Lab Manual FM For Students

Mechanical Engineering Department
FLUID MECHANICS LAB
LABORATORY MANUAL
Student Name :
Registration Number :
Submitted To
Lab Incharge: Engr. Zahid Suleman Butt
Lab Engineer: Engr. Abdul Rehman
Lab Attendant: Mr. Mehran Gulzar
Faculty of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering

University of Engineering & Technology Taxila
1|Page
(Fluid Mechanics Lab)
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS AND SAFETY RULES

• Be prepared. Read and fully comprehend the lab procedure as set forth in
the lab manual before you begin any experiment.
• Think safety. Work deliberately and carefully.
• All laboratory students must be supervised. Never work alone
• Know the hazards of any materials or machinery. The laboratory manual

and/or instructor will review specific safety issues on individual experiments
before you perform any tests.
• All students must wear appropriate safety equipment. Safety goggles

must be worn anytime any laboratory experiment is being performed.
• All students must wear appropriate laboratory attire.
• No food or beverage in the laboratory.
• Know emergency procedures. Make note of fire escape routes and

emergency phone locations.
• Report any perceived safety hazards. Immediately report any spills,

equipment malfunctions, injuries or other perceived safety hazards to your
instructor / ta / or staff member.
• Failure to conform to any of the above rules may result in not being
allowed to participate in the laboratory experiment.
IN CASE OF EMERGENCY:
Contact Persons
1. Engr. Zahid Suleman Butt (Cell # +92 3005295483)
2. Engr. Abdul Rehman (Cell # +92 3124535712)
1
Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs) and Program Learning

Outcomes (PLOs)
Course Name
Bloom
CLOs Statement PLO
Taxonomy
Recognize the fundamental concepts of fluid

CLO-1 mechanics through investigation of different fluid 04 P3
flow parameters.
Explain the concept of fluid parameters

CLO-2 investigations and hydraulic machines in the relevant 04 C2,P3
experiments
CLO-3 Discuss the procedure and interpret the fluid flow

10 C2
parameters of the relevant experiments
2
List of Experiments
Bloom
SN List of Experiments CLO PLO
Taxonomy
To determine the flow rate of a fluid by using venturi
01 1 4 P3
meter on a compressible flow bench apparatus.
To determine the depth of center of pressure of an
02 1 4 P3
immersed surface.
03 To determine metacentric height of a floating body. 1 4 P3
To demonstrate Bernoulli’s law by using Bernoulli’s
04 1 4 P3
principle demonstrator.
To determine hydraulic coefficients in flow through
05 1 4 P3
orifices.
To determine time of emptying a tank with an orifice
06 1 4 P3
at its bottom.
07 To study the reciprocating pump 2 2 C2
To study and draw the characteristics curves of a

08 1 4 P3
single centrifugal pump
To study and draw the characteristics curves of twin
09 1 4 P3
centrifugal pumps connected in series configuration
To study and draw the characteristics curves of twin
10 1 4 P3
centrifugal pumps connected in parallel configuration
To Study and draw characteristic curves of Francis
11 1 4 P3
Turbine.
To Study and draw characteristic curves of Pelton
12 1 4 P3
Turbine.
To Study and draw characteristic curves of Reaction
13 1 4 P3
turbine by using data acquisition system.
To Study and draw characteristic curves of Axial flow
Impulse turbine by using data acquisition system.
I. With Single Nozzle
14 1 4 P3
II. With Two Nozzles
III. With Three Nozzles
With Four Nozzles

15 Open Ended Lab 1 4 C2, P3
3
Lab Report Rubrics

Sr Performance Unsatisfactory
Exemplary (4-5) Satisfactory (2-3)
# Indicator (0-1)
Information is Information is Unable to

Organization / Structure
presented in a presented in quite submit the lab

logical, interesting less continuity and report or the
way, which is easy to less logical manner. submitted lab
follow. All sections Sections are not in report have the
1
are in a correct order proper order as lab title & even
having all details as directed unable to introduction
directed and follow the only.
submitted in time. submission
deadline.
Demonstration of At ease with content Unable to

Calculations and Data
full knowledge of the and able to submit the lab

subject with elaborate and report or the
Presentation
explanations and explain to some submitted lab

elaboration. degree. report lacks in
2
the calculations
and data has not
been presented
in proper
tabular form
Teacher Observation: If a student performs and fulfill a rubric category in 80 %

or above of its entirety, Upper limit of marks (e.g 5 marks) will be given otherwise the
lower limit (e.g 4 marks out of 5) will be given.
4
Experiment No. 01
1 Title
To determine the flow rate of a fluid by using venturi meter on a compressible flow
bench apparatus
1.1 Objective(s)
To understand the working of contact type tachometer
To learn the working of differential mano-meter
1.2 Introduction
First of all, we will discuss about the Venturi meter and we will calculate the flow rate
of compressible fluid by deriving formulas and study their graphical analysis.
A fluid passing through smoothly varying constrictions experience changes in velocity
and pressure. These changes can be used to measure the flowrate of the fluid.
1.2.1 Venturi meter

It is a device in which pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy and it is used
for measuring the rate of flow of liquid through pipes. It is invented by American
Engineer Clemans Herchel and named by the Italian physicist Giovanni Venturi. It
works on the basic principle of Bernoulli’s Equation
Figure 1-1: Parts of Venturi Meter
5
A Venturi Meter is consisted of
Converging cone or Diameter (the area is decreasing).
It is that portion of the venturi where the fluid gets converges.
Throat Diameter (the area is constant).
It is the portion that lies in between the converging and diverging part of the
venturi. The cross section of the throat is much less than the cross section of the
converging and diverging parts. As the fluid enters in the throat, its velocity increases
and pressure decreases.
Diverging cone (the area is increasing).

It is the portion of the venturimeter (venturi) where the fluid gets diverges
Types of Venturi meter

There are basically three types of venturi meter .
1. Horizontal venturi meter
2. Inclined venturi meter
3. Vertical venturi meter
1.2.2 Tachometer
It is a measuring device that is used to measure rotational speed of a shaft or disk, as in
a motor or other machine. The device usually displays the revolutions per minute
(RPM)
Types Of Tachometer :
a. Contact Type Tachometer :
Contact tachometers require contact with a rotating object to measure its RPM. They
work by using an optical encoder or a magnetic sensor, depending on the particular
model. Direct contact with the shaft or rotating component must be maintained in order
to achieve an accurate reading.
b. Non-Contact Type Tachometer :
Non-contact tachometers can measure RPM without the need for direct contact with
the object. They commonly work with lasers or infrared light and are ideal for use with
hazardous, hard-to-access, or mobile objects.
6
Figure 1-2: Contact Type Tachometer

Figure 1-3: Non Contact Type Tachometer
1.2.3 Differential Manometer :

This device is used to measure the difference of pressure , between two points in a pipe ,
or in two different pipes. It consists of a U-tube containing a heavy liquid, whose two
ends are connected to the points, whose difference of pressure is required to be found
out.
Figure 1-4: Differential Manometer
1.1.1 Discharge through the Venturi meter:
Consider that some liquid is flowing through venturi meter
Let p1 = pressure at section 1
7
v1 = volume at section 1
Z1 = Datum head at section 1
a1 = Area of venturi meter at section 1
p2 , v2 , Z2 , a2 = corresponding elements at section 2
We will apply the Bernoulli`s equation at sections 1 and 2
p1 v1 2 . p2 v2 2 .
+ + Z1 = + + Z2 1-1
w 2g w 2g
Let us pass our datum line through axis of venturi meter. Since pipe is horizontal , i.e
Z1 = Z2
The equation reduces to
p1 p2 v2 2 . v1 2 .
w
- w
=
2g
- 2g
1-2
Since the discharge at section 1 and 2 is continuous, therefore

a1 . v1 = a2 . v2
a2 .v2
or v1 = a1
Squaring on both sides , we get

a2 2 .v2 2
v1 2 = a1 2
By putting the values of v1 2 in equation 2. we get

𝑝1 𝑝2 𝑣1 2 𝑎1 2 − 𝑎2 2
- = ( )
𝑤 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑎1 2
𝑝1 𝑝2
As we know that - is the difference between the pressure heads at section 1 and
𝑤 𝑤
2 and is denoted by H.
𝑣1 2 𝑎1 2 − 𝑎2 2
H= ( )
2𝑔 𝑎1 2
or
𝑎1 2
v2 2 = 2gH(𝑎 2
)
1 − 𝑎2 2
𝑎1
v2 = √2𝑔𝐻
√𝑎1 2 − 𝑎2 2
We also know that the discharge through a venturi meter is given by

Q = a2 * v2
𝑎1
Q = a2 * √2𝑔𝐻
√𝑎1 − 𝑎2 2
2
8
𝑎1 𝑎2
Where k is constant =
√𝑎1 2 − 𝑎2 2
√2𝑔
Hence,
Q = k √𝑯
1.3 Apparatus
• Differential Manometer
• Venturi tube with convergent- divergent nozzle
• Rheostat
• Electric motor
• Belt and pulley transmission system
• Centrifugal blower used as a compressor
1.4 Procedure
1. First of all turn ON the compressible flow bench apparatus
2. Set the speed of centrifugal blower with the help of Rheostat
3. Make sure the delivery side is open to atmosphere
4. Attach both ends of differential manometer with the convergent- divergent
nozzle for taking reading of pressure differential head, H in both sections.
5. Note the difference of pressure between both limbs for finding the value of “H”
6. Repeat the experiment 4 to 5 times by increasing the speed of centrifugal blower
with the help of Rheostat for next readings.
1.5 Results and Discussion

Table 1-1: Observations
Sr.No RPM Height of Liquid column Q=kH mm3/sec

“H”=h1-h2 mm
9
1.6 Calculations
d1 = 1" = 25.4 mm
3
d2 = " = 9.5 mm
8
𝜋d1 2 𝜋(25.4)2
a1 = = = 506.7 mm2
4 4
𝜋d2 2 𝜋(9.5)2
a2 = = = 71.25 mm2
4 4
Now we will calculate the value of k

𝑎1 𝑎2
k= √2𝑔
√𝑎1 2 − 𝑎2 2
506.7 ∗ 71.25
= 2
√2 ∗ 9800 since , g = 9.8 ms-2 = 9800
√506.7 2 − 71.25
-2
mms
5
𝑚𝑚2
k = 10075.21
𝑠
Unit of K
mm2 .mm2 ( mm s−2 )1/2
=
√(𝑚𝑚2 )2
5
𝑚𝑚2
=
𝑠
10
1.6.1 Graphical Analysis
1.7 Conclusions
11
Experiment No. 02
2 Title
To determine the depth of center of pressure of an immersed surface
Figure 2-1: Center of Pressure Apparatus
2.1 Objective
To understand the concept of depth of center of pressure
To balance the water forces exerting on vertical face of the body
To understand the concept of center of gravity
2.2 Introduction
In this experiment, we will calculate the depth of center of pressure of an immersed
surface .In this experiment, when the quadrant is immersed by adding water to the tank,
the hydrostatic force applied to the vertical surface of the quadrant can be determined.
The hydrostatic force at any point on the curved surfaces is normal to the surface and
resolves through the pivot point because it is located at the origin of the radii.
Hydrostatic forces on the upper and lower curved surfaces, therefore, have no net effect
– no torque to affect the equilibrium of the assembly because the forces pass through
the pivot.
2.2.1 Center of Pressure

The center of pressure is the point where the total sum of a pressure field acts on a body,
causing a force to act through that point. The total force vector acting at the center of
pressure is the value of the integrated vectorial pressure field. The resultant force and
12
center of pressure location produce equivalent force and moment on the body as the
original pressure field. Pressure fields occur in both static and dynamic fluid mechanics
2.2.2 Depth of Centre of Pressure

The depth of the centre of pressure is a depth such that the moment of the total force on
a vertical surface about a line in the surface of the fluid is the same as the moment of
all the hydrostatic forces about a line in the surface of the fluid.
2.2.3 Center of Pressure of a Vertically immersed Surface

We consider a plane surface immersed vertically in a liquid
Figure 2-2:a Figure 2-3: b
First, let us divide the whole immersed surface into a number of small strips as
shown in the figure
Let w = Specific weight of the liquid
A = Area of immersed surface
x̄ = Depth of center of gravity of the immersed surface from the liquid
surface.
Let us consider a strip of thickness dx, width b and at a depth of x from the free
surface of the liquid
We know that the intensity of pressure on the strip = wx
Area of strip = bdx
Pressure on a strip p = Intensity of pressure x Area
= wx. bdx
Moment of this pressure about the liquid surface, = (wx. bdx) x = w𝑥 2 .bdx
Now sum of moments of all such pressure about the liquid surface,
M = ∫ 𝑤𝑥 2 . 𝑏𝑑𝑥
M = 𝑤 ∫ 𝑥 2 . 𝑏𝑑𝑥
13
But ∫ 𝑥 2 . 𝑏𝑑𝑥 = 𝐼0 (Moment of inertia of the surface about the liquid level or
second moment of area)
M = w. 𝐼0 (1)
𝐼0 = Moment of inertia of the surface about the
liquid level or second moment of area
We know that the sum of moment of pressure
= P × ℎ̅ (2)
P = Total Pressure
ℎ̅ = Depth of center of pressure from the liquid
surface
Equating 1 and 2 we have
w. 𝐼0 = P × ℎ̅
w. 𝐼0 = wA 𝑥̅ × 𝑥̅
𝐼
ℎ̅ =𝐴𝑥̅0 (3)
From the Theorem of Parallel axis

𝐼0 = 𝐼𝐺 + 𝐴ℎ2
Where
𝐼𝐺 = Moment of inertia of the figure about horizontal axis through its center og
gravity
ℎ = Distance between the liquid surface and the center of the gravity of the figure
Now arranging the equation 3 we have
̅𝟐 +𝑰𝑮
𝑨𝒙 𝑰
̅=
𝒉 = 𝑨𝒙𝑮̅ + 𝒙
̅
̅
𝑨𝒙
Thus, the center of pressure is always below the center of gravity of the area by
𝐼
distance equal to 𝐴𝑥̅𝐺 .
2.3 Apparatus
• Perspex Tank
• Pan for weights
• Lever arm with counter weight
• Segmental ring
• Drain valve
14
2.4 Procedure
1. Place the empty tank on the bench and position the balance arm on the pivot.
2. Place the balance pan in the groove end of the balance arm
3. Position the counter balance weight until the balance arm is horizontal.
4. Add a known amount of weight to balance pan. Pour water in the tank until the
balance arm is horizontal again.
5. Read the depth of immersion from scale on the face of quadrant.
6. Now calculate the experiment and theoretical depth of center of pressure by the
following formulae
𝑊x𝑙
hexp = - d
𝑃
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑃 = 𝑤𝐴x̄
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑃 = 𝑤ℎ
𝐼
hthe = 𝐴𝐺 + x̄
𝐿
(For Rectangular Surface) IG=BD3/12
7. Make a comparison of theoretical readings and experimental values and find

error by following formula
hexp − hth
% Error = ∗ 100
hexp
15
Table 2-1: Observations
S.No Weight Distance Centre of hexp=(Wl/wA x̄ )-d hthe=(IG/A x̄ )+ x̄ %age

Gravity” x̄ ” Error
“ Kg” “mm” “mm” “mm”
“%”
“mm”
2.5.1 Calculations
2.6 Applications
2.7 Comments
16
Experiment No. 03
3 Title
To determine Metacentric height of a floating body
Figure 3-1: Metacentric Height Apparatus
3.1 Objective
To understand the concept of metacenter
To measure the metacentric height
To learn the concept of stability of floating body
3.2 Introduction/Theoretical Background
3.2.1 Metacenter:
When a body is floating in a liquid is given a small angular displacement, it starts
oscillating about some point. This point about which the body starts oscillating is
called metacenter
3.2.2 Metacentric Height :

The distance between the center of gravity of a floating body and metacenter is called
metacentric height.
3.2.3 Center of gravity :

The center of mass of a distribution of mass in space (sometimes referred to as
the balance point) is the unique point where the weighted relative position of the
17
distributed mass sums to zero. This is the point to which a force may be applied to cause
a linear acceleration without an angular acceleration.`
3.2.4 Analytic Method for finding the metacentric height

We consider a ship floating freely in water. Let the ship be given a clockwise rotation
through a small angle 𝜃(in radians)
Figure 3-2:
Let
l= length of the ship
b = Breadth of the ship
𝜃 = Very small angle through which the ship is rotated
V = volume of water displaced by the ship
From the geometry of the figure, we can say that
𝑏𝜃
am = cn = 2
Volume of wedge of water aom.
1 𝑏 1 𝑏 𝑏𝜃
= 2 (2 × 𝑎𝑚) 𝑙 = 2(2 × )𝑙
2
𝑏 2 𝜃𝑙
= 8
Weight of this wedge of water
𝑤𝑏 2 𝜃𝑙
=
8
2
And the arm of the couple = ×𝑏
3
Moment of restoring couple
𝑤𝑏 2 𝜃𝑙 2 𝑤𝑏 3 𝜃𝑙
= ×3×𝑏 =
8 12
And the moment of the disturbing force
= w . V × 𝐵B1
18
𝑙𝑏 3
Substituting the values of =l (the moment of inertia of the plane of the ship) and
12
BB1 =BM × 𝜃 in the above equation
w.l.𝜃 = w × V(BM × 𝜃)
𝐼 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
BM = 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑
Now metacentric Height
GM = BM ± BG
Note: The positive is to be used if G is lower than B and negative sign is used if G is
higher than B.
3.3 Apparatus
• Basic Hydraulic Bench
• Water Tub
• Ship Model
• Horizontal and vertical Sliding Weight
3.4 Procedure
1. Set the horizontal sliding weight to position x = 8 cm
2. Move vertical sliding weight to bottom position.
3. Fill tank with water and place floating body in water.
4. Placed the horizontal weight at a certain position.
5. After that move the vertical weight at different positions and note the
corresponding values of the tilted angle.
6. Draw graph between center of gravity and stability gradient
7. Intersection of the stability gradient line with the vertical axis shows the
position of metacentric height.
19
Table 3-1: Observations and Calculations
Position of Horizontal sliding weight “ cm” X=
Height of Vertical Sliding Weight Z

“cm”
Tilt Angle “” degree
Horizontal Position of Center of Gravity Xs=
Height of Vertical Sliding Weight

“Z” cm
Vertical Component of Center of

Gravity “Zs” cm
Tilt Angle “” degree
Stability Gradient “dXs/d”

cm/degree
Zm>0, Zm is Positive that is Metacenter M is above Centre of gravity and Zm<0, Zm

is negative and metacenter is below the centre of gravity , Zm= X Cot 
3.6 Calculations
mh X
𝑋𝑠 = = 0.055 X
𝑚+𝑚𝑣 +𝑚ℎ
𝑚𝑣 𝑍+(𝑚+𝑚ℎ ℎ)𝑍𝑔
𝑍𝑠 = = 5.364+0.156 z
𝑚+𝑚𝑣 +𝑚ℎ
𝑑𝑋𝛼 𝑋𝛼
=
𝑑𝛼 𝛼
20
3.7 Applications
3.8 Comments
21
Experiment No. 04
4 Title
To demonstrate Bernoulli’s law by using Bernoulli’s principle demonstrator
Figure 4-1: Bernoulli's Principle Demonstrator
4.1 Objective
To understand the concept of pressure heads
To learn the use of Pitot tube
To learn the use of simple manometer
To find the flowrate of fluid by using venturimeter

Here we will discuss about the Bernoulli`s Equation and study the relations of various
parameters through graphical analysis .
4.2.1 Pressure Head :

In fluid mechanics, pressure head is the height of a liquid column that corresponds to
a particular pressure exerted by the liquid column on the base of its container.
4.2.2 Static Pressure Head :

Static head is the pressure resulting from a column of liquid acting under gravity. The
weight of a fluid in a container exerts pressure on the containing vessel's sides and
bottom. This is called static head pressure
22
4.2.3 Dynamic Pressure Head :

Total Dynamic Head in an industrial pumping system is the total amount of pressure
when water is flowing in a system.
4.2.4 Pitot Tube

A pitot tube, also known as pitot probe, is a
flow measurement device used to measure
fluid flow velocity. it consists of a tube with a
short right-angled bend, which is placed
vertically in a moving fluid with the mouth of
the bent part directed upstream; the pressure,
measured with an attached device, depends on
the fluid flow and can be used to calculate the
velocity.
Figure 4-2: Pitot Tube
4.2.5 Piezometric Tube :

A piezometer is either a device used to
measure liquid pressure in a system by
measuring the height to which a column
of the liquid rises against gravity, or a
device which measures the pressure of
groundwater at a specific point.A
piezometer is designed to measure static
pressures
Figure 4-3: Pizometer Tube
4.2.6 Bernoulli`s Law :

Bernoulli’s principle describes the relationship between the flow velocity of a fluid
and its pressure. An increase in velocity leads to a reduction in static pressure in a
flowing fluid, and vice versa. The total pressure of the fluid remains constant.
23
Bernoulli’s equation is also known as the principle of conservation of energy of the

flow.
First derived (1738) by the Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli, the theorem states,
in effect, that the total mechanical energy of the flowing fluid, comprising the energy
associated with fluid pressure, the gravitational potential energy of elevation, and
the kinetic energy of fluid motion,remains constant. Bernoulli’s theorem is the
principle of energy conservation for ideal fluids in steady, or streamline, flow and is the
basis for many engineering applications.
4.2.7 Bernoulli`s equation :
Bernoulli`s equation states that

𝟏
P + 𝟐pv2 + pgh =
constant
Where P is pressure, p is the density,
v is the velocity, h is the elevation
and g is the gravitational
acceleration.
This equation holds when:
Both points are on streamline,
Fluid has a constant density,
Flow is steady, and
Fluid has no friction.
4.2.8 Bernoulli's principle demonstration apparatus :

The Bernoulli test apparatus consists of a tapered duct (venturi), a series of
manometers tapped into the venturi to measure the pressure head, and a hypodermic
probe that can be traversed along the center of the test section to measure the total head.
4.3 Apparatus
• Static Pressure gauges/Tubes
• Total Pressure gauge/Tube
• Inlet Control Valve
• Outlet Control Valve
• Convergent-Divergent Nozzle (Venturi meter)
• Pitot Tube
24
4.4 Procedure
1. Arrange the experimental setup HM150 such as discharge routes the water into
channel.
2. Make hose connection with HM150 and unit.
3. Open discharge of HM150.
4. Set cap nut of probe compression gland such that slight resistance is felt on
proving probe.
5. Open inlet and outlet valves.
6. Switch on pump and slowly open main cock of HM150.
7. Open vent valves on water pressure gauges.
8. Carefully close outlet cock until pressure gauges are flushed.
9. By simultaneously setting inlet and outlet cock, regulate water level in pressure
gauges such that neither upper nor lower range limit is overshot or undershot
10. Record pressure at all measurement points. Then move overall pressure probe
to corresponding measurement level and note down the whole procedure
11. Determine volumetric flow rate. To do so, use stopwatch to establish time t
required for raising the level in the volumetric tank of HM150 to 20 to 30 liters.
25
Table 4-1: Observations and Calculation
i h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 Volu Tim Q=V/t

me e
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm3/s
WS WS WS WS WS WS mm3 sec ec
hstatic
Htotal
Hdyna
wmeas
vcal
4.6 Calculations
Bernoulli’s equation for constant head
𝑃1 𝑤12 𝑃2 𝑤22
+ = + = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜌 2 𝜌 2
𝑤12 𝑤22
ℎ1 + = ℎ2 + + ℎ𝑣
2𝑔 2𝑔
ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛=ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙−ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡
4.7 𝐖𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐬=√𝟐𝐠 𝐡𝐝𝐲𝐧
26
4.8 𝐖𝐂𝐚𝐥=𝐐/𝐀𝐢
A1 = 338.6 mm2
A2 = 233.5 mm2
A3 = 84.6 mm2
A4 = 170.2 mm2
A5 = 255.2 mm2
A6 = 338.6 mm2
4.8.1 Graph
4.9 Applications
4.10 Comments
27
Experiment No. 05
5 Title
To determine hydraulic coefficients in flow through orifices
Figure 5-1: Apparatus Diagram
5.1 Objective
To understand the concept of vena-contracta
To understand the working of float valve
To learn the type of orifices
To find the flowrate of fluid through orifice
When flow takes place through an orifice from the supply tank, the water jet leaving
the orifice gets contracted at the downstream of the orifice and the point where it gets
the maximum contraction is called as vena-contracta. Following are three hydraulic
coefficients of orifice:
1. Coefficient of Contraction (Cc)

2. Coefficient of Velocity (Cv)
3. Coefficient of discharge (Cd)
5.2.1 Coefficient of Contraction (Cc) :
It is the ratio of area of water jet at vena-contracta

to the area of the orifice. Figure 5-2: Concept of Vena
Contacta
28
Area at vena contracta

Cc =
Area of orifice
The relation between the coefficient of contraction, coefficient of velocity and

coefficient of discharge can be expressed as :
Coefficient of discharge = coefficient of contraction X coefficient of velocity
𝐂𝐝 = 𝐂𝐜 ∗ 𝐂𝐯
Hence we find Cc by above relation .
5.2.2 Coefficient of Velocity (Cv) :
It is the ratio of velocity of water jet at vena-contracta to the theoretical velocity.
Velocity of water jet at vena contracta

Cv =
Theoretical velocity
Measurement of Jet Trajectory
𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑣 = 𝑣02 + 2𝑎𝑥
1
𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
In x-direction
1 2
𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
2
Assuming positive in downward direction
1 2
𝑦= 𝑔𝑡
2
1 𝑥 2
𝑦= 𝑔( )
2 𝑣
1 𝑥2
𝑣=√ 𝑔
2 𝑦
29
𝒈𝒙𝟐 𝒙
𝒗𝒂𝒄𝒕 = √ =
𝟐𝒚 𝟐𝒚
√
𝒈
Measurement Of Theoretical Velocity

H is constant: 𝑣𝐴 = 0
𝑇𝐻𝐴 = 𝑇𝐻𝐵 + ℎ𝐿𝐴−𝐵
𝑣 2𝐵
0+0+𝐻 = +0+0
2𝑔
𝑣𝑡ℎ𝑒 = √2𝑔𝐻
So
𝐕𝐚𝐜𝐭
𝐂𝐯 = 𝐕𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝑥
2𝑦
√𝑔
Cv =
√2gh
𝐱
𝐂𝐯 =
√𝟒 𝐡 𝐲
5.2.3 Coefficient of discharge (Cd) :
It is the ratio of actual discharge to the theoretical discharge.
Qact
Cd =
Qtheo
𝑄𝑡ℎ = 𝑎𝑉𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑄𝑡ℎ = 𝑎√2𝑔𝐻
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝐶𝑑 𝑎 √2𝑔𝐻
Vol⁄
Cd = t
a√2 g h
Where,
30
h = Head of orifice , a = Area of the orifice , g = acceleration due to

gravity
5.3 Apparatus
• Perspex tank with an orifice in side wall
• Collecting Tank
• Steel Rule
• Stop watch
5.4 Procedure
1. Open one inlet and maintain the head constant at supply tank over the orifice.
The water is supplied by basic hydraulic bench
2. Allow water to flow through orifice.
3. Maintain constant water level during practical
4. Note the time taken for collecting to a height ‘h’ in the measuring tank.
5. Note X and Y coordinates using scale at the center of vena contracta point
6. Repeat the experiment by changing X-coordinates
Volume Time
Sr h x y Vth Qth Qact
(v) (t) Cv Cd Cc
No. cm cm cm cm3 cm3/s cm3/s
cm3 sec
31
5.5.1 Calculations
5.6 Applications
5.7 Comments
32
Experiment No. 06
6 Title
To determine time of emptying a tank with an orifice at its bottom
6.1 Objective
To understand the concept of time of emptying a tank
To learn the effect of orifice placed at bottom and side of the wall
6.2.1 Time of emptying of a Rectangular tank through an Orifice at

its bottom
Consider a square ,rectangular or circular tank of
uniform cross-sectional area , containing some
liquid and having an orifice at its bottom as
shown here.
Let A = Surface area of the tank

𝐻1 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝐻2 = Final Height of the liquid, and
a = Area of the orifice
At some instant ,let the height of the liquid be h above the orifice.
33
We know that the total theoretical velocity of the liquid at this instant,
v = √2𝑔ℎ
After small interval of time (dt), let the liquid level fall down dt an amount dh.
Therefore, volume of the liquid that has passed in time dt, an amount dh. Therefore,
the volume of the liquid that has passed in time dt,
dq = A × (-dh) = -A.dh (i)
We know that the volume of the liquid that has passed through the orifice in time
dt,
dq = Coefficient of discharge × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ×
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
dq = 𝐶𝑑 . 𝑎. √2𝑔ℎ.dt (ii)
Equating (i) and (ii)
-A.dh = 𝐶𝑑 .a.√2𝑔ℎ.dt
−1
−𝐴(ℎ 2 )𝑑ℎ
−𝐴 .𝑑ℎ
dt = =
𝐶𝑑 .𝑎.√2𝑔ℎ 𝐶𝑑 .𝑎.√2𝑔
Now the total time (T) required to bring the liquid level from 𝐻1 𝑡𝑜 𝐻2 may be
found out by integerating the above equation between the limits 𝐻1 𝑡𝑜 𝐻2
−1
−𝐴(ℎ 2 )𝑑ℎ
𝐻
𝑇 ∗ = ∫𝐻 1
2 𝐶𝑑 .𝑎.√2𝑔
1
−𝐴 𝐻
=𝐶 × ∫𝐻 2 ℎ−2 𝑑ℎ
𝑑 .𝑎.√2𝑔 1
1
−𝐴 ℎ2 𝐻
=𝐶 [ ] 1
𝑑 .𝑎.√2𝑔 1⁄ 𝐻2 2
−2𝐴 1⁄ 𝐻1
=𝐶 [ℎ 2]
𝐻2
𝑑 .𝑎.√2𝑔
−2𝐴
=𝐶 [√𝐻2 − √𝐻1 ]
𝑑 .𝑎.√2𝑔
Taking minus out of the bracket (as 𝐻1 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝐻2 )

𝟐𝑨(√𝑯𝟏 −√𝑯𝟐 )
𝑻𝒕𝒉 = 𝑪𝒅 .𝒂.√𝟐𝒈
34
If the tank is to be completely emptied then putting 𝐻2 = 0 in this equation, we get

𝟐𝑨(√𝑯𝟏 )
𝑻𝒕𝒉 = 𝑪𝒅 .𝒂.√𝟐𝒈
This is the expression for the time emptying the tank fitted with orifice at its bottom.
6.3 Apparatus
• Tank with bottom Orifice
• Steel Rule
• Stop watch
• Measuring Tank for Calculating the Flow rate
6.4 Procedure
1. Open the inlet valve and maintain the head constant at supply tank over the
office. The water is supplied by basic hydraulic bench, since the tank is placed
on it.
2. The orifice of tank at the bottom is closed at the time of filling.
3. Note the initial height of water i.e H1
4. The open the orifice and let some water out of the tank and meanwhile note
the time for its discharge using stopwatch.
5. Now measure the height of water after discharge i.e H2.
6. Now H2 will be initial height for next reading and repeat the same procedure.
Sr Initial height Final height Texp Tth=2A(h1-h2) % Error

No. h1 h2 Sec Cd.a.2g
mm mm Sec
35
6.5.1 Calculations
6.6 Applications
6.7 Comments
36
Experiment No. 07
7 Title
To study Reciprocating Pump.
Figure 7-1: Reciprocating Pump
7.1 Objective
To understand the working of the reciprocating pump
To learn the assemble and disassemble of reciprocating pump
Clear the concept of single acting and double acting reciprocating pump
7.2 Introduction
7.2.1 Pump :
A pump is a device that moves fluids, or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action,
typically converted from electrical energy into hydraulic energy. Pumps can be
classified into three major groups according to the method they use to move the fluid:
direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.
37
Figure 7-2: Types of Pumps
7.2.2 Reciprocating Pumps:

A reciprocating pump is a class of positive-
displacement pumps that includes the piston
pump, plunger pump, and diaphragm pump.
They are used where the delivery pressure of
the fluid is quite large.
A reciprocating piston pump consists of a
piston that moves back and forth in a
cylinder. The piston is connected with a
crankshaft with the help of a connecting rod.
This piston moves as the connecting rod
move due to the motion of the crankshaft.
Figure 7-3: Single Acting Reciprocating

Pump
38
7.2.3 Components of Reciprocating Pumps:

The main components of reciprocating pump
are as follows:
1. Suction Pipe
2. Suction Valve
3. Delivery Pipe
4. Delivery Valve
5. Cylinder
6. Piston and Piston Rod
7. Air Vessel Figure 7-4: Working of Double Acting Reciprocating
8. Crank and Connecting Rod Pump
1. Suction Pipe
It connects the source of liquid to the cylinder of the reciprocating pump. The liquid is
suck by this pipe from the source to the cylinder.
2. Suction Valve
It is non-return valve which means only one directional flow is possible in this type of
valve. This is placed between suction pipe inlet and cylinder. During suction of liquid
it is opened and during discharge it is closed.
3. Delivery Pipe
It connects cylinder of pump to the outlet source. The liquid is delivered to desired
outlet location through this pipe.
4. Delivery Valve
It is non-return valve placed between cylinder and delivery pipe outlet. It is in closed
position during suction and in opened position during discharging of liquid.
5. Cylinder
A hollow cylinder made of steel alloy or cast iron. Arrangement of piston and piston
rod is inside this cylinder. Suction and release of liquid is takes place in this so, both
suction and delivery pipes along with valves are connected to this cylinder.
6. Piston and Piston Rod

Piston is a solid type cylinder part which moves backward and forward inside the
hollow cylinder to perform suction and deliverance of liquid. Piston rod helps the piston
to its linear motion.
7. Air Vessel
39
Air vessels are connected to both suction and delivery pipes to eliminate the frictional
head and to give uniform discharge rate.
8. Crank and Connecting Rod
Crank is a solid circular disc which is connected to power source like motor,
engine etc. for its rotation. Connecting rod connects the crank to the piston as a result
the rotational motion of crank gets converted into linear motion of the piston.
7.2.4 Working of Reciprocating Pump

The working of reciprocating pump is :
i. When the power source is connected to crank, the crank will start rotating and
connecting rod also displaced along with crank.
ii. The piston connected to the connecting rod will move in linear direction. If crank
moves outwards then the piston moves towards its right and create vacuum in the
cylinder.
iii. This vacuum causes suction valve to open and liquid from the source is forcibly
sucked by the suction pipe into the cylinder.
iv. When the crank moves inwards or towards the cylinder, the piston will move
towards its left and compresses the liquid in the cylinder.
v. Now, the pressure makes the delivery valve to open and liquid will discharge
through delivery pipe.
vi. When piston reaches its extreme left position whole liquid present in the cylinder is
delivered through delivery valve.
vii. Then again the crank rotate outwards and piston moves right to create suction and
the whole process is repeated.
viii. Generally the above process can be observed in a single acting reciprocating pump
where there is only one delivery stroke per one revolution of crank. But when it
comes to double acting reciprocating pump, there will be two delivery strokes per
one revolution of crank.
40
7.3 Types of Reciprocating Pumps:
7.3.1 By action of Water :
Single-acting reciprocating pumps:

Single-acting reciprocating pump consists
of a piston of which only one side engages
the fluid being displaced. The simplest
example would be a syringe.
Double-acting reciprocating
pumps:
Double-acting reciprocating pump
engage with both sides of the piston, each
stroke of the piston carries out both suction
and expulsion at the same time. Thus it
requires two inflow pipes and two outflow
pipes.
7.3.2 By Numbers of Cylinders:
Single cylinder - consists of a single cylinder connected to a shaft.

Double cylinder - consists of two cylinders connected to a shaft.
7.4 Applications of Reciprocating Pump:

Reciprocating pump is used in many areas . Its Applications are as follows:
• Vessel, pipe, tank, tube, condensate pipe, heat exchanger etc. cleaning,
• Oil drilling, refineries, production, disposal, injections.
• Pneumatic pressure applications.
• Vehicle cleaning.
• Sewer line cleaning.
• Wet sandblasting
41
• Boiler feeding
• Hydro testing of tanks, vessels, etc.
• Firefighting system.
• Wastewater treatment system.
Conclusion :
We learnt about the working , construction and applications of the reciprocating Pump.
We were taught several types of reciprocating pumps based upon there mechanisms
and number of cylinder. Overall it was an interesting lab and we came to know much
new things about reciprocating pump.
42
Experiment No. 08
8 Title
To study and draw the characteristic curves of a single centrifugal
pump
8.1 Objective
To understand the parts of Centrifugal pump
To learn the working of centrifugal pump
To know the advantage and disadvantages of the centrifugal pump
To draw the curve of pressure difference and volumetric flow rate
43
Figure 8-2: Types of Pumps
The first machine that was characterized into a centrifugal pump was named as mud
lifting machine. This machine was appeared in the year 1475 by the Francesco di
Giorgio Martini. He is an Italian Renaissance engineer. However, the actual centrifugal
pumps were not implemented until the 17th century, while Denis Papin designed the
pump with the help of straight vanes. In the year 1851, the British inventor namely John
Appold has launched the curved vane.
44
8.2.1 Centrifugal Pump :

It is a pump which can be used for
handling huge amount of liquids
to provide extremely high flow
rates, and they have the capability
to regulate their flow of liquid
rates over a wide range.
A single-stage centrifugal pump

consists of one impeller rotating
on a shaft within a pump casing
which is designed to produce
fluid flow when driven by a
motor. It is one of the simplest
designs of pumps available and
many variations in design exist to Figure 8-3: Centrifugal Pump
satisfy the duty requirements of
applications.
8.2.2 Components of centrifugal pump :

The main components of centrifugal pump are described as following:
A. Stuffing Box
B. Packing
C. Shaft
D. Shaft sleeve
E. Vane
F. Casing
G. Eye of impeller
H. impeller
I. Casing wear rings
J. Impeller
K. Discharge nozzle
Figure 8-4: Parts of Centrifugal Pump
45
8.2.3 Detail about the components of centrifugal pump:

The detail about the components of centrifugal pump is describe as follows:
Stuffing Box:
A stuffing box is an assembly which is used to house a gland seal. It is used to prevent
leakage of fluid, such as water or steam, between sliding or turning parts of machine
elements.
Packing:
Its function for the packing which is placed in these boxes to prevent air, water, oil or
other liquids from escaping from the pump by accompanying the rotating.
Shaft:
Shaft is mechanical component for transmitting torque from the motor to the impeller.
It is also called the energy transfer device. The impeller is mounted on the shaft.
Shaft sealing:
Centrifugal pumps are provided with the packing rings or the mechanical seals which
helps for prevention of the leakage of the pumped liquid.
Vane:
It is the top view of the centrifugal pump of the closed impeller. It is called vane because
water or the other liquid move through it and delivery is occurred through it.
Types of impeller vane shapes
They include the conventional axial, mixed flow and radial vane forms; however, a
differentiation between different flow directions.
46
Casing:
The casing contains the liquid and act as a pressure containment vessel that directs the
flow of liquid in or out of the centrifugal pump.
Eye of impeller:
Eye is the center of the impeller where the fluids enter, and the hub is the internal part
of the impeller which is bored out to receive the impeller shaft. The inlet flow angle at
the eye of the impeller will affect the efficiency of the impeller.
Impeller:
It is the rotating component of the centrifugal pump which transfer energy from motor
that derives the pump to the fluid being pumped by the acceleration of the fluid
outwards the center of rotation. It is also called as rotor.
Casing wears rings:

A device that is used to seal the leakage of the liquid between the inlet of the impeller
and the pump casing. It is usually found on the sewage pump with closed impellers.
Discharge nozzle:
A pump discharge nozzle is the cross-section (circular cross-section) to be defined at
the pump casings outlet side as a boundary between the discharge-side section of the
pump system and the pump.
Diffuser
The purpose of the diffuser is to increase the efficiency of centrifugal pump by allowing
the more gradual expansion and less turbulent area for the liquid to reduce the velocity.
This increase in flow area causes a reduction in flow velocity.
Bearings:
Bearing constrains the relative motion of the shaft(rotor) and reduce the Friction
between the rotating shaft and the stator and there are some types of bearings:
➢ Plain bearings
➢ Rolling element bearings
➢ Jewel bearings
➢ Fluid bearings
➢ Magnetic bearings
47
8.2.4 Centrifugal Pump’s Working Principle :

The centrifugal pump working principle mainly depends on the flow of forced vortex
which means whenever a certain accumulation of liquid or fluid is permitted to turn
with an exterior torque than there will be an increase within rotating liquid pressure
head takes place.The increase in pressure head can be used to carry water from one site
to another site. It is the force performing on the liquid that makes to supply in the casing.
Performance of a Centrifugal pump:

The performance of a centrifugal pump
is presented as characteristic curves and
is comprised of the following:
➢ Pumping head versus discharge,

➢ Brake horsepower (input power)
versus discharge, and
➢ Efficiency versus discharge.
The characteristic curves of commercial

pumps are provided by manufacturers.
Otherwise, a pump should be tested in the laboratory, under various discharge and
head conditions, to produce such curves.
8.2.5 Types of centrifugal pumps:

The centrifugal pump is classified into following types as discussed as follows:
According to types of impellers:

Open impellers:
Open impellers have vanes free on both sides. Open impellers are structurally weak.
They are usually used in small-diameters, inexpensive pumps and pumps handling
suspended solids.
Semi-open impellers:
The vanes are free on one side and free on the other side. The shrouds add the
mechanical strength. They are offer high efficiency than the open impeller.
Closed impellers:
The vanes are located between the two discs, all in a single casing. They are used in
large pumps with high efficiency and low required Net Positive Head.
48
Figure 8-5: Types of Impeller
8.2.6 Priming of Centrifugal Pump :

The pump priming is the most important step while starting a centrifugal pump.
Because these pumps are not capable of pumping vapors otherwise air. It is the one type
of method where the impeller of a pump will obtain totally submerged within fluid
exclusive of some air trap inside. This is particularly needed as there is a primary
startup.
8.2.7 Multistage pump :
Multistage pumps are defined as pumps in which the fluid flows through
several impellers fitted in series.
The head of a single-stage centrifugal pump is

largely governed by the type of impeller and
the circumferential speed. If the rotational
speed cannot be increased due to other operating
conditions and a larger impeller diameter would
lead to very low specific speeds resulting in
uneconomical efficiencies, fitting several stages
in series (also see Series operation) can be an
economic option of increasing the head. If the
number of stages is altered at unchanged
dimensions and speeds, the flow rate of such a
multistage pump remains constant while
the power input and head increase proportionally to the number of stages.
8.3 Apparatus
49
1. Basic Hydraulic Bench

2. Parallel/Series Pump Test Bed
3. Centrifugal Pump
4. Stop watch
8.4 Procedure
1. First of all, take the Centrifugal Pump and place it on basic Hydraulic
Bench.
2. Join the water delivery pipe and fill the tank up to certain level.
3. Now open the foot valve of the pump and switch the pump on. Keep the
delivery valve on and note the reading on output or delivery pressure gauge.
4. Open the delivery tube valve so that water is delivered to the output tank.
Note the reading of delivery pressure gauge.
5. Use the stop watch to calculate the time for the particular volume
6. Calculate flow rate for each reading.
Sr No. P1=Psuction P2=PDelivery P=P2-P1 Volume Time Q=V/t

(Bar) (Bar) (Bar) (m3) (sec) (m3/sec)
1
2
3
4
5
8.5.1 Calculations
V
Discharge Q =
T
50
8.5.2 Graph
8.6 Applications
8.7 Comments
51
Experiment No. 09
9 Title
To study and draw the characteristics curves of twin centrifugal pumps connected
in series configuration
9.1 Objective
To draw the characteristic curves of two pumps when connected in series
configuration
52
Centrifugal Pump :
Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational kinetic
energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational energy typically
comes from an engine or electric motor.
A single-stage centrifugal pump consists of one impeller rotating on a shaft within a

pump casing which is designed to produce fluid flow when driven by a motor. It is
one of the simplest designs of pumps available and many variations in design exist to
satisfy the duty requirements of applications.
Figure 9-2: Assembly and Parts of Centrifugal Pump
53
Twin Centrifugal Pumps Connected in Series Configuration :

Twin-impeller centrifugal pump designed for the realization of pressurization units in
water systems and filling of pressure vessels. Suitable for sprinkler systems and other
general water supply uses.A twin pump is a circulating pump consisting of two
separate centrifugal pumps in a common pump casing and a spring-loaded change-over
flap located in the discharge nozzle.
Figure 9-3: Flow Diagram of Centrifugal Pumps connected in series

Configuration
Centrifugal pumps are connected in series if the discharge of the pump on upstream is
connected to the next pump on downstream.
When we say multiple pumps are in series, it means that the discharge of the first pump
provides the suction to the second pump and the discharge of the second pump provides
the suction to the third pump and so on and so forth depending on the number of pumps
in series.
Factors to consider when you connect pumps in series .Series operation is usually but
not always opted for higher head requirements.
When NPSHR of the main pump is very high and a booster pump to provide
high,NPSHA is required. Booster and main pump are operated in series.
When parallel pump operation is not possible because of inherent pump and system
characteristics limitations
9.3
9.4 Apparatus
54

• Parallel/Series Pump Test Bed
• Centrifugal Pump
• Stop watch
9.5 Procedure
1. First of all, take the Centrifugal Pump and place it on basic Hydraulic Bench.
3. Now open the foot valve of the pump and switch the pump on. Keep the delivery
valve on and note the reading on output or delivery pressure gauge.
4. For Series connections close the valves of one of the pumps connected to the
container so that only one motor/pump take the faced line/container.
5. Now open the delivery side valve partially so that the water is delivered to the
output tank.
6. Note the pressure of delivery pressure gauge.

P1=Psuction P2=PDelivery P=P2- Volume Time Q=V/t

Sr.No (Bar) (Bar) P1 (m3) sec (m3/sec)
(Bar)
1
2
3
4
5
9.6.1 Calculations
V
Discharge Q =
T
55
9.6.2 Graph
9.7 Applications
9.8 Comments
56
Experiment No. 10
10 Title
To study and draw the characteristics curves of twin centrifugal pumps connected
in parallel configuration
10.1 Objective
To draw the characteristic curves of two pumps when connected in parallel
configuration
Centrifugal Pump :
Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational kinetic
energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational energy typically
comes from an engine or electric motor.
57
A single-stage centrifugal pump consists of one impeller rotating on a shaft within a

pump casing which is designed to produce fluid flow when driven by a motor. It is
one of the simplest designs of pumps available and many variations in design exist to
satisfy the duty requirements of applications.
Figure 10-2: Assembly and Parts of Centrifugal Pump
58
Twin Centrifugal Pumps Connected in Parallel Configuration :

Twin-impeller centrifugal pump designed for the realization of pressurization units in
water systems and filling of pressure vessels. Suitable for sprinkler systems and other
general water supply uses.
Figure 10-3: Flow Diagram of twin Centrifugal pumps connected in parallel

configuration
A twin pump is a circulating pump consisting of two separate centrifugal pumps in a

common pump casing and a spring-loaded change-over flap located in the discharge
nozzle.
When we say multiple pumps are in parallel, the flow to the suction is split depending
on the number of pumps in parallel and when the individual discharge connections
from the individual pumps in parallel unite to form a common discharge pipe or
discharge header the flow recombines as a summation of the individual pump flows.
Working Of Centrifugal Pump:
Water is drawn into the pump from the source of supply through a short length of pipe
(suction pipe). Impeller rotates; it spins the liquid sitting in the cavities between the
vanes outwards and provides centrifugal acceleration with the kinetic energy.
This kinetic energy of a liquid coming out an impeller is harnessed by creating a
resistance to flow. The first resistance is created by the pump volute (casing) that
catches the liquid and shows it down.
59
In the discharge nozzle, the liquid further decelerates and its velocity is converted to
pressure according to
Bernoulli’s Principle.
Pumps are operated in parallel when two or more pumps are connected to a common
discharge line, and share the same suction and discharge conditions. The parallel
operation is usually opted to cope up with higher flow demands which crop up as said
earlier because of de-bottle necking or revamp activities in the plant or refinery.
However, parallel operation is not the only choice to achieve higher flow.
10.3 Apparatus
• Parallel/Series Pump Test Bed
• Centrifugal Pump
• Stop watch
10.4 Procedure
1. First of all, take the Centrifugal Pump and place it on basic Hydraulic Bench.
3. Now open the foot valve of the pump and switch the pump on. Keep the delivery
valve on and note the reading on output or delivery pressure gauge.
4. For Parallel connections close the middle valve which connects two pumps of
both pumps in order to prevent mixing of flow.
5. Now open the delivery side valve partially so that the water is delivered to the
output tank.
6. Note the pressure of delivery pressure gauge.
60

P1=Psuctio P2=PDeliver P=P2 Volum Tim Q=V/t

Sr.No n y -P1 e e (m3/sec
. (Bar) (Bar) m3 )
(Bar)
(sec)
1
2
3
4
5
10.5.1 Calculations
V
Discharge Q =
T
10.5.2 Graph
10.6 Applications
10.7 Comments
61
Experiment No. 11
11 Title
To study and draw characteristic curves of Francis Turbine
Figure 11-1: Fransis Turbine
11.1 Objective
To understand the concept of Francis Turbine
To learn the working of moveable guide vane
To learn the use of Laser tachometer
To draw the characteristic curves of Francis Turbine
11.2.1 Turbine :
A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and
converts it into useful work.
62
11.2.2 Francis Turbine :

The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine. It is an inward-flow reaction turbine that
combines radial and axial flow concepts. Francis turbines are the most common water
turbine in use today, and can achieve over 95% efficiency.
Francis turbines are primarily used for electrical power production. These turbines can
be used for heads as low as 2 meters and as high as 300 meters.
Figure 11-2: Parts of Francis Turbine
63
11.2.3 Components of Francis Turbine :

A Francis Turbine consists
of the 5 main parts those
are:
1. Spiral Casing.
2. Stay Vanes.
3. Guide Vanes.
4. Runner Blades.
5. Draft Tube.
1. Spiral Casing Figure 11-3: Components of Francis Turbine
The spiral casing is the inlet medium of water to the turbine. The water flowing
from the reservoir or dam is made to pass through this pipe with high pressure. The
blades of the turbines are circularly placed, which means the water striking the turbine’s
blades should flow in the circular axis for efficient striking. So the spiral casing is used,
but due to the circular movement of the water, it loses its pressure.
2. Stay Vanes
Stay and guide vanes guide the water to the runner blades. Stay vanes remain
stationary at their position and reduces the swirling of water due to radial flow, as it
enters the runner blades, thus, making the turbine more efficient.
3. Guide Vanes
Guide vanes are not stationary, they change their angle as per the requirement
to control the angle of striking of water to turbine blades to increase the efficiency.
They also regulate the flow rate of water into the runner blades thus controlling the
power output of a turbine according to the load on the turbine.
4. Runner Blades
Runner blades are the heart of any Francis turbine. These are the centers where
the fluid strikes and the tangential force of the impact causes the shaft of the turbine to
rotate, producing torque. Close attention to the design of blade angles at inlet and outlet
is necessary, as these are major parameters affecting power production.
5. Draft Tube
The pressure at the exit of the runner of the reaction turbine is generally less
than atmospheric pressure. The water at the exit, cannot be directly discharged to the
64
tailrace. A tube or pipe of the gradually increasing area is used for discharging water
from the exit of the turbine to the tailrace.
11.2.4 Operation :
The Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine, a category of turbine in which the
working fluid comes to the turbine under immense pressure and the energy is extracted
by the turbine blades from the working fluid. A part of the energy is given up by the
fluid because of pressure changes occurring on the blades of the turbine, quantified by
the expression of degree of reaction, while the remaining part of the energy is extracted
by the volute casing of the turbine. At the exit, water acts on the spinning cup-shaped
runner features, leaving at low velocity and low swirl with very little kinetic or potential
energy left. The turbine's exit tube is shaped to help decelerate the water flow and
recover the pressure.
11.3 Apparatus
• Francis Turbine
• Tachometer (Non Contact)
• Stop watch
11.4 Procedure
1. First of all, take the Francis Turbine Model(HM-150.20) and place it on
basic Hydraulic Bench.
2. The water supply and flow rate measurements are produced via HM-150.
3. Turbine torque is measured using band brake and is read on spring balance.
4. A non-contact speed sensor(tachometer) is used to measure the rotational
speed of turbine.
5. A manometer shows the water pressure at the turbine inlet.
6. Measure the breaking force with help of the scale on the band.
7. Take coordinate reading and plot the graph.
65
Sr. Net Force Head Torque Output Input Efficiency %=

Speed Pressure Power Power (Output/input)
No. = F1-F2 M=
x 100
RPM P “Bar” =Mx2 =VxPx105
“Newton” F x D/2
“N” N/60 “”
1000x60
“Nm”
“Watt”
“Watt”
11.5.1
11.5.2 Calculations
Dia of Pulley = 50 mm
d
M = F. N.m
2
𝑷 𝑷 .𝑽. .𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎.𝟔𝟎 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕
𝑷 𝟐𝝅𝑵
𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕=𝑴. 𝟔𝟎 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕
Volume V = 58 litres for 60 sec.
66
11.5.3 Graph
11.6 Applications
11.7 Comments
67
Experiment No. 12
12 Title
To study and draw characteristic curves of Pelton Wheel / Impulse Turbine
Figure 12-1: Pelton Wheel
12.1 Objective
To understand the working of pelton wheel
To learn the design parameter of pelton wheel
To learn the use of tachometer (Non-Contact)
To draw the characteristic curves of pelton Wheel
68
12.2.1 Pelton Turbine :

Pelton Turbine is a Tangential flow impulse turbine in which the pressure energy of
water is converted into kinetic energy to form high speed water jet and this jet strikes
the wheel tangentially to make it rotate. It is also called as Pelton Wheel.
12.2.2 Parts of Pelton Turbine :
1. Nozzle and Flow Regulating Arrangement

2. Runner and Buckets
3. Casing
4. Braking Jet
Nozzle and Flow Regulating Arrangement

The water from source is transferred through penstock to which end a nozzle is
provided. Using this nozzle the high speed water jet can be formed. To control the water
jet from nozzle, a movable needle spear is arranged inside the nozzle.
12.2.3 Runner and Buckets

A Pelton turbine consists of a runner, which is a circular disc on the periphery of which
a number of buckets are mounted with equal spacing between them. The buckets
mounted are either double hemispherical or double ellipsoidal shaped.
69
12.2.4 Casing
The whole arrangement of runner and buckets, inlet and braking jets are covered by the
Casing. Casing of Pelton turbine does not perform any hydraulic actions but prevents
the splashing of water while working and also helps the water to discharge to the tail
race.
12.2.5 Braking Jet

Braking jet is used to stop the running wheel when it is not working. This situation
arises when the nozzle inlet is closed with the help of spear then the water jet is stopped
on the buckets. But Due to inertia, the runner will not stop revolving even after complete
closure of inlet nozzle.
Design rules
The specific speed parameter is

independent of a particular turbine's
size.
Compared to other turbine designs, the

relatively low specific speed of the
Pelton wheel, implies that the
geometry is inherently a "low gear"
design. Thus it is most suitable to being
fed by a hydro source with a low ratio
of flow to pressure, (meaning relatively
low flow and/or relatively high
pressure).
Figure 12-2: Sectional view of pelton wheel
The specific speed is the main criterion
for matching a specific hydro-electric site with the optimal turbine type. It also allows
a new turbine design to be scaled from an existing design of known performance.
𝐧√𝐏
𝛈 = 𝟓
(𝐠𝐇)𝟒 √𝛒
n = Frequency of rotation (rpm)
P = Power (W)
H = Water head (m)
70
rho ρ = Density (kg/m3)
The formula implies that the Pelton turbine is geared most suitably for applications
with relatively high hydraulic head H, due to the 5/4 exponent being greater than
unity, and given the characteristically low specific speed of the Pelton.
A pelton wheel is generally designed for a given head of water ,power to be delivered
and speed of the runner. A pelton wheel is designed to find out the following data :
1. Diameter of Wheel
2. Diameter of jet
3. Size (depth and width ) of bucket
4. Number of buckets
Size of Bucket :
In general, the buckets of pelton wheel have following dimensions :
Width of bucket = 5 * d
Depth of bucket = 1.2 * d
Where d is diameter of jet.
Number of Buckets :
Number of buckets should be minimum as possible to reduce frictional head and is

found by
𝑫
No. Of Buckets = 𝟐𝒅 + 𝟏𝟓
Where D is mean diameter of Bucket
And d is diameter of jet
Number Of Jets Of Pelton Wheel :
A pelton turbine generally has a single jet only. But whenever a single jet cannot
develop required power, we may have to employ more than one jet.The maximum
number of jets provided to a pelton wheel is 6. While designing the jets, care should
be taken to provide the jets at equidistant on the outer periphery of wheel
12.3 Working of Pelton Turbine:

The working of Pelton turbine is as follows:
71
• The water is transferred from the high head source through a long conduit called
Penstock.
• Nozzle arrangement at the end of penstock helps the water to accelerate and it
flows out as a high speed jet with high velocity and discharge at atmospheric
pressure.
• The jet will hit the splitter of the buckets which will distribute the jet into two
halves of bucket and the wheel starts revolving.
• The kinetic energy of the jet is reduced when it hits the bucket and also due to
spherical shape of buckets the directed jet will change its direction and takes U-
turn and falls into tail race.
• In general, the inlet angle of jet is in between 10 to 30, after hitting the buckets the
deflected jet angle is in between 1650 to 1700.
• The water collected in tail race should not submerge the Pelton wheel in any case.
• To generate more power, two Pelton wheels can be arranged to a single shaft or
two water jets can be directed at a time to a single Pelton wheel.
12.4 Apparatus
• Francis Turbine
• Tachometer (Non Contact)
• Stop watch
12.5 Procedure
8. First of all, take the Francis Turbine Model(HM-150.20) and place it on
basic Hydraulic Bench.
9. The water supply and flow rate measurements are produced via HM-150.
10. Turbine torque is measured using band brake and is read on spring balance.
11. A non-contact speed sensor(tachometer) is used to measure the rotational
speed of turbine.
12. A manometer shows the water pressure at the turbine inlet.
13. Measure the breaking force with help of the scale on the band.
14. Take coordinate reading and plot the graph.
72
Sr. Net Force Head Torque Output Input Efficiency %=

Speed Pressure Power Power (Output/input)
No. = F1-F2 M=
x 100
RPM P “Bar” =Mx2 =VxPx105
“Newton” F x D/2
“N” N/60 “”
1000x60
“Nm”
“Watt”
“Watt”
12.6.1
12.6.2 Calculations
Dia of Pulley = 50 mm
d
M = F. N.m
2
𝑷 𝑷 .𝑽. .𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎.𝟔𝟎 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕
𝑷 𝟐𝝅𝑵
𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕=𝑴. 𝟔𝟎 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕
Volume V = 58 litres for 60 sec.
73
12.6.3 Graph
12.7 Applications
12.8 Comments
74
Experiment No. 13
13 Title
To study and draw characteristic curves of Reaction turbine by using data acquisition
system
13.1 Objective
To understand the working of Reaction Turbine
To learn the uses of data Acquisition system
To draw the characteristic curves of reaction turbine

The G.U.N.T. HM 288 Radial Flow Reaction Turbine Demonstration Unit with PC
Data Acquisition System is part of range of equipment that enables experiments to be
performed on hydraulic motors and machines such as pumps, fans and water turbines.
1. Using HM 288 demonstration unit, the characteristic behavior of reaction

turbine can be determined
2. Power output as a function of volumetric flow rate, pressure and speed
3. Recording of moment curve
4. Determination of the efficiency of turbine
The unit is only intended for training and experimental use.
13.2.1 UNIT DESCRIPTION:

In addition to the actual demonstration unit, a functional experimental setup includes:
1. An HM 290 Turbine Service Unit

2. An Interface Module (HM280.01)
3. A PC Data Acquisition Card with software (HM 280.03)
4. A set of connecting cables(HM 280.04)
The HM 290, HM 280.01, HM 280.04 units are included and must be ordered
separately. They can also be used with other demonstration units in this range, e.g.,HM
289, 291 etc.
75
13.2.2 EXPERIMENTAL MODULE

The experimental module contains the following specific components:
1. The water turbine to be

investigated
2. The water connection
3. Water Inlet in Turbine
4. A braking device with torque
sensor (Strain Gauge force
transducer)
5. Speed sensor (inductive
proximity switch)
6. All components are fitted to
a Sturdy Base Plate
7. Base Plate fixed on tank
using two bolts
8. Bolted Bearing
9. Cantilever Mounted Impeller
10. A shaft seal provides Sealing
11. Braking device consisting of
Braking Belt
12. Belt Pulley
13. Guide Pulley
14. Tensioning Bolt
15. Splash Protected Housing
16. Impeller Shaft Figure 13-1: Experimental Module Layout
The supply of water with the pressure and volumetric flow rate measurement is
performed using the Turbine Service Unit.
13.2.3 HM 280.01 INTERFACE MODULE:

The interface module provides the power supply for the sensors and feeds the measured
signals to the data acquisition card in the PC.
76
On the front panel of interface module there are eight 5-pole sockets that are connected
to the sensors using data cables. The sockets 1-8 are for the sensors with voltage output
of 0-5V. Beside these it is also possible to connect TTL-based digital signals.
The pins on the sockets are assigned as follows:
1. Pin 1: +15-V
2. Pin 2: Analogue input (0-5 V)
3. Pin 3: Ground
4. Pin 4: Digital Input (TTL)
5. Pin 5: -15 V
Also on the front panel of module there is an ON/OFF switch (2).

On the rear panel a non-heat resistant mains connector with series fuse is fitted, the
module is supplied with 230V/50Hz via this connector.
Figure 13-2: Interface Module
13.2.4 HM 280.02 POWER METER:

Whilst the interface module is imperative for the operation of the demonstration unit;
the Power Meter is optional.
The following components are fitted to the front of the Power Meter:
1. Digital Display (1) for displaying the power

2. Master Switch (2) for switching on and off the loads
3. Red LED (3) for the indication of over range measurements.
4. 5-Pole socket (4) as analogue output (0-5V)
The power Meter is inserted in the mains cable to the demonstration unit. A unit is fitted
to the rear panel that comprises a switch, connector and fuse (5), this is used for the
77
supply from the mains (230V,50Hz). The fan is then supplied via a non-heat resistant
socket (6).
Figure 13-3: Power Meter
13.2.5 PROCEDURE TO OPERATE DATA ACQUISITION

SYSTEM
13.2.6 NSTALLATION OF THE TURBINE:

1. Fill the supply tank with around 15 liters of clean water
2. Place the HM288 turbine model on the tank and bolt in place using the two
hand bolts.
78
Figure 13-4: Fitting of Turbine Module
13.2.7 CONNECTING THE SENSORS:
13.3 The connection between the transducers and the Interface

Module is made using 5-Pole cables.
1. Flow rate F1 (1) on sensor input 1 (HM290)
2. Inlet pressure P1 (2) on sensor input.
3. Speed n1 (3) on sensor input 3 (HM288)
4. Torque 4 on sensor input 4 (HM288)
5. Pump power 5 on sensor input 5 (HM280.02)
If the sensors are connected differently, incorrect measured values will be
displayed.
79
13.3.1 CONNECTING TO THE PC:

Data transfer to the PC is performed using a ribbon cable that is inserted in a socket on
the rear of the Interface Module.
Figure 13-5: PC Connection
13.3.2 CONNECTING THE POWER SUPPLY:

The demonstration unit is supplied with Power from the mains (230V. 50 Hz).
The following figure shows the connections.
Figure 13-6: Turbine Setup
80
13.3.3 PLACING INTO OPERATION:

1. Switch on interface module
2. Switch on PC, start windows and start the run time software for the
HM280.03.
3. Loosen the tensioning Bolton the braking device until the belt is no longer
under any tension.
4. Switch on the pump, open the valve on the service unit, check connections for
leaks and run up the turbine.
5. Check whether plausible measured values are displayed.
6. Using the tensioning bolt, tension the belt and retard the turbine. The torque
display on the PC should now start to increase.
13.4 RECORDING THE TURBINE CHARACTERISTIC CURVE:

Torque, power and efficiency level are applied over speed to determine the turbine
characteristic curve. The flow rate remains constant for this;
1. Switch on the interface module

2. Close the ball cock on the HM 290 completely
3. Switch on the Pump HM290
4. Using the ball cock adjust the flow rate and pressure to the required levels
under any tension. The turbine is running at maximum speed.
6. Increase the load gradually using the adjusting screw and record the
subsequent measuring points.
7. Finally increase the load until the turbine locks up. The characteristic curve is
then completely recorded.
8. Recording the turbine characteristic curve can then be repeated for other flow
rates.
13.5 RESULTS:
The following figure shows a graphic of the turbine characteristic curves.
81
The output curve reaches its zenith (maximum) of 26 W at about 70% maximum speed.
The turbine also attains its maximum level of efficiency of around 41% at this speed.
Figure 13-7: Characteristic Curves
13.6 Apparatus
• Turbine Test Bed
• Reaction Turbine
• PC Data Acquisition System
82
Sr Vol
Output Input
# Flow Pressure Efficiency Torque Speed
Power Power
Rate P Eta M N
P mech P hyd
V Bar %age N-m rpm
Watt Watt
l/min
10
11
83
13.7.1 Graph
13.8 Applications
13.9 Comments
84
Experiment No. 14
14 Title
To study and draw characteristic curves of Axial Flow Impulse Turbine by using data
acquisition system
Figure 14-1: Axial Flow Impulse Turbine
14.1 Objective
To understand the working of Axial Flow Impulse Turbine
To learn the uses of data Acquisition system
To draw the characteristic curves of Axial Flow Impulse Turbine

The G.U.N.T. HM 288 Radial Flow Reaction Turbine Demonstration Unit with PC
Data Acquisition System is part of range of equipment that enables experiments to be
performed on hydraulic motors and machines such as pumps, fans and water turbines.
5. Using HM 288 demonstration unit, the characteristic behavior of reaction

turbine can be determined
6. Power output as a function of volumetric flow rate, pressure and speed
7. Recording of moment curve
8. Determination of the efficiency of turbine
The unit is only intended for training and experimental use.
85
14.2.1 UNIT DESCRIPTION:

In addition to the actual demonstration unit, termed experimental module in the
following, a functional test stand includes an HM290 Turbine Service Unit, an Interface
Module (HM280.01), a Data Acquisition Card with Software (HM280.03) and a Set of
Connecting Cables (HM280.04). The HM290, HM280.01 - HM280.04 units are not
included and must be ordered separately. They can also be used for other demonstration
units in this series, e.g., HM288, 289 etc.The HM 290, HM 280.01, HM 280.04 units
are included and must be ordered separately. They can also be used with other
demonstration units in this range, e.g.,HM 289, 291 etc.
14.2.2 EXPERIMENTAL MODULE
Figure 14-2: Turbine and Braking Device

The experimental module includes, in addition to the Axial flow turbine (1) to be
investigated, the water connecting pipe (2), a braking device with torque sensor (4) and
a speed sensor (5). All components are fitted to a sturdy base plate (6) that is placed on
the tank on the HM290 Turbine Service Unit and bolted in place using two bolts (7).
Water is supplied via the Turbine Service Unit where the pressure and volumetric flow
rate are also measured. Specifically, the experimental module consists of the following
components: - Turbine (1) with transparent turbine housing and bolted bearing (8) for
Figure 14-3: Turbine Nozzles and Runner
86
the wheel shaft (16). The water leaving the turbine passes through the open base in the
housing direct to the Turbine Service Unit tank below. The over-mounted wheel (9) is
sprayed with four water-jets from the water distributor (10). Using the distributor (17)
the nozzles of the water-distributor are supplied with water. Braking device consisting
of braking belt (11), belt pulley (12), guide roller (13) and tensioning bolt (14). The belt
force is measured using a strain gauge (4). The speed is measured using an inductive
proximity switch (5) on the front of the belt pulley. - The signal processing electronics
for the sensors are in splash protected housings (15) on the base plate. The connection
to the Interface
14.2.3 HM 280.01 INTERFACE MODULE:

The interface module provides the power supply for the sensors and feeds the measured
signals to the data acquisition card in the PC. On the front panel of interface module
there are eight 5-pole sockets that are connected to the sensors using data cables. The
sockets 1-8 are for the sensors with voltage output of 0-5V. Beside these it is also
possible to connect TTL-based digital signals.
The pins on the sockets are assigned as follows:
6. Pin 1: +15-V
7. Pin 2: Analogue input (0-5 V)
8. Pin 3: Ground
9. Pin 4: Digital Input (TTL)
10. Pin 5: -15 V
Also on the front panel of module there is an ON/OFF switch (2). On the rear panel a
non-heat resistant mains connector with series fuse is fitted, the module is supplied with
230V/50Hz via this connector.
Figure 14-4: Interface Module
87
14.2.4 HM 280.02 POWER METER:

Whilst the interface module is imperative for the operation of the demonstration unit;
the Power Meter is optional.
The following components are fitted to the front of the Power Meter:
5. Digital Display (1) for displaying the power

6. Master Switch (2) for switching on and off the loads
7. Red LED (3) for the indication of over range measurements.
8. 5-Pole socket (4) as analogue output (0-5V)
The power Meter is inserted in the mains cable to the demonstration unit. A unit is fitted
to the rear panel that comprises a switch, connector and fuse (5), this is used for the
supply from the mains (230V,50Hz). The fan is then supplied via a non-heat resistant
socket (6).
Figure 14-5: Power Meter
14.2.5 PROCEDURE TO OPERATE DATA ACQUISITION

SYSTEM
14.2.6 NSTALLATION OF THE TURBINE:

Once the HM290 Turbine Service Unit has been set up on a flat surface, the
components can be placed in operation in the following order: - Fill the supply
tank with around 15 litres of clean water. Place the HM291 turbine model on
the tank and bolt in place using the two hand bolts. The projecting part of the
88
turbine module must point in the direction of the hose connection on the
HM290.
Figure 14-6: Installation of Turbine
14.2.7 CONNECTING THE SENSORS:
14.3 The connection between the transducers and the Interface

Module is made using 5-Pole cables.
1. Flow rate F1 (1) on sensor input 1 (HM290)
2. Inlet pressure P1 (2) on sensor input.
3. Speed n1 (3) on sensor input 3 (HM288)
4. Torque 4 on sensor input 4 (HM288)
5. Pump power 5 on sensor input 5 (HM280.02)
6. If the sensors are connected differently, incorrect measured values will be
displayed.
89
14.3.1 CONNECTING TO THE PC:

Data transfer to the PC is performed using a ribbon cable that is inserted in a socket on
the rear of the Interface Module.
Figure 14-7: PC Connection
14.3.2 CONNECTING THE POWER SUPPLY:

The demonstration unit is supplied with Power from the mains (230V. 50 Hz).
The following figure shows the connections.
Figure 14-8: Power Supply Connection
90
14.3.3 PLACING INTO OPERATION:

1. Switch on interface module
2. Switch on PC, start windows and start the run time software for the
HM280.03.
under any tension.
4. Switch on the pump, open the valve on the service unit, check connections for
leaks and run up the turbine.
5. Check whether plausible measured values are displayed.
6. Using the tensioning bolt, tension the belt and retard the turbine. The torque
display on the PC should now start to increase.
14.4 RECORDING THE TURBINE CHARACTERISTIC CURVE:

Torque, power and efficiency level are applied over speed to determine the turbine
characteristic curve. The flow rate remains constant for this;
1. Switch on the interface module

2. Close the ball cock on the HM 290 completely
3. Switch on the Pump HM290
4. Using the ball cock adjust the flow rate and pressure to the required levels
under any tension. The turbine is running at maximum speed.
6. Increase the load gradually using the adjusting screw and record the
subsequent measuring points.
7. Finally increase the load until the turbine locks up. The characteristic curve is
then completely recorded.
Recording the turbine characteristic curve can then be repeated for other flow rates.
91
Figure 14-9: House Connections Running wheel
14.5 RESULTS:
The following figure shows a graphic of the turbine characteristic curves.
The output curve reaches its zenith (maximum) of 26 W at about 70% maximum speed.
The turbine also attains its maximum level of efficiency of around 41% at this speed.
Figure 14-10: Characteristic Curves
14.6 Apparatus
• Turbine Test Bed
• Axial Flow Impulse Turbine
• PC Data Acquisition System
92

Table 14-1: Observations with ______ Nozzle
Sr Vol
Output Input
# Flow Pressure Efficiency Torque Speed
Power Power
Rate P Eta M N
P mech P hyd
V Bar %age N-m rpm
Watt Watt
l/min
10
11
Graph:
93

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Mechanical Engineering Department

FLUID MECHANICS LAB

Lab Engineer: Engr. Abdul Rehman

Lab Attendant: Mr. Mehran Gulzar

Faculty of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering

GENERAL PRECAUTIONS AND SAFETY RULES

• Think safety. Work deliberately and carefully.

• All laboratory students must be supervised. Never work alone

• Know the hazards of any materials or machinery. The laboratory manual

• All students must wear appropriate safety equipment. Safety goggles

• All students must wear appropriate laboratory attire.

• No food or beverage in the laboratory.

• Know emergency procedures. Make note of fire escape routes and

• Report any perceived safety hazards. Immediately report any spills,

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs) and Program Learning

Recognize the fundamental concepts of fluid

Explain the concept of fluid parameters

CLO-3 Discuss the procedure and interpret the fluid flow

To study and draw the characteristics curves of a

With Four Nozzles

Lab Report Rubrics

Information is Information is Unable to

presented in a presented in quite submit the lab

Demonstration of At ease with content Unable to

full knowledge of the and able to submit the lab

explanations and explain to some submitted lab

Teacher Observation: If a student performs and fulfill a rubric category in 80 %

1.2.1 Venturi meter

Figure 1-1: Parts of Venturi Meter

A Venturi Meter is consisted of

Converging cone or Diameter (the area is decreasing).

It is that portion of the venturi where the fluid gets converges.

Throat Diameter (the area is constant).

Diverging cone (the area is increasing).

Types of Venturi meter

Figure 1-2: Contact Type Tachometer

1.2.3 Differential Manometer :

Figure 1-4: Differential Manometer

1.1.1 Discharge through the Venturi meter:

Consider that some liquid is flowing through venturi meter

Let p1 = pressure at section 1

Z1 = Datum head at section 1

a1 = Area of venturi meter at section 1

p2 , v2 , Z2 , a2 = corresponding elements at section 2

We will apply the Bernoulli`s equation at sections 1 and 2

Since the discharge at section 1 and 2 is continuous, therefore

Squaring on both sides , we get

By putting the values of v1 2 in equation 2. we get

We also know that the discharge through a venturi meter is given by

1.5 Results and Discussion

Sr.No RPM Height of Liquid column Q=kH mm3/sec

Now we will calculate the value of k

1.6.1 Graphical Analysis

Figure 2-1: Center of Pressure Apparatus

2.2.1 Center of Pressure

2.2.2 Depth of Centre of Pressure

2.2.3 Center of Pressure of a Vertically immersed Surface

Figure 2-2:a Figure 2-3: b

From the Theorem of Parallel axis

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑃 = 𝑤𝐴x̄

(For Rectangular Surface) IG=BD3/12

7. Make a comparison of theoretical readings and experimental values and find

2.5 Results and Discussion