Decomposition Analysis

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
FRONTIER-BASED-DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS OF GREEN PATENT

EFFICIENCY IN ASEAN COUNTRIES’: TECHNICAL
EFFICIENCY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSCIOUSNESS
A Research Proposal
Presented to the
College of Mechanical Engineering
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Submitted to
Engr. Robert Michael Corpus
Submitted by
Antipuesto, Jon Michael B.
Derla, Louise Philip M.
Guray, Kevin Roi E.
Lagman, Lance Andrew N.
Sevilla, Angelo T.
Valenzuela, Christian L.
2021
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Abstract
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I. Introduction
The countries around the globe are thinking on how their economy
would grow using energy consumption. With the threat of global warming,
each country must be responsible on how they should consume energy
because it can greatly contribute on the greenhouse gases present
abundantly in our atmosphere, as it causes rapid climate change.
Greenhouse gasses such as Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide (CO2),
Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), and Ozone(O3) are some gasses
that produces the greenhouse effect (Cassia et. al, 2018). Life on Earth is
possible because of the Greenhouse effect that is present naturally in the
atmosphere. The energy from the sun reaches to our planet’s atmosphere,
some of these energy bounces back to the space. The remaining Sun’s
energy is absorbed to warm up the planet and be a source of energy on
Earth. It helps the planet to warm up the Earth’s surface to make it
habitable.
Global warming is the most prominent challenge of the Earth in these
past decades. The excessive production of Greenhouse gasses coming
from the industrial economy worsens the global warming. One of the main
contributors to the global warming is the Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions.
CO2 emission is made by burning organic materials such as oils, gas,
woods, and solid wastes (Nunez, 2019). The amount of carbon dioxide
present in the atmosphere is high since the start of the Industrial

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Revolution. CO2 emission is mainly used in Transportation, Electricity
production, Commercial and Residential, and Agriculture. The usage of
carbon dioxide emission is essential for the growth of the economy.
Southeast Asian countries rapidly grow their economies. They build
an organization that helps its members to have a role in the economic
integration of Asia (Maizland & Albert, 2020). ASEAN (Association of
Southeast Asian Nations) aims to accelerate the growth of each country
members’ economy, social progress, cultural development and have a
regional peace and stability in the Southeast Asia. Indonesia ranks first in
terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) while Brunei is in the last place.
Figure 1: Gross Domestic Product of the countries in Southeast Asia (Statista,
2021).
Figure 2: CO2 Emissions in South East Asia (Afridi, 2020).
Indonesia is a developing country in Southeast Asia. Its economy is
the largest in ASEAN with the annual GDP of approximately 1,059.64
billion US dollars as stated in Figure 1. This country is a market-based
economy. The government is responsible on making decision on how
much it cost for necessities like rice, fuel, and electricity. The industrial
sector of the Indonesia accounts 40% of their Gross Domestic Product in
2015. This sector includes natural gas and petroleum, mining, clothing,
etc. The volume consumption (kg of oil per capita) in Indonesia in 2010 is
866.50 (Shahbaz, et.al 2020). The CO2 emission of the country is
increasing throughout the years as can be seen in Figure 2. Due to the
continuous strike of consumption of carbon dioxide, the Indonesian
government made a movement that will focus on the broadening of green
policies. Former Indonesian president, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono,

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mandates the reduction of the countries’ CO2 emission by 26% and its
trajectory is in 2020 (Shahbaz, et.al 2020).
Thailand, a member of ASEAN, is also a developing country.
According to Worldometer.org, the population of the country is roughly
69,000,000. Due to overpopulation, transportation sector is one of the
major causes of energy consumption. The CO2 emission of Thailand in
2019 is 275.06 mega-tons, 72% of the world’s CO2 emission comes from
Thailand (Banerjee, 2020). The government of the country makes a step
in ensuring the energy security, affordability, and sustainability. It is called
Energy 4.0, it focuses on the growth of the power sector where it has a
low carbon emission economy (Tharakan, 2019). It will be based on the
using technologies using clean energy.
Philippines is an archipelagic country. The Gross Domestic Product of
the country is 367.36 billion US dollars. The CO2 emission of the country
is super high. The government is planning to cut the consumption of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by 75% under the commitment on the
Paris Agreement. The target of the program is to support the climate
finance, technology and the capacity to develop by developing countries.
Unlike Philippines, Singapore is a city-state country. It has the largest
and busiest port in the Southeast Asia. Its GDP is 372.1 billion US dollar.
Since Singapore is a highly urbanized and industrialized, it creates more
pollution. Solid waste management is one of the main problems on the

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economic development. These wastes contribute on the pollution on land,
water, and air. Improper waste management produces CO2 emission that
affects the planet. The massive number of wastes generated, and
overuse of the landfills makes it dangerous for the environment.
Singapore creates solutions such as implementing “Singapore Green Plan
(SGP) 2012” (Tan, 2012). The target of the project is to raise the recycling
rate. Singapore's challenge is to make better use of its resources land and
aim for more intensive growth without sacrificing the environment and
putting human health and environment at risk.
Vietnam is a long narrow nation that is in Southeast Asia. Just like the
countries above, Vietnam is one of the fastest growing economies in Asia.
The GDP of Vietnam is 261.9 billion US dollars. The rapid growth of the
economy also goes along with the high consumption of the CO2 emission.
Vietnam’s legislative branch proposes a law that is for environmental
protection (VOA News, 2020). It focuses on the reforestation and use the
trees to lower down the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Malaysia is a developing country that has a GDP of 364.7 billion US
dollars. The country’s government reduces its carbon emission by 40%
with initiative. Malaysian government knows that if the natural resources
and modern development processes cannot be avoided, it can harm the
environment (Begum 2015).

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Myanmar, Laos PDR and Brunei are nations in Southeast Asia with a
GDP of 75.50, 17.50 and 13.47 billion US dollars respectively. Their
carbon dioxide emission is growing rapidly in the past years.
Cambodia is one of the several countries that severely affected by the
global warming. It is because the people in this country mainly rely on the
agricultural sector. Cambodia’s CO2 emissions doubled on the past 10
years (Tang & Tan, 2016). The country builds a disaster risk reduction
management system to protect their economy to climate change. They
named it as “Strategic National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction
2019 – 2023” (Amach, 2019). It aims to ensure that all developments of
sectors of Cambodia will not be delayed by any disasters.
II. Study and Literature Review
II.A. ASEAN Countries’ Environmental Policies
Country Laws, Policies and Brief Description
Strategies
Brunei National Forest Policy “To conserve, develop and
Darussalam of 1989 manage its forests resources for
the preservation and upliftment
of the quality of life; the
promotion of social, political and
economic well-being of the

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people, and technological
progress of the country; and for
bringing about environmental
amenity and ecological
equilibrium over a time
continuum” (Ministry of Primary
Resources and Tourism, n. d.).

Land Transport White “Identifies transport policy
Paper framework, strategies, facilities,
infrastructure and services
required to serve the land
transportation system up to
2035 . . . Its overall aim is to
develop sustainable land
transportation system for Brunei
Darussalam towards
accelerating socio-economic
development and improving the
quality of life” (Climate Change
Laws of the World, 2021).
Cambodia National Strategic “A planning document

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Development Plan detailing Cambodia's strategy to
2019-2023 achieve a wide range of
development targets over the
period 2019-2023. These
include a curbing of
deforestation and a
strengthening of renewable
energy source” (Climate
Change Laws of the World,
2021).
National Policy on “To strike a balance
Green Growth 2013- between economic
2030 development and protecting
environmental resources,
seeking to enhance the well-
being and livelihoods of the
population” (Green Policy
Platform, 2020-2021).
Indonesia Geothermal Law of “Updates previous
2014 geothermal laws and
regulations and separates
geothermal activities from other

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natural resources exploitation
such as mining” (Climate
2021).
Environmental “Recognizes that
Protection and decreasing environmental
Management of 2009 quality is a serious problem for
Indonesia, and that climate
change presents further
systemic threats. It seeks to
ensure that development is
underpinned with the principle
of sustainably and
environmentally sound
development principles”
(Climate Change Laws of the
World, 2021).
Laos Forestry Strategy to the “Recognizes the role of
Year 2020 forests in protecting the climate.
The strategy further aims at
fostering reforestation by
allocating small farmers with a

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fee corresponding to the
amount of trees they plant”
(Climate Change Laws of the
World, 2021).
Renewable Energy “Focuses on fostering
Development Strategy private sector investments,
2011 developing small-scale
production, including from
biofuels, solar and biomass,
and electricity generation at
village level using waste from
agriculture, biogas and
hydropower” (Climate Change

Malaysia Atomic Energy “Establishes the Atomic
Licensing Act 1984, No. Energy Licensing Board to
304 advise the government,
exercise control over atomic
energy production, and foster
governmental and non-
governmental cooperation. It
requires the government to

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keep a registry of licensed
atomic energy producers and
regulates the granting, renewal,
suspension, and cancellation of
licenses” (Climate Change

Biofuels Industry Act “Creates a blending
2007 mandate for palm oil biodiesel
with petroleum diesel (B5
blend). Furthermore, the act
establishes a regulatory regime
for the licensing of blending,
storage, transportation, and
export of biodiesel from palm
oil” (Climate Change Laws of
the World, 2021).

Myanmar Climate-Smart “Seeks to ‘optimize the
Agriculture Strategy benefits and minimize the
negative trade-offs across food
security, agricultural
development and climate
change adaptation and

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mitigation’” (Climate Change

National Environmental “Provides long-term
Policy strategic guidance on
Myanmar's environmental and
climate objectives. The policy
recognizes and integrates
Myanmar's obligations under
the Paris Agreement” (Climate
2021).
Philippines Executive Order No. “Institutionalizes the GHG
174, Institutionalizing inventory management and
Philippine Greenhouse reporting system in relevant
Gas Inventory government agencies to enable
Management and the country to transition towards
Reporting System a climate-resilient pathway for
sustainable development”
Climate Change Laws of the
World, 2021).
Philippine Disaster Risk “Provides a comprehensive,
Reduction and all-hazard, multi-sectoral, inter-
Management Act (RA agency, and community-based

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10121) approach to disaster risk
management through the
formulation of the National
Disaster Risk Management
Framework” (Climate Change

Singapore Carbon Pricing Act No. “Requires the reporting of
23/2018 and the payment of a tax in
relation to greenhouse gas
emissions . . . All facilities
producing 25,000 tons or more
of greenhouse gas emissions in
a year will have to pay a carbon
tax” (Climate Change Laws of
the World, 2021).

Energy Market “Establishes the Energy
Authority of Singapore Market Authority (EMA) of
Act (Chapter 92B) Singapore. It states that the
function and duty of the EMA is
to create a market framework in
respect of the supply of
electricity or gas which

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promotes and maintains fair and
efficient market conduct and
effective competition or, in the
absence of a competitive
market, which prevents the
misuse of monopoly or market
power” (Climate Change Laws
of the World, 2021).

Thailand Decree to establish a “Reviews CDM projects for
Greenhouse Gas approval and provides technical
Management assistance. The TGO plays an
Organization B. E. important the role in
2550 development of a GHG
database, engages in capacity
building, and promotes low
carbon activities” (Climate
2021).
Energy Industry Act B. “To regulate the energy
E. 2550 industry, to prevent abuse of
power and protect energy
consumers and those adversely

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affected by energy industry
operations” (Climate Change

Vietnam Decree 119/2016/ND- “Sets out policies to
CP and PM Decision manage, protect and ensure a
120/2015 on sustainable development of
Sustainable coastal forests to cope with
Management, climate change.” (Climate
Protection and Change Laws of the World,
Development of 2021).
Coastal Forests
Decision No.799/QD- “Sets out the goals,
TTg. Approval of the objectives and tasks of
national REDD action Vietnam's REDD+ policy.
program Principally the legislation is
designed to reduce emissions
from LULUCF by setting out the
legal framework for pilot REDD+
programmes and activities to be
demonstrated” (Climate Change

Table 1: Environmental Policies of ASEAN Countries
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II.B. Green Patents Role to CO2 Reduction and GDP Growth
The concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) emission has become an
intriguing issue in our society nowadays. Many countries want to have a
solution on how to reduce CO 2 emission while achieving economic growth.
Alongside strong growth performance, there has been an associated rapid
rise in energy consumption and pollution emissions (Ang, J. B. 2009). One
of the possible foremost solution in addressing issues and instances is by
means of research or thesis (Bist, R.B., 2014). The primary purpose of
research is to inform intervention, gather evidence for hypotheses, and
contribute to the developing knowledge in a specific field (Zarah, L., 2021).
Through researches, knowledge is formed and it is commonly described
as a factual proposition in the mind of an individual. It essentially refers to
facts based on objective insights and/or study findings processed by the
human brain (Zarah, L., 2021). This knowledge gain by an individual thru
research will be useful in finding the best possible solution to a problem
and it will also proof the accuracy of a theory (Chitra, R, n.d.).
On the other hand, green patents also have a huge impact in
addressing the problem regarding CO 2 emission and economic growth.
According to a recent study by Nielsen and Ho (2007), the aggregate
national environmental health damage caused by CO 2 emission is
estimated to be in the range of 3% to 7.7% of GDP. Sustainable green
technology (hereafter, green technology) is critical for efficiently and

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economically controlling pollutant emissions (UNCTAD, 2018). Green
technology helps to strike a balance between environmental conservation
and economic growth, which is crucial for building a sustainable society
(Sun et al., 2008). Governments view green innovation not only as a
critical tool for addressing environmental issues and promoting
sustainable development, but also as a potential driver of economic
growth, especially during a downturn (Hall, B., & Helmers, C.,2010).
The emission of greenhouse gases leads to a variety of well-
documented concerns, such as increases in the average global
temperature, greater variation in temperatures across time, increased
frequency and intensity of extreme weather-related events, and average
sea-level rise (IPCC, 2007). The relationship between per capita CO2
emissions and per capita GDP is inverted U-shaped, and the degree of
urbanization, industrial structure, trade openness, and energy
consumption structure all influence CO2 emissions (Du, K., Li, P., & Yan,
Z.., 2019). According to Lin and Wang (2015), their study indicated that
research, development, and the introduction of new green technologies
led to decreasing CO emissions. As a conclusion, continues research,
development and in particular, green energy technology innovation
perform a powerful role in reducing energy- related CO2 emissions (Sun
et al., 2008).
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II.C. Green Patents
Technology group Technology subgroup

(1) Waste disposal, (2) treatment of waste, (3)
Waste management consuming waste by combustion, (4) reuse of
waste materials
(1) Biofuels, (2) integrated gasification combined-
cycle fuel cells, (3) pyrolysis or gasification of
biomass, (4) harnessing energy from manmade
waste, (5) hydro energy, (6) ocean thermal

Renewable energy
energy conversion, (7) wind energy, (8) solar
energy, (9) geothermal energy, (10) using waste
heat, (11) devices for producing mechanical
power from muscle energy

(1) Storage of electrical energy, (2) measurement
of electricity consumption, (3) storage of thermal

Energy storage
energy, (4) low-energy lighting, (5) thermal
building insulation in general

(1) cars and vans, (2) electric cars, (3) rail transit
vehicles, (4) marine vessel propulsion, (5)
Other technologies alternative irrigation techniques (6)
Carbon/emissions trading, (7) nuclear
engineering
Table 2: Green Patents Inventory in World Intellectual Property Organization.
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Waste management is not a simple thing that can just be ignored
especially now that the world is having drastic changes. Without urgent
action, annual global waste generation will increase from 2.01 billion tons
in 2016 to 3.4 billion tons on the next 30 years, a 70 percent increase on
2018 levels (World Bank, 2018). The increase in global wastes means the
increase in CO2 emissions too. Carbon dioxide and methane gas is
created when organic waste decomposes. Methane is made when there is
no air present while carbon dioxide is the natural product when anything
rots in air (SPREP, 2009). Incinerating an inorganic waste will contribute
to greenhouse gas emissions (SPREP, 2009). Under waste management
is waste disposal which means the collection, processing, and recycling or
deposition of the waste materials of human society according to
Britannica. According to Metropolitan Transfer Station (2017), six negative
effects will happen if people do not practice a proper waste disposal: soil
contamination, waste contamination, extreme weather caused by climate
change, air contamination, harm towards animal and marine life, and
human damage. There are various ways of disposing wastes that
countries are practicing. Developed countries’ waste disposal practice
includes landfilling, composting, incineration, and pyrolysis (Mamady,
2016). Ishak and Dadson (2014) claimed that the major causes of
improper waste management are related to the lack of financial
management and logistics, deficient municipal infrastructures, lopsided

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planning pastures, disregard for basic aesthetics, and industrial and
commercial growths as well as the perceptions and sociocultural
practices. Another subtopic for waste management is treatment of wastes.
Leblanc (2019) stated that treatment techniques reduce the volume and
toxicity of solid wastes. He also enlisted major waste treatment
techniques: thermal treatment which are incineration, gasification and
pyrolysis, and open burning, and biological waste treatment like
composting and anaerobic digestion. Consuming waste by combustion is
similar to incineration of thermal treatment. This approach involves the
combustion of waste material in the presence of oxygen. This thermal
treatment method is commonly used as a means of recovering energy for
electricity or heating. Some several advantages include quickly reducing
of waste volume, decreasing transportation costs and decreases harmful
greenhouse gas emissions (Leblanc, 2019). Reusing is another method in
waste management. People can usually see it together with the other 2
R’s: recycle and reduce. Recycling and Reusing might look very similar,
but they have differences. Recycling materials will turn an item back to
raw materials and those raw materials will be used again to create another
or same item while reusing is using the whole item itself again (Rufus,
2015). Still, both are good method for decreasing waste generation.
Not just by managing waste but there are other ways that minimize
the dangers in the environment. Alternative source of energy replaces the

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non-renewable materials such as fossil fuels and petroleum to reduce the
pollution by burning it. It causes much harm in the environment such as
adding tremendous amount of carbon dioxide in the air and loosening the
balance maintained in the atmosphere (National Geographic
Society,2013). For continuous consumption of petroleum and other fossil
fuels, it increases the price for these resources and also one of the
reasons that causes global warming. Considering the obvious effect of
these resources in the environment, biofuels are advocated as a cost-
effective and environmentally benign alternative to those fuels (Lehman et
al.,2020). Biofuels are renewable, in other words, you can develop
biomass feedstock over and over again when it is needed to produce
biofuels. Although the ethanol in the biofuel produces
carbon dioxide (CO2) when it is burned, because of the biomass
feedstock that is used in making ethanol will absorb the CO2 as it
develops. That means the burning of biofuels does not increase
greenhouse gas levels (Lehman et al.,2020; Let’s Talk Science, 2019).
Original biofuels are made fundamentally from food-related sources like
vegetable oil and creature fats and second-age biofuels are delivered from
non-food sources (Let’s Talk Science, 2019). The third generation of
biofuels are called biodiesel and it is a renewable alternative to petroleum-
based diesel fuel (Penn State Extension, 2021). Integrated gasification
combined-cycle fuel cells are where the amount of oxygen in the gasifier is
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controlled and only small portion of the fuel is burned. Other harmful
gases will not form when the oxygen is reduced inside the gasifier. In
Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell (IGFC), it cleanses the pollutant gas and
burned as fuel in the fuel cell then produces electricity (Balan C. et
al.,2004). Through thermochemical process of biomass gasification which
follows two steps (pyrolysis and gasification). Pyrolysis helps to
decompose biomass into solid charcoal, liquid (bio-oil) and gas with the
absence of oxygen. Then going to the gasification process where also the
extension of pyrolysis and a complex process where further reactions of
gas, char and tar happens. Gasification process also let the conversion of
biomass into either syngas or fuel gas (Younes, C. and Mohammed,
K.,2013). The harnessing of energy from man-made waste or can be
considered as agricultural waste is the remains after the production in
agricultural operations and can be categorized as Crop Residues,
Agricultural Industry Wastes, Livestock Wastes, Fruit and Vegetable
Wastes. These agro-waste materials can be a source of biofuels and
produce bio-ethers, biogas, solid biofuels, biofuels, bio-alcohols, biodiesel,
bio-ethanol and vegetable oil. Hydro energy is another type of renewable
energy that lasts a very long time unless the water stops flowing. The
output hydroelectricity which is a source of energy does not release gas in
the atmosphere (Giaquinto, R.,2020). While Ocean thermal energy
conversion (OTEC) also uses water as material in producing energy, they

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differ in the way of harnessing the output. OTEC harnesses the thermal
gradients between two surface waters. The energy from the sun heats the
ocean and also desalinate ocean water. This type of water is pumped in
the evaporator and the vaporized fluid produce pushes the turbine to start
functioning (U.S Department of Energy, 2021 and Makai Ocean
Engineering, 2019). Other alternative sources of energy that is abundant
and present in the surrounding is the wind energy that comes from the air
current moving in earth’s surface. Wind is also harmless in increasing the
pollution in the atmosphere. The process of harnessing the energy is the
wind turbine converts the wind’s kinetic energy into mechanical energy
and that turns into electrical power (Song, Y.D. et al., 2010). The other
one is the solar energy that converts the heat of the rays of the sun and
turn it into electric or thermal energy. One of the common usages of solar
energy is the photovoltaic solar panels which convert sun rays into
electricity. This solar panel uses the light of the sun to trigger the electrons
in the silicon cell to move and initiate the flow of electricity (Energysage,
2021). Then steam powered generators are also considered renewable
energy because it harnesses the steam coming from the result of the lava
and water mixing up creating dry steam or the steam coming from
underground. The resulting steam drives the turbine that generates
electricity (Lund, J. W., 2021). Another method of using steam to drive
turbine is the waste heat energy. This waste heat is the heat rejected from
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power plant such as the cement plant that uses plenty of heat initially. In
cement plant, new suspension kilns with multi stage pre heaters traps the
rejected heat and then sprayed water to cool off and remove the dust
particle. The vaporized droplet will then turn into steam then going into the
turbine to move it and the process of this waste heat offsets the power
produce in the other parts of the plant (World Bank Group, 2014). All this
type of energy comes from powerplant or large operation and none can be
used immediately so recharging smart phones or gadgets are difficult to
do. One of the clever ways and clean alternative in finding source of
energy is through the use of human motion to generate electricity with the
relation that human expends energy almost equivalent to 2500 mAh of a
battery per 20kg of weight (Riemer, R., & Shapiro, A., 2011). One example
of this kind of self-harnessing energy is the piezoelectric electric harvester
(PEH) where it is bounded in the host body. the structure consists of the
spring-mass system that produce energy when vibration happens within
the device (Liu, Y., 2012).
After harnessing it needed to be used or stored in order to preserve
the supply of energy. There are many ways to harness energy and also
the demand in using energy are increasing in a rapid pace ruining the
capacity of the natural resources that can be dig up. Without conserving
the resources, it will come a time when it is exhausted and causes
unimaginable effect in our world. The goal is to reduce the demand,

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replenish the supplies and use alternative resources (R., 2020). Wind and
solar energy piqued the interest in energy storage which slowly harnesses
the heat in the sunlight and the kinetic wind energy. The continuous
production of this energy will reach higher later and there is no immediate
need to consume the product output. Electricity cannot be stored but
converted into other form. The storage system for electricity includes
battery, flywheel and compressed air. It then be stored and will be used
when on demand. For thermal storage, some power plants use molten salt
or molten silicon to preserve heat overnight (World Nuclear Association,
2020). Measuring the consumption of electricity gives us record of the
daily usage and sometimes see some hidden issues that affect the
operation. According to the Carbon Trust, typically, 20% of a business’
annual energy costs are wasted through the use of energy inefficient
equipment. Daily observation helps lessen the cost and improve the
sustainability of some equipment (EM Magazine, 2018). Low-energy
lighting also lessen the consumption of electricity. Incandescent bulb
which are commonly used wastes 90% of the heat which is not efficient
but low energy lighting like LED only use 10% of the electricity needed of
the incandescent bulb and emit the same amount of light (TheGreenAge,
2021). Another way of conserving energy is thermal insulation where it
reduces the energy consumption in buildings by preventing the heat

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gain/loss. Thermal insulation is a construction material with low thermal
conductivity that cools the surface of the building (CTCN, 2016).
In helping the environment to ease the pollution which humans cause
creates many unique ways and technologies not just from waste
management, alternative energy or energy conservation. There are other
green technologies and such are mainly to vehicles. Vehicle is a machine
that transports people or cargo. Typical vehicles are wagons, bicycles,
motor vehicles, cars, railed vehicles, watercraft, aircraft, and spacecraft
(7ESL, 2018). Typical vehicles that have engines usually contribute to the
CO2 emissions. As people become more mobile, the CO2 emissions are
increasing too. Rate of reductions of CO@ emissions from vehicles has
slowed and that’s why countries have introduced their own CO2 emission
targets to. In Europe, members of the Parliament (MEPs) have adopted
tougher CO2 limits on cars (European Parliament, 2019). Their target is to
reduce the 2021 limit for emissions from new cars and vans by 15% from
2025 and by 30% from 2030. According to Green Vehicle Guide, an
Australian Government Initiative, the amount of fuel consumed, and the
type of fuel used is linked to the level of CO2 emissions of a vehicle.
Europe conducts a test based on New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) to
measure the CO2 emissions of the vehicles as part of the vehicle
certification. The presence of electric cars is blooming too as it does not
emit CO2. However, the production of it generates more carbon emissions

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than the conventional cars. Electric cars are not totally zero emission
vehicles. Although they do not emit CO2 while being driven, they might do
it in 3 other stages: during manufacturing, energy production, and at the
end of their life cycle (Gonçalves, 2018). Still, electric cars are already
proving to be cleaner than vehicles running on petrol (European
Parliament, 2019). In the future, share of electricity from renewable
sources will increase so that means electric cars will become even less
harmful from the environment (European Parliament, 2019). Rail Transits
run from electricity too. They are large consumers of electricity. Andrade
(2016) developed a procedure to determine energy and net avoided
emissions. They applied it to Rio de Janeiro Metro Line 4 and resulted in
annual net reduction of 55.45 tons of CO2 and 949 million MJ, with 91% of
energy corresponding to non- renewable energy. Roh, et al. (2019)
studied and analyzed the fuel consumption and CO2 emission reduction
rates when a fuel-based hybrid power source instead of a conventional
commercial diesel power source was used in ships. The results showed
that under the rated output on a test bed with a load bank of 180 kW, the
conventional commercial diesel generator consumed fuel at 43.5 kgoe/h
and emitted CO2 at 148.5 kg/h, whereas the fuel-cell-based hybrid power
source consumed fuel at 35.6 kgoe/h and emitted CO2 at 57.7 kg/h. The
hybrid power source reduced fuel consumption by 18% and CO2
emissions by 61% at part load in the port period. These results indicate
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that it is possible to reduce CO2 emissions by up to 61% if a hybrid power
source of the same capacity is used to power a ship. Irrigation practices
can greatly affect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because of their
control on soil microbial activity and substrate supply. A. Sapkota et al.
(2020) study stated that CO2 emissions increase and CH4 emissions
decrease when reduced irrigation is applied to croplands. Carbon
emissions trading is a type of policy that allows companies to buy or sell
government-granted allotments of carbon dioxide output (Amadeo, 2019).
According to world bank, 40 countries and 20 municipalities use
either carbon taxes or carbon emissions trading which covers 13% of
annual global greenhouse gas emissions. Governments distribute a finite
number of CO2 “credits” to companies. The companies can only emit as
much CO2 as they have credits for. Those below their CO2 limit can sell
credits to companies that exceed the limit. It aims to slow down global
warming. Industries, like utilities, burn coal and other fossil fuels that emit
too much carbon dioxide into the air and so they are considered the
biggest traders (Amadeo, 2019). Targeting clean energy for the future is
significant in climate change mitigation. The complexity of nuclear energy-
CO2 emissions makes it difficult to predict whether nuclear acts as a clean
energy source. Hence, Danish et al. (2020) studied the relationship
between nuclear energy consumption and CO2 emissions. They found
that increase in nuclear energy reduces environmental pollution.

31
II.D. Research Framework
Efficiency measures the percentage or level of performance of a
machine or phenomena from its input to its output. There are several
types of efficiency, such as allocative efficiency, productive efficiency, and
technical efficiency (Krylovskiy, N., 2020). Economically, a specific
management wants to maximize the efficiency of their product depending
to the resources of production or the needs and wants of the consumers.
Environmentally, managements strategize by doing more goods and
service while using fewer resources and creating less waste and pollution
(Čuček, L., Klemeš, J., & Kravanja, Z., 2015). The economic approach
and environmental approach can be integrated by quantifying the products
or the phenomenon’s technical efficiency. Parallel to the study by Dr. Anne
Velenturf (2021) in sustainable circular economy that there should be
minimal to no resources would be put into waste when making such
material. The result of measurement of technical efficiency (Farrell, M.J.,
1957) leads to an efficient decision making unit. Measuring such product
or phenomenon can either be efficient and inefficient.
Research and Development is a driving factor for sustainable growth
of the economy due to the continuous advancement of the society or the
Technological Change. Thus, lead to different sector to invest in research
and development to achieve high-tech industries and a knowledge-based

32
economy. In a study by Fu and Gong (2011), research and development
help the country try to catch up with other advance countries by investing
with different studies, to turn their low-tech manufacturing sector’s
productivity equal to other countries’ high-tech manufacturing sectors.
Contributing to technical efficiency, research and development helps to
ease the workforce and lessen the resource used for production, while
retaining the products quality and quantity. A study of “R&D, Foreign
Technology and Technical Efficiency in Developing Countries” shows that
companies investing to research and development show a dynamic result
in efficiency while companies that do not conduct researches shows
inefficiency to their production (Barasa, L. et. al., 2015). In focus of
environmental research and development, an innovation could shrink the
companies enterprise efficiency due to limited resources utilization (Zhao
& Jing, 2014) but in green technology innovation it does not affect the
enterprise efficiency due to resource-based diversification that involves
using existing resources (Wicki & Hansen, 2019).
Due to the high numbers of CO2 emissions, businesses and
consumers partakes to producing, selling and consuming green products.
According to Seahee Lee (2011) that the consumers who are
environmentally conscious tend or willing to pay more on green products.
Due to such behavior of costumers, business adopts to ecofriendly
products and not only because of lowering the pollutants emission

33
(Chang, Chen, Hsieh, & Ting, 2019). The environmental consciousness,
depends on the type of economy people live in, as for low GDP countries
they think of environmental problems as more threat than other countries
while for high GDP countries is that they environmental consciousness but
their awareness is slightly lower that countries with lower GDP (Haanpää,
L., 2007). The concept of developing countries diverging to green growth
opens opportunity to different sectors with concept of low-carbon but high-
technology economy (OECD, 2012).
Environmental
Technical
Consciousnes Interpretation
Efficiency
s
Countries striving and investing for Green
related patent applications due to high
High technical efficiency and with high
environmental consciousness due to

High
relatively more CO2 reduction.
Countries striving to apply and invest
green related patents due to high technical

Low
efficiency but with low environmental
consciousness due to less CO2 reduction.

Low High Countries with low investment green patent
application due to low technical efficiency
but with high environmental consciousness

34
due to relatively more CO2 reduction.
Countries with low investment green patent
application due to low technical efficiency

Low
and with low environmental consciousness
due to less CO2 reduction.

Table 3: Classification of Technical Efficiency and Environmental Consciousness (Kwon,
Cho, & Sohn, 2017).
Technical effiency for green patents address global efforts when
making such solutions in for climate change by seeking environmental
innovations and technologies (WIPO, n.d.). For the analysis of efficiency
the indicators are the priority of specific topic of green patentes, the
importance of green technology among all patent researches, the
efficiency of green patents relative to the investments by the differenct
sectors, efficiency of the buget given to the patents relative to the growth
of GDP, and the scale of GDP in the specific country (Fujii & Managi,
2019). The decomposition factors, will again be an indicator to test the
analysis of environmental conciousness relative to CO2 emission, GDP
and energy used for each ASEAN Countries’. Paralle to the decision
making factors (Manta, et. al., 2020) increasing financial development will
generate more CO2 emissions and more energy use, and increasing
economic growth will lead to rising financial development. In the short run,
increasing financial development will generate more CO2 emissions and
will lead to increased energy use and natural resources rents.

35
Figure 3: Two-stage Analysis of Green Patents Efficiency in ASEAN Countries’
III. Methodology
III.A. Technical Efficiency: Green Patents Decomposition Analysis
In order to analyze and clarify the influential factors associated to the
green patents, a decomposition method was used. Decomposition
analyses can fall under two distinct but related categories: index
decomposition analysis (IDA), in which the link between impact (energy,
environmental, employment, etc.) and production level is explored; and
structural decomposition analysis (SDA), in which the link between impact
and consumption activities is explored (Boer & Rodriguez, 2019). In
relation to the framework shown in figure 3, each topic of green patents
was decomposed to five indicators. For each indicator, it will increase if
the value in the numerator increases more quickly than the value in the
denominator. For the SCALE indicator is defined as the GDP which scale
the country’s economic activity. Generally, research and development is

36
considered as a factor for economic activity. In a research by Goni and
Malony (2014), not only due to the lack of research infrastructures and
high level human capital but also to save investment for private sectors
due to lower GDP rate of the country. Index decomposition analysis uses
index number theory which measure and shows the change in variables in
respect to time, geographic location and other categories (Balk, Diewert, &
Nakamura, 2010). The classification method for index number can either
be Laspeyres, which examines the trends based on percentage while
Divisia uses logarithmic growth rate that can either be additive if the
gradient of seasonal is constant over time or multiplicative if the gradient
of seasonal increases over time (Palmer, J., n.d.).
Logarithmic mean divisia index has become an alternative to
Laspeyres method to analyze the issue for energy, CO 2 emission, and any
related method to environmental field and its relation to the economy
(Sahin, 2017). Reducing CO2 emission is a goal of each country without
minimizing their GDP growth, by means of research and development,
they can address a solution for such problem. Using the Kaya identity,
developed by Yoichi Kaya, it is a useful equation in quantifying the total
CO2 emission from human source (Peter, et.al. 2017). Kaya identity is
derived to produce a method in quantifying the specific green patent from
the prioritization of research and development.

37
The Kaya identity states the total emission level of CO2 as the
product of four factors:
Where:
F = Global CO2 emissions from human sources
P = Global population
G = Global Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
E = Energy consumption
The derived Kaya identity in the analysis total technical efficiency of
green patents as a product of five influential factors:
(1)
From the equation above (equation 1) the SGP is defines as the
specific green patents, wherein shown in the figure 3 that the specific
green patent are the waste management patents, renewable energy
patents, energy storage patents, and other technology patents. The
subscript t represent the time, TGP represent the total green patents, TP
represent the total patents, RDE represents the research and
development expenditures, and GDP is the gross domestic product.

38
Factor values used for measuring technical efficiency related of green
patents will be obtained through the additive LMDI formulae. By the LMDI,
considering the change of specific green patents publication from the year
t+1 over the reference year t, using equation 1the change in specific green
patent will be show as follow:
(2)
From the equation 2, it could be transform into natural logarithm
deriving the formula into:
(3)
Multiplying both sides of equation 3 by
result for the equation 4. Wherein the
is an additive weight to estimate the number of patents published
for specific green patents (Boer & Ronrigues, 2019).
(4)
39
Green Patent
Factors
Total Effect
Effect by Factor
Table 4: Summary of ddditive logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) formulae for
decomposing changes in green patents.
The table shown above is the summary of the derivation of LMDI
formula in which it used an additive LMDI. The variable ∆SGP x stands for
the change of specific green patent due to the change in its influential
factor.
III.B. Two Stage Data Envelopment Analysis

40
Data envelopment analysis measures the efficiency of the given
decision making units (DMU) from the output factors over the input factors
by means of using linear programming. The data envelopment analysis is
a data based which measures the DMU if it is efficient or inefficient. In
determining the efficiency if the DMU lies of the line or curve of the
efficiency frontier while if the DMU is under or enveloped by the line or
curve then the DMU is inefficient (Ramanatha, 2003). There are 4 models
proposed for the data envelopment analysis, which are; CCR model that
was named after Chames, Cooper and Rhodes (1978), BCC model that
was named after Banker, Chames and Cooper (1984), Multiplicative
model that was porposed in 1982, and Additive model that was proposed
in 1985 that was both developed by Chames (Charnes, 1994). For this
study, BCC model and the CCR model are the method to be used for
analyzing the overall efficiency, technical efficiency, and scale efficiency.
Before computing the data, it is important to determine whether the
method is output-oriented or input-oriented. According to Jean-Marc
Huguenin (2012) that an input orientation, DEA minimizes input for a given
level of output while an output orientation, DEA maximizes output for a
given level of input. In other words, the input-oriented indicates how much
a firm can increase or decrease its input for a given level of output while
the output-oriented indicates how much a firm can increase or decrease
its output for a given level of input. The increasing or decreasing input or
41
output can also be determined by analyzing the curve of the efficiency
frontier. If the curve is in the concave pushing towards the origin then the
inefficient DMU’s should decrease the inputs or outputs while if the curve
is convex pushing outside the origin then the inefficient DMU’s should
increase the inputs or outputs (Benicio & Soares de Mello, 2015). Along
with the BCC and CCR model, the output-oriented method will be used for
this study while the decreasing or increasing of outputs will be analyze
depending to the behavior of the computed data.
Using the CCR model, the behavior of the efficiency frontier is in the
constant rise of slope in relation to the run of the slope. Therefore, this
model uses constant return to scale model which test the overall efficiency
of the DMU’s. As for the BCC model, the behavior of the efficiency frontier
is in a curve form wherein the curve depends on the behavior of the data.
Therefore, this model uses variable return to scale model which test the
technical efficiency of the DMU’s (Pai, Khan, Kachwala, 2020). Getting
the ratio of the efficiency calculated in the CCR mode to the efficiency
calculated in the BCC model results for the scale efficiency. Scale
efficiency score indicates whether a firm operates at the most productive
scale size or not, if a score is smaller than one it indicates that the firms is
over/under-dimensioned (IGI GLOBAL. n.d.). Developed by Chames,
Cooper and Rhodes (1978) they formulated the CCR model for output
oriented shown below:

42
(5)
From the equation shown above the q stands for the input value on a
specified DMU ( j ). For the x ij it is define as the i th input criterion for
specified DMU ( j ) and the m is the number of input form that specific
DMU. Similarly, the yrj is define as the rth output criterion for specified DMU
( j ) and the s is the number of input form that specific DMU. As for the v i
and μj is the weighted input and output on its i th input and rth output
criterion. The subscript o signifies the specific input or output criterion on a
specific DMU. Lastly, the ε is a Non-Archimedean infinitesimal and the 
is the summation of values.
For the computation of the efficiency with variable return to scale
model, proposed by Banker, Chames, and Cooper (1984) the formula of
the BCC output-oriented model is shown below:

43
(6)
Similarly to the CCR model the values indicated in the formula above
are the xij it is define as the ith input criterion for specified DMU ( j ), the m
which is the number of input form that specific DMU, the y rj which is the rth
output criterion for specified DMU ( j ), the s which is the number of input
form that specific DMU, the vi and μj which are the weighted input and
output on its ith input and rth output criterion, the subscript o which signifies
the specific input or output criterion on a specific DMU, the ε which is a
Non-Archimedean infinitesimal and the  is the summation of values. The
only variable different are the E o which means the efficiency of the specific
DMU and the o which defines as the maximal input excess if positive or
maximal output shortfall if negative.
In line with the framework (figure 3) of this research, it will be
computing a two-stage data enveloping analysis. Whereas the stage one
the inputs are the patents and the outputs are the decomposition factors
44
for testing the technical efficiency. For the stage two, the decomposition
analysis will be the inputs and the outputs are the situation of the countries
in terms of CO2 emission, energy consumed, and the natural resources
rent. For each efficiency, there would be a benchmark or reference in
which of the countries are technical efficient and environmental efficient.
III.C. Materials
Data Units Data source

World Intellectual Property
Patents Items
Organization
R&D Expenditure
GDP Current USD
Natural Resources Rent
CO2 Emission Kiloton World Bank
Kilogram of
Energy Consumption
oil equivalent
Table 5: Data of Materials
The table shown above is the materials needed to justify the needed
data for this research. The first column shows the data or materials
followed by units and the data source. For the patents material it will be
counted as items and this will be collected in the website by the world
intellectual property organization. As for the remaining materials it will be
collected in the website by the World Bank. The research and
development expenditure and the natural resource rent is a percentage of
the gross domestic product then it will be counted as current USD. For the
45
CO2 emission it will be counted as kiloton and the energy consumption as
kilogram of oil equivalent.
IV. Results and Discussion
Intellectual property principle is a causal element to a country’s green
patent proactivity. Therefore, shedding a light on this matter is of huge
significance for the success of this paper. ASEAN has become a less
politically and economically unified region since its enlargement from the
“old ASEAN six” (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand,
Singapore and Brunei) to the inclusion of the “new ASEAN four” (Vietnam,
Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar) in the mid-1990s. “The enlargement can
be seen as one of the reasons [why] attempts to harmonize intellectual
property laws within ASEAN have been difficult and not made as much
progress as some would have hoped for” (Antons, n.d.). Apart from that,
the more diverse ASEAN intellectual property landscape has also
something to do with each nation’s reaction to the World Trade
Organization’s TRIPS Agreement and the US-sponsored Free Trade
Agreement within the region. Interestingly, these cited circumstances are
consistent with the green patent deficiency of Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos
and Myanmar─ the new ASEAN four─ as presented in this paper. In
addition, it is also important to note that Vietnam and Laos have just
recently ratified their WTO membership in 2007 and 2013, respectively.

46
47
Figure 4: Decomposition Analysis of ASEAN Countries’ Green Patents (a) Waste
Management (b) Renewable Energy (c) Energy Storage (d) Other Technologies
48
Countries across ASEAN have already established national strategies
to address challenges related to waste and environmental management.
These get addressed broadly in their policy and regulatory framework and
strategies like green growth, sustainable development and climate
change. According to United Nations Environment Programmed (2017),
among ASEAN countries, only Cambodia and Vietnam focus specifically
on green growth. Meanwhile, other countries have designed strategies
which pursue sustainable development more broadly and address climate
change. Other ASEAN countries have adopted a more limited approach,
by integrating green growth considerations into other national plans, rather
than preparing separate green growth strategies. When it comes to
municipal solid waste management, projects and strategic plans in Laos
are still under design stage while Brunei has not seemed to establish
significant MSW reduction strategies. Such deficiencies also cover the raw
state of these countries in terms of policies, programmes, and regulatory
standards. On the other hand, countries like Indonesia, Thailand,
Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines have shown commitment to the
reduction of MSW by quantity, full-scale utilization of the organic
component of municipal waste, achievement of significant increase in
recycling waste, and building of sustainable cities (green cities) by
encouraging “zero waste.”

49
The ASEAN member states vary significantly in population, economy
and energy demand. Thus, a differentiated approach to expanding
renewables is necessary. The modern renewable energy share in TPES in
ASEAN was 9.4% in 2014. Under the Reference Case it will increase to
approximately 17% by 2025 – still below the aspirational target of 23%. An
additional six percentage points is needed to close this gap (the REmap
Options). The contributions ASEAN countries have put forth to close this
gap vary. Some put more emphasis on expanding renewables than
others. This can be due to a variety of factors, such as large overall
energy demand or demand growth, the availability of local renewable
resources, or the level of ambition and growth in renewables already in the
Reference Case (leaving less potential for the REmap Options). Of the
23% aspirational target by 2025, Indonesia holds the highest share in
Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) at +1.7%, followed by Thailand and
Malaysia at +1.0%. Meanwhile, Cambodia and Brunei lock the lowest
TPES share at +0.2% and +0.02%, respectively (ASEAN Center for
Energy, 2016).
Momentum for energy storage systems is also building up in
Southeast Asia. In late 2013, a 400 KW flow battery energy storage
system was commissioned to integrate renewable energy into the Sumba
Island microgrid and to improve power quality and stability within the
system. Building on to this model, Perusahaan Listrik Negara, Indonesia's

50
state-owned electricity company, entered into a memorandum of
understanding with Caterpillar Inc. to build hybrid microgrid projects
(equipped with energy storage facilities) in 500 remote islands in
Indonesia. In 2016, AES completed the first grid-scale battery energy
storage in Southeast Asia and has plans to build more storage facilities
across Philippines that can store up to 250 MW. Solar Philippines received
approval in 2017 for a 150 MW solar power project equipped with a
50MWh battery in Concepcion and has plans to build a micro grid system
in Mindoro equipped with energy storage battery (Lee and Lee, 2018).
In Thailand, the Energy Policy and Planning Office under the Ministry
of Energy provided funds of about US$23 million as research grant to fund
research and development in energy storage systems. As of March 2017,
there are a total of 32 research projects in relation to energy storage
systems approved with a planned disbursement of US$9.6 million.
Alongside the research agenda, the Ministry of Energy launched
Thailand's first 300MW hybrid PPA scheme to encourage the
supplementary role of energy storage systems to renewable energy. In
October 2017, the Energy Market Authority and the SP Group
(Singapore's utility) awarded two Singapore consortiums to launch
Singapore's first utility - scale energy storage system.28 With S$17.8
million in grants, the consortiums will deploy an aggregate capacity of 4.4
MWh of redox flow and lithium -ion batteries in the two test -beds in
51
northern and northeastern parts of Singapore. The trial is expected to run
for three years. Meanwhile in Malaysia, 24 investors are aware that there
are opportunities for development of large-scale energy storage projects in
the country. Indeed, Malaysian companies are seen partnering with
foreign experts to develop energy storage systems in Malaysia (Lee and
Lee, 2018).
Each ASEAN countries aims for low carbon economy along with the
rising incomes, industrialization and urbanizations. However, according to
a study by Nepal, Phoumin, & Khatri (2021) that the progress of adopting
green innovative technologies in Southeast Asia is slower than the
expected goal set by the organization. This could be shown as most of the
people within these countries are afraid of trying new technologies
especially in energy sustainability. Thus, public acceptance and trust
needs to be garnered by informing the public about the importance of the
energy source (especially nuclear power plants) as a viable energy
technology to address societal needs. In terms of carbon capture and
storage, different ASEAN countries are developing this technology at
different phases. For example, Indonesia is considering the development
of large gas projects with high CO2 concentrations, even though there is a
need to further codify the CCS legal framework. Thus with this gap of trust
and different actions due to the countries investements, indicates why

52
other countries perform less efficient in production of other green
technologies.
Table 6: ASEAN Countries’ Green Patent Technical efficiency (a) Waste Management
(b) Renewable Energy (c) Energy Storage (d) Other Technologies
Table 7: ASEAN Countries’ Environmental Consciousness (a) Waste Management (b)
Renewable Energy (c) Energy Storage (d) Other Technologies
Discussed within the research framework of this paper, the
researchers analyze which of the ASEAN countries have an efficient
strategy in term of production of green patents from 2008 up to 2018.
Within the “old ASEAN six”, the researchers only considered the
Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia as the decision

53
making units for the analysis of technical efficiency and environmental
consciousness. However, Brunei’s data of green patents throughout the
specified years are much lower than the other “old ASEAN six” countries.
Thus, the result of the decomposition analysis of Brunei became an outlier
for the efficiency analysis where the perturbed data of Brunei could affect
the efficiency scores of other countries (Boyd, Docken, & Ruggiero, 2016).
Technical efficiency, shown in table 6, shows that the five ASEAN
countries are analyzed per category of green patents which are the waste
management, renewable energy, energy storage and other technology.
From the figure 3, the score efficiency was based on the number of
specific green patents as the inputs and the five indicators in the
decomposition analysis as its outputs. Among the four categories, all
ASEAN countries are technically efficient if its efficiency line is non-linear
or the variable return-to-scale (VRS). However, if it is linear or constant
return-to-scale only Indonesia and Thailand are technically efficient which
results as a benchmark for all ASEAN countries in terms of production of
green patents in all categories. In a WIPO article (2017), Thailand have
been awarded for its dedication in producing greater number of intellectual
patents as a way for better development. On the other hand, Indonesia
became efficient on the later years as it recognized the benefits of
integrating to a Green economy. Also by means of making the filing online
it became easier for its people to submit their own applications of patents
54
(Jupesta, J., 2011 & Nguyen, X., 2020). In terms of the lowest technical
efficiency, the Philippines is the least efficient among the four countries.
The innovation system of the Philippines is weak due to the reason that
most of the people that dwells on research and development are people
with Ph.D. degrees. Due to poverty, most of the Filipino students stop their
education at lower years which hinders the country to focus on research
and development (Habaradas, R. & Velasco A., 2018). On the other rank
in terms of efficiency, Singapore placed third due to its less production in
terms of other technologies followed by Myanmar which is less efficient in
patents in terms of waste management and other technologies.
Similar to technical efficiency, shown in table 7, the environmental
consciousness of the five countries have been analyzed. Here, the
indicators on the decomposition analysis are the inputs while the CO 2
emission, energy consumption and natural resources rent as the outputs.
Based on the result of data, the five countries are all efficient in terms of
VRS model. However, in CRS model, only the Philippines is less efficient
compared to the other ASEAN countries. Making Indonesia, Malaysia,
Singapore and Thailand as a benchmark for environmental
consciousness. This could be seen for the reason that these countries
along with Brunei have been appointed as the Ministerial Steering
Committee on Transboundary Haze Pollution (Tay, S., Lee, C., & Yi, L.,
2017). In which as a primary leader for this kind of agreement, is that they
55
must first take action on the pollutions within their own countries. For the
case of the Philippines, they do not meet the expected goal that they have
set in their Millennium Development Goal 7 or the environmental
sustainability (Antonio, E., Bass, S., & Gasgonia, D., 2012). Without
meeting such standards or set goals means that the country is inefficiently
addressing the problem in terms of environmental sustainability.
Shown in figure 5, the researchers averaged the highest and lowest
score for the technical efficiency and environmental consciousness to
determine which of the country fall on low efficiency and high efficiency. In
relation to the interpretation of result shown in table 3, Thailand, Indonesia
and Singapore have high technical efficiency and environmental
consciousness. These three ASEAN countries address the problem on the
increasing CO2 emission by means of investing more on the production of
green patents. In addition, these countries are both addressing their
environmental awareness and their economic growth by means of using
their green patents as a way for the fast development of their countries
(Sun, et. al., 2018 & WIPO, 2017). As for Malaysia, the country is high in
environmental consciousness but they are low in technical efficiency.
Today, Malaysia produce high carbon monoxides from the abundant
number of vehicles. Even if they are low in production of green patents,
the people of Malaysia are aware of the pollution within their country. In a
study conducted by Chin, Pretto, Thuppil, and Ashfold (2019) its results
56
shows that the people of Malaysia have positive results and willing to pay
for environmental protection. The situation of the Philippines, shows the
country is both low on environmental consciousness and technical
efficiency. In which they do not perform well in addressing their
environmental situation and do not focus on green research and
developments. Such reason is that they lack on education particularly to
environmental awareness that hinders them to achieve their goals on
environmental sustainability (Antonio, E., Bass, S., & Gasgonia, D., 2012
& Habaradas, R. & Velasco A., 2018).
Figure 5: Comparison of Production Efficiency of ASEAN Countries in terms of Technical
Efficiency and Environmental Consciousness

57
V. Conclusion and Recommendation
The greater amount of energy consumption produces greater amount
of CO2 emission. That lead for each country to plan and set goals to
address such problems. Within the ASEAN countries, other than its own
environmental policies for its members, each country addresses their haze
pollution at different ways due to its different factors. Now, one that
hinders such solution for the problem is that it can greatly affect the
country’s economic growth. This lead for the researchers to analyze the
production of green patents in each country from 2008 to 2018. The
researchers classified the green patents into 4 categories, namely waste
management, renewable energy, energy storage and other technologies.
From the result of the decomposition analysis, the “old ASEAN six”
countries focus on different category of green patents. Which results on
different values on the priority indicator. For those priority indicator to
increase is either they could focus more on one green patent or they all
increase their production in all category of green patents for its succeeding
years. As for the green indicator, this will depend whether these country
want to address their current environmental situation. If they tend to
increase this indicator they would produce more patents relating to green
technology other than different fields of research. In addition, if those
countries would want to see the result the contribution of these patents to
their economy, they should not be afraid to give huge amount of budget
58
for their research and development expenditures. Thus, if they start to give
priority to the first three indicators, they will see an effect to their share and
scale indicators.
Organization are made to make similar standards or policies that their
members should follow, ASEAN is an organization composing Southeast
Asian countries. Now, the ASEAN countries are following such policies,
however, some of them are efficient and some of them inefficient in terms
of following such policies. A way to analyze and determine a benchmark
within the ASEAN countries, the researchers used two-way data
envelopment analysis for the technical efficiency and environmental
consciousness. In terms of the two categories, Thailand, Singapore and
Indonesia have been set as a benchmark for the Southeast Asian
countries which is based form the result of the analysis. From the
methodology, the data envelopment analysis is an output oriented
analysis. In the case of Malaysia, for it to become high efficient in
technical efficiency, the green patents and the budget given for their
research should constantly increase for the succeeding years for it to have
an equal efficiency with Thailand, Singapore and Indonesia. Lastly, the
Philippines are both inefficient in technical efficiency and environmental
consciousness. Similar with Malaysia, the Philippines should constantly
increase the priority, green and focus indicator. Also, for the Philippines to
have an equal score with the ASEAN benchmarks, with the constant
59
increase of indicators the Philippines should also decrease its values on
CO2 emission, energy consumption from oils, and natural resources rent
within the country.
In conclusion, for the ASEAN to achieve its goals in addressing the
problems of pollution, the other 7 countries of the ASEAN should have a
same standard in terms of production of green patents. For the
environmental consciousness the “new ASEAN four” and the Philippines
should raise its people’s awareness of the harmful effect of global
warming due to the rise of CO2 emissions. In addition to the “new ASEAN
four” the organization should have a new plan to harmonize the production
of green patents. Moreover, for future analysis of the efficiency of green
patents within the ASEAN countries, the future researchers should
consider indicating factors that are similar to all of its members.

60
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

FRONTIER-BASED-DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS OF GREEN PATENT

each country must be responsible on how they should consume energy

because it can greatly contribute on the greenhouse gases present

abundantly in our atmosphere, as it causes rapid climate change.

Greenhouse gasses such as Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide (CO2),

possible because of the Greenhouse effect that is present naturally in the

energy is absorbed to warm up the planet and be a source of energy on

Earth. It helps the planet to warm up the Earth’s surface to make it

Global warming is the most prominent challenge of the Earth in these

past decades. The excessive production of Greenhouse gasses coming

contributors to the global warming is the Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions.

CO2 emission is made by burning organic materials such as oils, gas,

present in the atmosphere is high since the start of the Industrial

production, Commercial and Residential, and Agriculture. The usage of

carbon dioxide emission is essential for the growth of the economy.

Southeast Asian countries rapidly grow their economies. They build

an organization that helps its members to have a role in the economic

integration of Asia (Maizland & Albert, 2020). ASEAN (Association of

Southeast Asian Nations) aims to accelerate the growth of each country

members’ economy, social progress, cultural development and have a

Figure 1: Gross Domestic Product of the countries in Southeast Asia (Statista,

Figure 2: CO2 Emissions in South East Asia (Afridi, 2020).

Indonesia is a developing country in Southeast Asia. Its economy is

the largest in ASEAN with the annual GDP of approximately 1,059.64

billion US dollars as stated in Figure 1. This country is a market-based

economy. The government is responsible on making decision on how

sector of the Indonesia accounts 40% of their Gross Domestic Product in

866.50 (Shahbaz, et.al 2020). The CO2 emission of the country is

increasing throughout the years as can be seen in Figure 2. Due to the

continuous strike of consumption of carbon dioxide, the Indonesian

government made a movement that will focus on the broadening of green

policies. Former Indonesian president, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono,

trajectory is in 2020 (Shahbaz, et.al 2020).

Thailand, a member of ASEAN, is also a developing country.

According to Worldometer.org, the population of the country is roughly

69,000,000. Due to overpopulation, transportation sector is one of the

major causes of energy consumption. The CO2 emission of Thailand in

Thailand (Banerjee, 2020). The government of the country makes a step

in ensuring the energy security, affordability, and sustainability. It is called

low carbon emission economy (Tharakan, 2019). It will be based on the

using technologies using clean energy.

Philippines is an archipelagic country. The Gross Domestic Product of

is super high. The government is planning to cut the consumption of

carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by 75% under the commitment on the

Paris Agreement. The target of the program is to support the climate

finance, technology and the capacity to develop by developing countries.

Unlike Philippines, Singapore is a city-state country. It has the largest

Since Singapore is a highly urbanized and industrialized, it creates more

pollution. Solid waste management is one of the main problems on the

affects the planet. The massive number of wastes generated, and

overuse of the landfills makes it dangerous for the environment.

Singapore creates solutions such as implementing “Singapore Green Plan

putting human health and environment at risk.

countries above, Vietnam is one of the fastest growing economies in Asia.

Vietnam’s legislative branch proposes a law that is for environmental

trees to lower down the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Malaysia is a developing country that has a GDP of 364.7 billion US

dollars. The country’s government reduces its carbon emission by 40%

with initiative. Malaysian government knows that if the natural resources

and modern development processes cannot be avoided, it can harm the

environment (Begum 2015).

GDP of 75.50, 17.50 and 13.47 billion US dollars respectively. Their

carbon dioxide emission is growing rapidly in the past years.