Japan's dedication to Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) life cycle management, demonstrating
the country's strategic commitment to current and future climate and clean air.

Proposed Solutions

Therefore, Japan would like to propose our solution in order to solve the agenda:

1. Strongly encourage investing in environmentally friendly technology in the form of

pollution control in other countries such as electric cars and hydrogen vehicles
2. Suggest to helps modernize old, inefficient power plants and factories in other
countries, as a form of reducing the impact of pollution
3. Directs and educate the people of Japan and other countries in recycling programs,
with the aim of reducing waste and environmental pollution
4. Emphasizes cooperate with other countries to get used to using public transportation,
because Japan already has high-speed trains and electric buses, so Japan helps in
investing projects in other countries
5. Calls upon in controlling industrial emissions, Japan has strict regulations regarding
industrial emissions and strives for clean technology in this sector, this was introduced
by Japan to other countries so that it can be implemented in other countries
Bibliography

Klein, Catharina. (2023). Environmental pollution in Japan - Statistics & Facts. Retrieved
October, 10 from https://www.statista.com/topics/7305/pollution-in-japan/#topicOverview

Ministry of The Environment Government of Japan. (2023). Japanese Environmental

Pollution Experience. Retrieved October, 8 from
https://www.env.go.jp/en/coop/experience.html

IQAir. (2023). Japan Air Quality Index (AQI) and Air Pollution Information. Retrivied
October, 10 from https://www.iqair.com/japan

Allen, John. (2019). How Japan is Tackling Pollution. Retrivied October, 10 from
https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=918#:~:text=Hydrogen%20power
%20remains%20high%20on,cutting%20out%20single%2Duse%20products

Climate & Clean Air Coalition. (2023). Japan CCAC Partner Since 2012. Retrivied October,
10 from https://www.ccacoalition.org/partners/japan
 Council: ASEAN + 3
Country: People’s Republic of China
Name: Ribka Kristanti Soegiharto
Topic Area: Maximizing Green Environmental and Decreasing Air Pollution in
Southeast Asia

Country Position

The Chinese government has been aware for many years that air pollution is a big
problem. The increasingly worsening air pollution in the country's regions has made the
Chinese government struggle to suppress the strong production of pollutants since 1998 until
now. Most of the air pollution produced in this country comes from emissions from coal-fired
power plants, around 48%. Meanwhile, in second place, 36% comes from industrial activities,
followed by transportation and the rest comes from skyscrapers. The increasingly worsening
pollution conditions threaten public safety and health in the long term because the air is no
longer pure but poisonous. With all its awareness, the Chinese government quickly responded
by committing to fighting and suppressing the production of pollutants through several
policies. This policy regulates restrictions on the use of coal-fired energy, limits operating
vehicles and makes long-term commitments to reduce emissions significantly within a
certain period. Because severe air pollution has serious adverse impacts on human health, the
Government of China declared a war on air pollution and put in place a comprehensive
government program to tackle it. The realization of air pollution control policies also should
be carried out quickly by other countries

Past Action
As a country that cares about environmental conditions in reducing air pollution,
China has made comprehensive and sustainable efforts. To emphasize China's role in
renewable energy, the country has made significant investments in renewable energy over the
last decades and has become one of the world's largest manufacturers of renewable energy
technologies such as electric vehicles, solar panels, and wind turbines. Therefore the
government invests around US$ 360 billion in clean energy development technologies. In
2015, we successfully generated 32.5 giga watts (GW) of electricity by utilizing wind and
18.3 GW of energy from solar power (Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis
(IEEFA). Coal consumption was successfully reduced by 3.7% from the previous year of
285.4 million tons
to 198.7 million tons in 2015. AS of 2020, China has installed 281 GW of wind power and
253 GW of solar energy sources, making it the world's leading producer of wind power and
solar energy (Liu et al., 2011). Innovation was also carried out by utilizing waste heat from
electricity production to supply heat for housing through heat distribution recovery and heat
pipes.

Proposed Solutions
Therefore, People’s Republic of China would like to propose our solution in order to
solve the agenda:
1. Encourage countries to reduce the use of energy sources that cause air pollution such
as the use of coal or fossil fuels. Implementation of this effort can be done through: -
Monitoring the level of pollution produced by each country in the fields of industry,
vehicles and domestic air quality.
- Taking early steps to limit (decrease slowly) the use of energy sources from coal
and fossil fuels
2. Suggest the use of environmentally friendly renewable energy such as the use of solar
and wind where the mechanism can be regulated as follows:
- Highlighting that the use of solar and wind energy needs to be explored more
deeply in each ASEAN country to become the dome of today's
environmentally friendly renewable resources.
- There is socialization or consultation that China can facilitate with other
countries regarding the transfer of technology for using solar and wind. 3. Establishing a
regulatory body to prevent excessive pollution production in each country, such as:
- Installation of air quality monitors in city corners
- Form a representative sub-divisions of central regulatory body in each country
that will report periodic data on pollution levels
4. Maximizing green environmental management and developing by realizing action
planting trees in each country, making agreements prohibiting forest burning and
massive deforestation.
Bibliography

Bbc.com. (29 June). “Climate change: China's green power surge offers hope on warming”.
Retrieved October &, 2023, from https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-66043485
Haviour Chen, Xihui, Kienpin Tee dkk. (2023, 23 June). “Assessing the environmental
impacts of renewable energy sources: A case study on air pollution and carbon emissions in
China”. Journal of Environmental Management.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479723013130#:~:text=China%20a
i ms%20to%20reduce%20its,Agency%20(IRENA%2C%202020)
Meredith, Sam. (2023, 8 March). China’s energy transition sees ‘staggering’ progress on
renewables — and a coal power boom. Retrieved October 7, 2023, from
https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/08/energy-chinas-renewables-progress-comes-alongside-a
coal-power-boom.html
The World Bank. (2020, 21 June). “China: Fighting Air Pollution and Climate Change
through Clean Energy Financing”. Retrieved October 7, 2023, from
https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2020/06/21/china-fighting-air-pollution-and-climate
change-through-clean-energy-financing
 Council: ASEAN + 3
Country: Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Name: Auliya Rezita Hakim

Topic Area: Maximizing Green Environmental and Decreasing Air Pollution in
Southeast Asia

Background of the Issues

the construction of climate change as a security threat under authoritarian

political structures. Based on 55 Vietnamese government policies, strategies, laws, and
action plans and building on the theoretical framework of authoritarian
environmentalism, the article demonstrates that climate change is increasingly being
taken seriously by the Vietnamese policymakers and that security framings play a
significant role in this debate. Although the authoritarian state in Vietnam appears to be
relatively independent of public preferences and is argued to rely primarily on top-down,
non-participatory environmental management, it nonetheless strives to construct
narratives that support its public legitimacy. Through the use of various frames such as
natural resource security, water resource security, food security, and energy security,
Vietnamese discourse presumes that climate change policies should bring economic
benefits, which in turn provides the basis for the public security agenda and ultimately
serves regime security, strengthening the legitimacy and resilience of the Communist
Party of Vietnam. These findings indicate that development and security discourses in
the area of climate policy actively interact and perpetuate each other, highlighting an
important feature of emerging state environmentalism in Vietnam.

Vietnam is battling alarming air pollution. Its two largest cities, Hanoi and Ho
Chi Minh City, are now among the 15 most polluted cities in Southeast Asia. Finer
particles are particulary dangerous to human health because they can penetrate deep into
the lungs and cardiovascular system, causing diseases including stroke, heart disease,
lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and respiratory tract infections. Up
to 60,000 deaths in Vietnam 2016 were caused by air pollution. On average, air quality
that falls expectancy by one year and costs countries about 5 percent of GDP per year.
One of the main causes of this pollution is transportation. Vietnam now has 3.6 million
cars and 58 million motorbikes, mostly concentrated in big cities. Many of them are old
vehicles with limited emissions control technology. They cause traffic jams every day
and emit large amounts of air pollutants. There are many old buses and motorbikes with
visible black exhaust smoke in the country. Vietnam’s transportation problems are
exacerbated by poor urban planning. The prokiferation of tall buildings in city centers,
each with thousands of people, is putting enormous pressure on already overloaded road
infrastructure. There was no existing mass transit system except for a fleet of buses
which did not yet exist. Open and green spaces are considered a luxury in Vietnam’s big
cities. Another problem is dust from commercial and residential construction sites.
Thousands of construction sites filled with trucks loaded with sand and cement create
endless dust storms. Old industrial location within cities and air polluting facilities such
as coal-fired power plants and cement and steel factories exacerbate air pollution. Solid
biomas stoves used by hundreds of thousands of city residents as well as the burning of
rice fields after harvest in Hanoi’s suburban areas contribute significantly to air
pollution, especially in the dry season from October to February. Environmental
authorities have identified short-tern solutions. These include stricter regulations on new
vehicle emissions standards, better traffic control, enforcement of dust management
measures on construction sites and haul trucks, increased monitoring of industrial
emission and a ban on the use of charcoal stoves in urban areas. While these measures
may help address some of vietnam’s pollution, long-term national policies are needed.

Past Actions

In January last year, the government ordered the two cities to take dilapidated vehicles
off their roads while the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment was instructed
to create national standards for vehicle emissions and suggest how they could be applied, and
create a certification system to determine if a vehicle is environment-friendly.Vietnam will
implement a plan to eliminate fossil-fuel vehicles, tighten emission control and add more
green spaces to urban areas. Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinh on Wednesday approved the
National Strategy for Environmental Protection to 2030 with a vision until 2050, in which
the government sets targets to prevent the increasing trend of environmental pollution, solve
urgent environmental problems, and step by step improve and restore environmental quality.
Aside from developing a roadmap to phase out fossil fuel vehicles, which mean those
running on gasoline, diesel or other fossil fuels, the plan will promote the use of
non-motorized, eco friendly means of transport like bicycles, electric vehicles and those run
on clean and renewable energy. The green space coverage in Vietnam's major cities is
two-three sq.m per person, according to the Vietnam Administration of Forestry. The ratio is
only a fifth of the mininum coverage set by the United Nations - 10 sq.m per person. The
new environment plan also states that the burning of crop by-products in suburban areas will
be controlled while the burning of honeycomb charcoal, which creates carbon monoxide,
will be eliminated.

Proposed Solutions
Therefore, Republic of Vietnam would like to propose our solutions regarding the
agenda:
1. The phase-out of obsolete and polluting vehicles could be encouraged by
providing subsidies for the trade in old cars, paid for by higher taxes on
new vehicles.
2. Promote “green production” through more efficient use of new resources
and technologies. This goal aims to facilitate sustainable production, be
environmentally friendly to existing businesses, and create new
environmentally friendly businesses.
3. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions from energy activities by 10 percent to
20 percent compared to business-as-usual conditions. This commitment
includes voluntary reductions of approximately 10 percent, and additional
reductions of 10 percent with additional international support.
4. Stimulate environmentally friendly lifestyles and encourage sustainable
consumption. 5. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions through research and
application of modern technology
Bibliography
EASTASIAFORUM. (25, March 2020). Bold Action Needed to Address
Vietnam’s Air Pullution
https://www-eastasiaforum-org.translate.goog/2020/03/25/bold-action-nee
ded-to
address-vietnams-air-pollution/?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=id&_
x_tr_pto=tc

VN EXPRESS INTERNATIONAL. (14, April 2022). Vietnam Builds

Master Plan to Cut Air Pollution
https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnam-builds-master-plan-to-cut-air-p
ollution
4451237.html#:~:text=Vietnam%20will%20implement%20a%20plan,gre
en%20spaces%20to %20urban%20areas

ADMINISTRATIVE AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW. (03,

March 2023). Control Air Pollution to The Sustainable Development
Goals Vietnam Perspective
https://jurnal.fh.unila.ac.id/index.php/aelr/article/view/2860

\
 Committee : ASEAN+3
Country: The Republic of Indonesia
Name : Ranti Naomi Sinaga
Topic : Maximizing Green Environmental And
Decreasing Air Pollution In Southeast Asia

Background of the Issues

Indonesia's extensive and diverse geography, encompassing islands, forests,

mountain ranges, and coastal regions, has a profound influence on regional environmental
dynamics. Its ecosystems, such as rainforests and coral reefs, hold unique environmental
importance. The lush rainforests in Sumatra and Borneo play a critical role in global
climate regulation and harbor exceptional biodiversity, while coastal areas are susceptible
to rising sea levels due to their low elevation. Indonesia stands as a global biodiversity
hotspot, housing species found nowhere else, necessitating vigilant conservation efforts.
Moreover, the nation's resource management, including minerals and fisheries, is
intertwined with its geography and requires sustainable practices for environmental
preservation. As Indonesia formulates environmental policies, the geographical diversity
becomes a central consideration, impacting strategies for conservation, sustainable
development, and disaster risk reduction. Nevertheless, this diversity also poses
challenges, as different regions demand specific solutions. In summary, Indonesia's diverse
geography is a pivotal factor in its regional environmental landscape, shaping
conservation, resource management, and global environmental dialogues.

In the context of promoting green initiatives, the composition of our economic

structure plays a pivotal role. Several key factors must be considered in this regard. First,
the level of resource dependence is crucial. If our economy heavily relies on non renewable
resources, such as fossil fuels, transitioning to green initiatives can be challenging due to
vested interests and economic dependencies on these resources. Second, diversification
opportunities within our economic structure are essential.

A diverse economy that includes sectors like technology, renewable energy, and
sustainable agriculture can offer fertile ground for green innovation and growth.
Government policies and incentives constitute the third factor. They play a pivotal role in
shaping the economic structure, with incentives for green investments and regulations that
encourage sustainability being critical drivers of a shift towards greener practices.
Furthermore, a greenfocused economic structure can lead to the creation of green jobs,
contributing to sustainable economic growth while addressing environmental concerns.
Finally, striking a balance between economic growth and environmental sustainability is a
complex negotiation, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the strengths and
weaknesses of our economic structure in achieving green goals. By considering these
factors and implementing appropriate policies and strategies, we can leverage our
economic structure to foster green initiatives and drive sustainable development.

The unique cultural and social diversity of Indonesia plays a pivotal role in shaping
the nation's environmental priorities and policies. This diversity encompasses a wide array
of ethnicities, languages, traditions, and belief systems. Cultural values and practices,
deeply rooted in indigenous traditions, promote environmental conservation, including
sustainable agriculture and forest management, which are integrated into environmental
policies to preserve local wisdom and heritage. Moreover, the Indonesian government
emphasizes social inclusivity in its environmental policies, addressing the needs of diverse
social groups, such as urban and rural populations, indigenous communities, and other
stakeholders, to ensure equitable environmental decision making. The country's cultural
diversity mirrors its rich biodiversity, leading to policies that prioritize the protection of
unique ecosystems intertwined with local cultural identities. Furthermore, community
engagement is a fundamental aspect of environmental initiatives, respecting the knowledge
and opinions of various groups.

Past Actions

Indonesia, as a prominent member of the international community, recognizes the

vital importance of collaborative foreign policy efforts to address environmental and air
pollution challenges in Southeast Asia. Indonesia actively engage in regional initiatives to
combat environmental challenges. This includes participating in regional agreements and
action plans related to environmental conservation and air pollution reduction, similar to
its involvement in ASEAN-PACTC for transnational crimes. Joining relevant working
groups or forums dedicated to environmental issues in the region, such as the Senior
Official Meeting on Environmental Conservation and Pollution Control Working Group
(SOM ECPCWG) in Southeast Asia. This membership can facilitate information sharing
and collaborative efforts to combat air pollution. Indonesia can consider ratifying
international conventions and agreements aimed at reducing air pollution and promoting
green environmental practices, similar to its ratification of ACTIP to combat human
trafficking.
 We are committed to fostering strong relationships with neighboring countries and
global partners to ensure a sustainable and healthy environment for the region. Indonesia's
foreign policy places a strong emphasis on regional cooperation, adherence to global
environmental norms, and sustainable resource management in order to alleviate
environmental challenges and lessen air pollution in Southeast Asia. As a member of
ASEAN, Indonesia works together with its neighbors to address issues like haze and
crossborder air pollution. Regulations that support sustainable practices demonstrate
Indonesia's dedication to upholding international environmental norms, reaffirming
Indonesian position as a responsible global player in tackling environmental issues.
Indonesia aims to strike a balance between environmental protection and economic growth
by emphasizing sustainable resource use. Indonesia actively contributes to lowering air
pollution and enhancing environmental sustainability by promoting green growth.

Proposed Solutions

Therefore, the Republic of Indonesia would like to propose our solutions regarding the
agenda :
1. Calls upon Southeast Asian countries to adopt and implement complementary
policies and strategies aimed at reducing air pollution through
environmentally responsible and sustainable initiatives.
2. Encourage the establishment and enforcement of strict emission standards for
industries and to reduce air pollution levels.
3. Emphasize the importance of regional frameworks in mitigating
environmental degradation and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
4. Recognize the importance of protecting the environment and tackling air
pollution for the well-being of current and upcoming generations.
5. Urge governments in the region to invest in renewable energy sources, such as
solar, wind and hydropower, to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
Bibliography
Chen, S., & Lu, J. (2011). Strategies and key technologies for low-carbon integrated
transportation systems in megacities in China. ICCTP 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1061/41186(421)429
Country profile - Indonesia. (n.d.). Welcome to the United Nations.
https://www.un.org/esa/earthsummit/indon-cp.htm
Ideas for leaders #603 how social movements spark corporate social responsibility
initiatives. (2016). https://doi.org/10.13007/603
Robinson, R. (1989). The foreign buck: Aid-reliant investment strategies in ASEAN
port development. Transportation Research Part A: General, 23(6), 439- 451.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(89)90065-4
Zhang, Z. (n.d.). Asian energy and environmental policy: Promoting growth while
preserving the environment. Sustainable Growth and Resource Productivity:
Economic and Global Policy Issues, 240-304.
https://doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.978-1-907643-06-4_16
 Council: ASEAN + 3
Country: South Korea
Name: Buana Triwira aji
Topic Area: Maximizing Green Environmental And
Decreasing Air Pollution In Southeast Asia

Background of the Issues

As a representative of the Republic of South Korea, we are truly grateful for the
opportunity to address one of the most urgent and critical global concerns of our time – the
preservation of the green environment and the reduction of air pollution in the Southeast
Asian region. Similar to numerous other nations worldwide, South Korea has faced
substantial consequences resulting from climate change and the escalating issue of air
pollution. Hence, we firmly believe that it is imperative for us to collectively take decisive
and efficient actions to alleviate these detrimental effects.
The lush green environment stands as a precious asset that necessitates our joint protection,
and we are fully dedicated to optimizing our endeavors in its preservation. Through
pioneering initiatives, investments in eco-friendly technologies, and fostering strong regional
collaborations, we aspire to make a positive impact in safeguarding the natural splendor of
Southeast Asia while enhancing the air quality that we all share.
Maximizing the green environment and mitigating air pollution in Southeast Asia is
an imperative requirement due to its substantial influence on human welfare, the
sustainability of ecosystems, and the prospects of future generations. To begin with, a
thriving green environment offers indispensable advantages, such as supplying essential food
sources, clean water, and other natural reservoirs that sustain life. Additionally, the existence
of a verdant setting directly impacts air quality and the regional climate. Elevated air
pollution levels can result in various health complications, including respiratory illnesses, and
contribute to environmental harm such as acid rain and global warming. Consequently, the
preservation of a lush environment and the reduction of air pollution are pivotal in securing
an improved quality of life for Southeast Asian inhabitants, safeguarding biodiversity, and
confronting the increasingly pressing issue of climate change. Furthermore, collaborative
efforts in this realm also open up fresh economic prospects in sectors like renewable energy
and environmentally friendly technologies, which have the potential to stimulate economic
growth and generate employment opportunities. Hence, measures aimed at optimizing green
environments and curtailing air pollution in Southeast Asia not only promote human and
ecological well-being but also hold promise for advancing economic and social development
in the region.

Past Actions
As a nation dedicated to enhancing the green environment and mitigating air pollution
in Southeast Asia, South Korea has implemented a series of substantial prior measures.
Firstly, South Korea has embraced national policies centered on diminishing greenhouse gas
emissions and enhancing energy efficiency. Substantial investments have been channeled into
eco-friendly technologies, encompassing the advancement of electric transportation and
hydrogen-powered vehicles, with the aim of curtailing air pollution originating from the
transportation sector.
Furthermore, South Korea has actively engaged in regional collaboration efforts. The country
has facilitated the exchange of technology and knowledge pertaining to environmental
matters and clean energy with Southeast Asian nations. Support has also been extended to
green infrastructure initiatives in the region, such as solar energy facilities and inventive
waste management projects.
South Korea has further promoted private sector investments in renewable energy and
green technology domains in Southeast Asia through a spectrum of initiatives and incentives.
It firmly believes in the pivotal role of the private sector in expediting the transition toward a
more sustainable economy. In addition, South Korea has maintained active participation in
international dialogues addressing environmental concerns and climate change, inclusive of
involvement in international accords aimed at curbing greenhouse gas emissions.These
collective actions reflect South Korea's ongoing commitment to charting the course toward a
greener environment and reduced air pollution in Southeast Asia, with the aspiration that
collaborative efforts among nations will expedite the attainment of these shared objectives.

Proposed Solutions
As a delegate from the Republic of South Korea, we would like to suggest some concrete
solutions to address environmental challenges in Southeast Asia, particularly in reducing air
pollution and maximizing green environments:

1. Reducing Air Pollution: We propose implementing stringent policies to regulate

greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants. This includes controlling emissions
from industries, transportation, and other sectors that could potentially contribute to
 air pollution. Furthermore, raising public awareness about the importance of reducing
air pollution and encouraging the use of public transportation or eco-friendly vehicles
is crucial.
2. Transition to Green Energy: Switching to cleaner energy sources is a key step in
reducing greenhouse gas emissions. We encourage countries in Southeast Asia to
invest more in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydrogen. South
Korea is ready to share state-of-the-art technology in this field.
3. Adopting Green Technologies: To maximize green environments, we suggest that
countries in Southeast Asia adopt advanced technologies in waste management,
afforestation, and nature conservation. South Korea can offer assistance in this regard
through technology and knowledge exchange.
4. Developing Green Technologies: We advocate for collaboration in research and
development of green technologies. This includes the development of technologies for
more efficient resource utilization, improved waste processing, and
environmentally-friendly agricultural practices.
5. Promoting Eco-Friendly Businesses: To maximize green environments, it is crucial to
encourage the business sector to adopt eco-friendly practices. This can include fiscal
incentives for businesses innovating in reducing their carbon footprint and providing
environmental certifications for businesses that adhere to stringent environmental
standards.
Bibliography

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(2) Southeast Asia and the ‘Just Transition’ to Clean Energy.
https://thediplomat.com/2021/04/southeast-asia-and-the-just-transition-to-clean-energy/.
(3) How South Korea Can Serve as a ‘More Responsible Tourist’ in Southeast ....
https://keia.org/the-peninsula/how-south-korea-can-serve-as-a-more-responsible-tourist-in-so
utheast-asia/.
(4) South Korea’s New Southern Policy and ASEAN-ROK Relations.
https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/south-koreas-new-southern-policy-and-asean-rok-relations/.
(5) SGI 2020 | South Korea | Environmental Policies.
https://www.sgi-network.org/2020/South_Korea/Environmental_Policies.
 Committee : ASEAN +3 Committee
Country: Malaysia
Name : Siti Maysarah Sitorus
Topic : Maximizing Green Environmental and
Decreasing Air Pollution in Southeast Asia

Country Position
Malaysia is one of the developing countries that experiences serious air pollution
problems, especially in urban areas. Air pollution in Malaysia is currently still a problem and
public concern caused by motorized vehicles, land transportation, industrial activities and
open land burning. Malaysia has made various efforts and policies to overcome air pollution
in Malaysia. According to the Department of the Environment (DOE), the cause of air
pollution today is specifically motorized vehicles which can be said to be the dominant
source of air pollution compared to industrial activities, open burning and others. Malaysia
continues to implement an independent, principled and pragmatic foreign policy.
In Malaysia, these priorities have fragmented environmental management approaches
and a tendency to regard the environmental impacts of economic growth and industrialization
as unavoidable consequences that must be minimized. Malaysia itself has made efforts to
plan sustainable development, and Malaysia has implemented structured or integrated
development plans for public transportation, environmental planning, environmentally
friendly buildings through reforestation, integrated land use, drainage management, and
renewable energy. Not only that, pollution caused by neighboring countries, such as
cross-border pollution, has an impact on Malaysia and can damage health and damage the
environment. Basically, international environmental law states about legal protection related
to air pollution across national borders. Air pollution resulting from forest fires is contrary to
the principles of international environmental law, which state that a country is prohibited
from carrying out or allowing activities that could harm other countries. Draft Articles
Responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts, International Law Commission,
2001 Article 1 states that: (Every internationally wrongful act of a state entails the
international responsibility of that state), that if it is negligent in an act that is said to be
wrong in international law, then the country is responsible for it. Then at the global level it
was established at the 1972 Stockholm Conference, while at the regional level ASEAN also
produced the 1985 ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources.
Past Actions
The Malaysian government is very firm in overcoming or dealing with environmental
problems with economic development. Legislation and policy are ongoing efforts by
Malaysia to control and reduce the impact of air pollution on the environment and society,
especially in terms of protecting public health. The Malaysian government is taking
systematic steps to overcome air pollution, one of the significant steps or policies taken by
Malaysia is increasing law enforcement on pollution emissions from motor vehicles and
implementing a comprehensive traffic management system.
Regarding air pollution regulations and policies in Malaysia based on the need to
protect the environment and create balance in the nation's development, several
environmental laws have regulated and controlled air pollution in Malaysia. The
Environmental Quality Act of 1974 (Act 127) was passed on March 14, 1974, this law came
into effect on March 15, 1975 to prevent, eliminate, control pollution, and preserve the
environment.
The Malaysian government has pursued and implemented environmental quality
regulations (control of emissions from diesel engines) in 1996 and (control of emissions
from petrol engines) in 1996 under the supervision of the DOE. Then there is also control of
excess emissions of black smoke from diesel vehicle exhaust and this is monitored through
the programArea Watch and Sanction Inspection. Of the number of law enforcement carried
out in several cities throughout the country throughout 2016, namely 2,253, the percentage of
compliance for diesel vehicles was initially 99.35 percent. Malaysia has sought and
implemented various legal measures including laws, policies and regulations to control,
prevent, overcome the negative impacts of pollution on the environment, and resolve air
pollution on the environment and local communities in Malaysia.

Proposed Solutions
In line with what has been mentioned above, Malaysia would like to propose
solutions for strong international cooperation and a comprehensive regional approach to
prevent, suppress and reduce air pollution regarding this agenda, namely:
a. Clean Energy Use
 - Encourage the use of clean and renewable energy such as solar, wind and
hydro power to reduce air pollution from fossil power plants
- Provide incentives for households and businesses to switch to cleaner energy
sources. Protection of affected communities and countries
b. Strict enforcement of laws and policies
c. Regional and international cooperation and coordination such as
- Collaborate with neighboring countries in addressing transboundary air
pollution.
- Join international agreements to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and
other air pollutants.
d. Environmentally friendly Sustainable Transportation Improvements such as: -
Encourage the use of sustainable transportation such as bicycles, electric vehicles
and environmentally friendly public transportation.
- Provide tax incentives or other incentives for the purchase of electric vehicles.
- Improve bicycle and pedestrian lane infrastructure to reduce motorized
vehicle use.
e. Maximize the development of green environment by realizing the planting of trees in
every country, making agreements prohibiting forest burning, illegal cutting of trees
in the forest.
Bibliography

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Diplomasi Perubahan Iklim Dan Asean Menuju 2020. Global: Jurnal Politik
Internasional, 18(1), 76-94.
https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1069&context=global

Shafie, S. H. M., Suzani, M., Rameli, N. L. F., & Pasaribu, S. B. (2021). Analysis of
Urban Air Pollution and The Effectiveness of Air Pollution Control Policy in
Malaysia: Case Study in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Jurnal Cita Hukum, 9(1),
13-28. https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/citahukum/article/view/20018/pdf

Sembiring, M., & Ewing, J. J. (2014). Examining economic development, environmental

policy and transboundary pollution: The case of Iskandar Malaysia and air
quality. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies.
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(ASEAN). In Regional / Subregional Environmental Cooperation in Asia (pp.
31–50). Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep00849.9
 Committee:ASEAN+3
Country: Singapore
Name: emilia Isabel Nugroho
Topic : Maximizing Green Evironmental And
Decreasing Air Pollution In Southeast Asia

A. Country position
Singapore, often nicknamed "The Lion City," is a country renowned for its
exceptional cleanliness. As a compact island country, the government and its
citizens really care about the environment and diligently maintain cleanliness.
Tidy and litter-free streets, green and well-maintained parks and clean beaches are
a common sight throughout the country.
Additionally, Singapore has an efficient waste management system, with a strong
recycling program and active environmental awareness campaigns. Singapore is a
country located in the Southeast Asia region and is a country with the best
economic conditions. Not only the economy, another sector that is also important
in Singapore is the environment. Singapore's environment is among the cleanest
among other countries in the Southeast Asia region. At the
international level, there is an institution that every two years issues a ranking of
the environmental quality of countries in the world. In Singapore, cleanliness has
also become a reflection of unprecedented economic growth, and more recently,
how local authorities have handled the pandemic in a coordinated manner.
Singapore now consistently sits at the top of global surveys on social conditions,
such as personal safety and quality of life.
At the same time, their highly developed free market-based economy is said to be
one of the most competitive in the world. Singapore will become the most
environmentally friendly country in Southeast Asia in 2022. This can be seen
from Singapore's environmental performance index (EPI) score of 50.9 points last
year.
In detail, health is the indicator that makes up Singapore's EPI which has the
highest score, namely 77.0 points. Then, the indicators for climate policy and
ecosystem vitality in Lion Country each have scores of 46.5 points and 42.5
points. Singapore Experienced a Significant Decline Starting from 2014-2018.
The cause of the decline in Singapore's environmental quality from 2014-2018 is
first, environmental health caused by the low availability of clean water. The low
availability of clean water in Singapore is because this country does not have
rivers with abundant water. Meanwhile, the water needs of its residents are very
large. Of that amount, 45 percent is consumed by households and 55 percent is
consumed by industry. Managing and regulating clean water as effectively and
efficiently as possible must be done by the Singapore government and its citizens,
because Singapore cannot use groundwater and only depends on rainwater and sea
water. Meanwhile, Singapore's needs are never sufficient. Then secondly, namely
the level of recycling, the increasing amount of rubbish brought by tourists means
that the government is running out of land for rubbish dumps, even the recycling
program is not helping much because more cannot be recycled, and finally air
pollution, as the country is growing rapidly. industry, the level of environmental
pollution is also increasing. The things that the Singapore government can do
include balancing the ecosystem based on biodiversity and habitat as well as
climate change and energy. Because as is known, Singapore is the largest
contributor to pollution in the Asia-Pacific region. The industrial sector with
building construction that meets it, as well as buildings with environmentally
friendly concepts, is a contributor to pollution. Singapore's carbon footprint stands
in stark contrast to the long-held view that the country is the cleanest city in Asia.
Then environmental-based policies such as maintaining the availability of natural
resources, recycling waste, and requiring business actors to carry out
environmental conservation. Not only campaigns and fines, Singapore also
employs cleaning crews to keep this city clean. Environmental laws in Singapore
are quite good, but implementation in the field is not in accordance with
established regulations.

Past Actions
Singapore has actively contributed to global efforts to support a green and
sustainable environment through various initiatives and collaborations. Singapore
has been involved in international negotiations on climate change and is
committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. They also support programs
that promote adaptation to climate change in vulnerable countries. Singapore's
efforts in assisting countries are also seen in the management of forests and forest
fires, which often produce severe haze in the region. Singapore provides technical
support and resources to address these issues and assists in Indonesia's forest
conservation efforts. In Indonesia, the haze that spread to neighboring countries
was caused by the fact that most of the burned forests and land were located in
Kalimantan, Papua and Sumatra. The economies of Indonesia, Malaysia and
Singapore have also been greatly affected by flight delays, accidents, reduced
tourism revenues and the closure of several businesses. In that year, Indonesia
experienced quite large losses, estimated at around US$ 4 billion. Malaysia is one
of the countries that is quite badly affected by the haze. Apart from that,
Singapore has collaborated with Vietnam, namely Singapore has helped Vietnam
in developing
environmentally friendly and sustainable infrastructure, including a more efficient
public transportation system, as well as training in waste and water management.
Singapore has strict regulations and monitoring systems to control air and water
pollution. However, as an urban and industrial center, air pollution from the
industrial and transportation sectors is still a problem that needs to be addressed.
Singapore also sometimes faces air pollution from neighboring countries, such as
forest fires in Indonesia which produce smog. Singapore has an efficient waste
management system, including a strong recycling program. However, the volume
of waste produced by society and industry is still a problem that needs to be
addressed.
Singapore is committed to maintaining parks and green open spaces in its cities.
They continue to strive to maintain a balance between development and nature
conservation.

Proposed Solutions
1. Singapore must maintain the policies related to the green environment that
have been implemented.
2. Collaborating with ASEAN countries to create better infrastructure to
minimize unhealthy living environments
3. Promoting Singapore's policies to neighboring countries to create a clean
and pollution friendly environment.
4. Reduce the use of vehicles such as motorbikes and cars. Start walking to
places that are not too far away.
5. Strengthen policies about throwing away trash and no smoking.
Reference

https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/131635704/larangan-merokok-singap
ura-sebagai langkah-mengurangi-polusi
(https://repository.unej.ac.id/handle/123456789/103553?show=f
ull)
(https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-49765217)-udara?pa
ge=all. t.thn.
 Committee : ASEAN +3 Committee
Country: Thailand
Name : Vriscilla Simanjorang
Topic : Maximizing Green Environmental and
Decreasing Air Pollution in Southeast Asia

Country Position
Pollution has become a major issue in Southeast Asian countries, with impacts felt
widely, whether caused by industrial plants, free burning of land, excessive vehicle
use or the effects of electronic waste and kitchen waste. According to a recent report
by IQ Air released in 2023, several countries in Southeast Asia are counted as having
poor air quality. While the recent incidence of pollution in Southeast Asian countries
is being highlighted more, almost the entire Southeast Asian region is now also
considered to have "unsafe pollution levels", with average life expectancy reduced by
2-3 years. Statistically speaking, the world average pollution level has declined
slightly in the past decade.

Past Actions
According to the UN health agency on rising air pollution in 2016, about 98 percent
of cities in low- and middle-income countries with more than 100,000 inhabitants did
not meet WHO air quality limits, according to the latest global urban ambient air
pollution database presented by the agency. But in high-income countries, the
percentage dropped to 56 percent. Over a five-year period from 2008 to 2013, WHO
compared 795 cities in 67 countries for levels of small and fine particles (PM10 and
PM2.5 - particles smaller than 10 or 2.5 microns). These include pollutants such as
sulfates, nitrates, and black carbon, which penetrate deep into the lungs and
cardiovascular system, posing the greatest risk to human health. With this problem,
the United Nations passed a resolution for countries that feel the effects of pollution.
The Paris Agreement (2015) is an important international agreement under the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which aims to limit
global warming by including measures to reduce greenhouse emissions that can lead
to adverse effects on air pollution. ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze
Pollution (2002): This agreement was made by the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN) to address the problem of transboundary haze pollution, which is
often caused by forest fires and contributes to regional air pollution. Through this
agreement it is hoped that efforts will be made to address air pollution problems in
affected countries including Southeast Asian countries. In addition to the UN in the
treaty mechanism in the world of health on the impact of pollution, several
international NGOs also support the prevention of pollution, these NGOs work in
various aspects of air quality improvement, public awareness, policy advocacy, and
community engagement, such as Clean Air Asia which is an international
 non-governmental organization that leads the regional mission for better air quality,
and healthier and more livable cities throughout Asia.

Air pollution cases also have an impact on Thailand, which based on related data
sources this year recorded Thailand as one of the countries that has a low level of
clean air, so that this year around 1.32 million Thais suffered serious illnesses, such as
267,161 cases of skin infections, 242,805 eye infections, and 208,880 cases of stroke
in that period. In 2019 and 2020, Thailand recorded the worst air pollution in more
than a week. Bangkok's Particulate Matte (PM) 2.5 content on Monday (20/1)
afternoon was recorded at 95 micrograms per cubic meter and fell into the unhealthy
category. The maximum level considered safe by the government is 50
micrograms/m3. PM 2.5 is a compound of particles measuring less than 2.5
micrometers. These particles threaten public health because they can enter the lungs
to the human heart and according to the UN, high exposure to pollutants can increase
the risk of a number of diseases such as stroke, heart and lung disease, cancer. Air
pollution also affects crops, reducing yields and impacting food security. Air pollution
also exacerbates social and gender inequalities, and slows economic development,
limiting countries' ability to achieve their development goals.

It is recorded that the causes of pollution are traffic fumes, construction work, land
burning, factory pollution, and the effects of the climate crisis. With cases that have
an impact on people's lives, it is hoped that the government of the country or
international policy will establish adequate and affordable access to health because
this case has a lot of impact on public health, especially on children and parents, so
access to health is one way to deal with this case, establishing and implementing a ban
on burning open land for personal or business purposes is one of the efforts to reduce
air pollution, providing policies to reduce or stop the use of transportation is also one
way to maintain air stability, accelerating a fair and equitable transition from fossil
fuels, especially coal, to clean renewable energy is also a hope to reduce the
occurrence of worsening air.

Proposed Solutions
To maximize green environment and reduce air pollution in Southeast Asia,
particularly in Thailand, several proposed solutions and strategies can be
implemented. These solutions aim to address various sources of pollution and promote
sustainable environmental practices. Here are some proposed solutions:

● Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources:

Invest in and promote the use of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and
hydroelectric power. This will reduce the dependence on fossil fuels for electricity
generation, leading to a decrease in air pollution.
● Improved Public Transportation:
 Develop and enhance public transportation systems, including buses, trams, and trains,
to reduce the number of vehicles on the road. Encouraging the use of public
transportation can help reduce air pollution from vehicle emissions.
● Strict Emission Standards:
Enforce and strengthen emission standards for vehicles and industries. Implement
regular inspections and maintenance checks to ensure that vehicles and factories
comply with these standards.
● 6. Waste Management and Recycling:
Implement efficient waste management and recycling programs to reduce the amount
of waste sent to landfills and incinerators. Reducing waste burning can help reduce air
pollution.
● Education and Awareness:
Conduct public awareness campaigns and educational programs to inform citizens
about the importance of environmental conservation, air quality, and sustainable
practices.
● Research and Innovation:
Encourage research and innovation in clean energy technologies, air quality
monitoring systems, and pollution control methods. Support startups and initiatives that
focus on environmental sustainability.
● International Cooperation:
Collaborate with neighboring countries and international organizations to address
transboundary air pollution issues. Joint efforts can be more effective in combating
pollution sources that cross borders.
● Incentives for Green Technologies:
Provide incentives, subsidies, and tax breaks to businesses and individuals adopting
eco-friendly and green technologies, including electric vehicles and energy-efficient
appliances.
Bibliography

Indonesia, CNN. 1,3 Juta Warga Thailand Sakit Gegara Polusi Udara Parah.

https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20230313111356-106-924251/13-juta-warga-th
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ntuk%20itu%2C%20yang%20harus%20dilakukan,mendaur%20ulang%20sampah%20daripa
da%20membakarnya.

SDH KNOWLEDGE HUB. 2017. “UN Environment Calls for Preventing and Reducing
Pollution to Realize SDGs | News | SDG Knowledge Hub | IISD.” SDG Knowledge Hub.
https://sdg.iisd.org/news/un-environment-calls-for-preventing-and-reducing-pollution-to-reali
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https://news.un.org/en/story/2013/02/431232.
 Memorandum of Understanding
Association of Southeast Asians Nations (ASEAN) +3 Committee
In the Topic of Maximizing Green Environmental and Decreasing Air
Pollution in Southeast Asia

The Republic of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Republic of Singapore, the Kingdom of Thailand,
the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam, Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations, or individually as “ASEAN Member State” and Japan, People’s Republic of China,
The Republic of Korea as additional committee of ASEAN;

Recalling our vision in ASEAN way by agreeing the agreement between ASEAN Plus Three
to maximize green environment in Southeast Asia also seek solutions for ASEAN Countries
to decrease air pollution;

Ratify and approve the agreements between ASEAN and the other countries non-ASEAN to
attain ASEAN Way to keep our environment clean and green by new innovation and
technologies that solve the air pollution;

Welcoming ongoing negotiations about green environment and the innovation of ASEAN
countries in the future;

Have Agreed all the discussion as follows :

Article 1
Dangerousness of Air Pollution and the Effect

Article 2
The Strategies

Article 3
The Solutions

Article 4

Article 5
 Done and Held in Yogyakarta, … 2023
Association of Southeast Asians Nations (ASEAN) + 3 Committee

The Board of Dais

Chair Co- Chair

Dini Tamara Keyla Salsabila Putri

Country Representative of the Committee

Japan People’s Republic of China

Shafiyah Kirana Putri Ribka Kristanti Soegiharto

Socialist Republic of Vietnam The Republic of Indonesia

Auliya Rezita Hakim Ranti Naomi Sinaga

The Republic of Korea The Federation of Malaysia

Buana Triwira Aji Siti Maysarah Sitorus

The Republic of Singapore The Kingdom of Thailand

Emilia Isabel N Vriscilla Simanjorang