Marine Control System Lab Manual

NA-351 Marine Control System Lab
Lab Manual
Naval Architecture Department

Pakistan Navy Engineering College
(PNEC)
National University of Sciences
& Technology (NUST)
Name: __________________________________________
Roll No: __________________________________________
Semester: __________________________________________
Subject: Marine Control Systems Lab (NA-351)

Instructor: Lt Cdr Jawwad PN
2022
0
Naval Architecture Department (PNEC-NUST) Semester V
Lab Manual
List of Content
Sr.# Practical Objective Page# Conduction
Date
01 (a) Understanding of Laboratory Safety Instructions and 4
General Rules
(b) To Study the On/Off Pump Control
02 To Study the On/Off Solenoid Control 15
03 Study of the Float Switch Controller 23
04 Study and Implement Light Intensity Control and Motor 30

Control Using PWM Method
05 Study and observe characteristics of photoconductive 35

cell (LDR)
06 Study and Implement Characteristics of DC Motor 43

(Speed/Vin)
07 Study and Observe Temperature Control Open-Loop 50

and Close-Loop
08 To understand the Engine Speed Control using 56

Motorized Valve
09 To understand the Cruise Control Method of Engine 62
1
Lab Manual
Course Objective: To supplement the theoretical knowledge of marine control system with
laboratory experiments.
Course Outcomes: At the end of course, the student will be able to:
S. No Course Learning Domain Taxonom Correspondin Emphasi

Outcome y Level g PLO s Level
1 Develop mathematical Cognitive 5 3 High
. models of different
physical system.
2 Analyze complex Cognitive 4 2 High
. engineering problems
using mathematical
models to examine
different properties of
the system.
3 Develop physically a Psychomoto 4 3 High
. controller to achieve r
the desired response
from the system.
CLO-PLO Mapping Matrix
PLO No. CLO-1 CLO-2 CLO-3

PLO1-Engineering knowledge
PLO2-Problem Analysis ü
PLO3-Design/Development of solution ü ü
PLO4-Investigation
PLO5-Modern Tool usage
PLO6-The Engineer & society
PLO7-Environment & sustainability
PLO8-Ethics
PLO9-Individual and Team work ü ü
PLO10-Communication
PLO11-Project Management
PLO12-Lifelong Learning
2
Lab Manual
CLO ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

Method: Lab reports and instructor’s observation during lab session.
PERFORMANCE Exceeds Expectation Meets Expectation Below Expectation Marks
(4-5) (2-3) (0-1)
Perform and interpret/ Collected Collected Does not know how
analysis of experimental experimental data experimental data to perform
data using modern correctly and have and have not experiment
techniques and tools used relevant performed
(CLO-3) methods for interpretation and
interpretation and analysis. Reflects
analysis of the data limited
understanding of the
experiment
Ability to run Runs experimental Runs experimental Cannot run
experimental setup setup with proper setup without experimental setup
responsibly and safely. safety guidelines as following safety
Gives importance to safety advised by guidelines
instructions and follows instructor/lab staff
efficiently
(CLO-3)
Ability to apply theoreticalCan apply theoretical Reflects limited Can only perform
knowledge to perform the knowledge and relate understanding to the experiment.
experiment to the lab experiment apply/relate theory Does not show any
(CLO-2) as taught by the with the lab understanding or
instructor work/experiment knowledge
Ability to understand the Excellent Average Limited
modern tool to solve understanding to understanding to understanding
complex engineering solve complex solve complex
problems engineering problems engineering
(CLO-2) problems
Ability to work in a team Able to work in a Cannot perform Can neither perform
as well as independently team as well as experiment experiment
(CLO-2 independently independently but independently nor
only with team in a team
Total Marks
3
Lab Manual
Lab 01
(a) Understanding of Laboratory Safety Instructions and

General Rules
(b) To Study the On/Off of Pump Control
(a) SAFETY PRECAUTION:

4
Lab Manual
1. Personal Safety
 Taking extreme care while working with electrical equipment.
o Avoid contacting circuits with wet hands or wet materials.
o Keep the use of extension cords to a minimum and cords as short as possible. Tie
off excess cords out of pathways.
o Make certain that all electrical equipment is properly grounded
 When working with machines/ tools, keep your fingers well away from the tool.
 When working on any equipment the appropriate safety equipment for hand, eye and
hearing protection must be used, if needed.
 Don’t fool yourself into thinking that you can’t get hurt!
 A fraction of a second can change your life forever.
 Never trust mechanical devices – things go wrong.
 Never place yourself in a position where you could be hurt if something mechanical
failed.
 Watch for possible pinch points, especially for your hands.
 Give your undivided attention and thought to the task.
 Daydreaming or talking with a friend reduces your attention on the job.
2. Team Members Safety

 Must take in account all safety aspects while working with team.
3. Equipment Safety
 Before using an instrument or machine, be sure to know how to turn it off in case of
emergency.
 Check all electrical connections and mounting bolts before each use.
 Check that all rotating parts are free to turn, and that there is no mechanical
obstruction before operating.
 Laboratory equipment is not to be placed in corridors.
GENERAL LABORATORY RULES:
5
Lab Manual
1. BE PREPARED. Read and fully comprehend the lab procedure as set forth in the lab
manual before you begin any experiment. If you do not understand the procedure, see
your instructor/Lab Staff.
2. THINK SAFETY. Work deliberately and carefully. No horseplay
3. ALL LABORATORY STUDENTS MUST BE SUPERVISED Never work alone
4. KNOW THE HAZARDS OF ANY MATERIALS OR MACHINERY YOU ARE
WORKING WITH. The laboratory manual and/or instructor will review specific safety
issues on individual experiments before you perform any tests.
5. ALL STUDENTS MUST WEAR APPROPRIATE SAFETY EQUIPMENT NEEDED.
Safety equipment must be utilized based on specific experiment requirements.
6. PROPER DRESSING. No open toed shoes; no loose-fitting clothing; Jewelry should be
removed; long hair should be tied back
7. NO FOOD OR BEVERAGE IN THE LABORATORY.
8. KNOW EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
9. REPORT ANY PERCEIVED SAFETY HAZARDS. Immediately report any spills,
equipment malfunctions, injuries, or other perceived safety hazards to your Instructor /
Lab Staff.
10. KEEP YOUR WORK AREA CLEAN.
11. FAILURE TO CONFORM WITH ANY OF THE ABOVE RULES MAY RESULT IN
NOT BEING ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE LABORATORY EXPERMENT.
6
Lab Manual
(b) OBJECTIVE:
To Study the On/Off of Pump Control
APPARATUS:
Basic Level and flow process 38-100
THEORY:
Control Types
The simplest control strategy is Open Loop Operation, which has no feedback. This is not
strictly a type of control, since no 'control' of the process can be carried out. Although manual
control is an open loop arrangement, it cannot be termed Open Loop Control because this
implies no feedback, and there is feedback from the user.
The problem with open loop operation is that a process using this is inherently unstable.
Without any fluctuations the process should operate quite happily, but fluctuations will occur.
They will go unchecked and will not be suppressed in any way, simply because the controller
is unaware of their presence.
7
Lab Manual
Using a feedback controller without feedback will also lead to failure, as the controller is
attempting to make the measured variable equal to the set point. Without feedback, the
controller will continue to apply a control effort unaware of the measured value.
This situation occurring with the Procon rig will lead to overflow or an empty tank (the two
extremes), but considering process systems generally a failure of some kind will be reached,
which could be very serious if the plant is an office heating system, an elevator motor drive or
a nuclear reactor for example.
On/Off Feedback Control
It is obvious then, that some sort of feedback is required for a system to operate under
automatic control successfully. In the last two assignments instruments were introduced that
made feedback a viable option (these being the Float Level Transmitter/Sensor and the Pulse
Flow Transmitter/Sensor). Now, investigation of the different types of feedback control
available can begin.
The first type of control is actually a simplification of the general feedback control
arrangement, and this is On/Off Feedback Control. It requires much simpler equipment when
implemented in a control situation.
When deciding which control strategy to implement in a plant situation, characteristics of each
type will normally be weighed against each other. In the case of on/off control the major
opposing features are the general simplicity against its inherent binary nature.
When using on/off control, all devices are either fully on or fully off, 100% open or 100%
closed. There is no middle ground possible, so oscillation is often a feature of on/off control
systems, as the control law is switching between extremes, driving the output between states.
Whatever the cause of the change in the measured value, if the deviation is large enough to
activate the switch, then control action will be applied to correct the situation. This means that
on/off control is often subject to unnecessary switching caused by disturbances.
One such situation is illustrated below. The level of water in the header tank must be kept at a
certain level in order to allow the process to run correctly. The flow of water into the tank is
controlled by a servo valve placed somewhere in the inflow pipe. The opening and closing of
this valve is, in this case, to be controlled by the float switch.
8
Lab Manual
Process Head Tank
The disturbances caused by the fluid inflow are sufficient to raise and lower the float above
and below the on/off switching points. This results in the inflow valve being driven open and
closed unnecessarily. The on/off method of control is obviously unsuitable in this situation.
On/off control is suited to situations where it is only necessary to keep a process variable
between two limits. For continuous processes, where the variable is required to be at a particular
level it becomes impractical.
The Process Interface (PI) Comparator
Hysteresis was first introduced in the Rig Familiarization assignment, and comparators were
discussed in the Interface Calibration assignment. Now these ideas will be applied directly,
and their relevance to this assignment will be made clear.
The comparator in the PI has two inputs; one non-inverting (marked with a +), and one
inverting (marked with a -). The inputs to the comparator must be voltage signals, so when
using this the current/voltage converters must be incorporated. They will take the current
signals (reference or measured values) and convert them to voltage signals suitable for the
comparator.
This comparator feeds its output to a Schmitt Trigger (which is a comparator with positive
feedback connected to its non-inverting input).
This arrangement is shown below.
9
Lab Manual
The current source is providing the reference input to the comparator. A measured process
variable is the other input, and the difference between these is the deviation. The size of this
deviation will control the logic output C of the Schmitt trigger, which is either 0V or 5V.
Although the measured signal is shown connected to the positive (non-inverting) input, in
practice it can be connected to either depending which action is desired. These actions will be
explored in the practical.
In this and the next practical you will become familiar with the use of the on-off control section
of the Process Interface (PI).
On/off control will be used to control the water level in the tank, by automatically turning on and
off the centrifugal pump (and so cutting the flow on and off).
The on-off control section of the PI includes a comparator and Schmitt trigger arrangement with
variable hysteresis control, and logic inputs to control the switched power supplies (one ac,
supplying the pump, and one 24V dc, both on the front panel).
The output from the Schmitt Trigger, which will be in one of two states depending on the
deviation of the measured signal from the reference signal, is controlling the supply to the
centrifugal pump by providing a logic signal to input D.
The current source will supply the reference signal to the on/off control apparatus and will be
connected to input B on the front of the PI. This reference signal will provide a desired tank
water level. The measured value from the FLT will be connected to input A.
The pump should be on while the tank water level is less than the desired level, and should
switch off when the measured level has passed the desired level by an amount set by the
hysteresis value. Once the measured level has dropped enough to trigger the Schmitt trigger, the
pump should switch on again.
The reference signal is connected to the inverting input of the comparator, so that while the
measured level is less than the desired level the deviation is negative. When the measured value
has passed the desired level, the deviation becomes positive.
Considering the hysteresis curve of a Schmitt trigger, this is an inverted action, since the output
will switch from positive to negative as the deviation is moving from negative to positive.
Care should be taken when setting manual valve MV3, connected to the upper tank. This should
be open enough for the level in the upper tank to increase when the pump is on and decrease
when the pump is off.
10
Lab Manual
This valve is controlling the times taken to rise and to fall between the two limits set by the
hysteresis level.
Patching diagram
PROCEDURE:
 Complete the patching diagram before attempting this practical.

 Your pre-practical setup procedure should also have been completed; this includes
calibrating all necessary equipment.
11
Lab Manual
 Also, the servo valve should be fully open (if not, connect the current source to the servo
valve, and supply 20mA to open it, then replace the leads as shown in the patching
diagram).
 Set the manual valve MV3 (below the upper tank) to approximately 50% open. Fully
open manual valve MV2 (before the visual flowmeter). Set the ac supply output switch,
on the front panel of the PI, to the logic input position. Set the DDM to current (mA).
 Set the current source to an intermediate position and the hysteresis control to the
minimum position.
 Switch on the PI. When the behavior of the process has become steady, vary the
hysteresis level in steps and observe the effect on the operation of the system. Set the
hysteresis level back to a low value, and now vary the current source output in steps and
observe the effect on the system.
OBSERVATION and CONCLUSION:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Post Lab Questions

Q1. What is on/off control and why is it sometimes preferable to other types of
control? What are the disadvantages of on/off control?
12
Lab Manual
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q2. How is on/off control used in this practical to control the level of the water
in the upper tank? Which pieces of equipment are involved?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q3. What are the meanings of the following terms: reference value, measured
value, and deviation? What do they represent in this practical, how are they
produced, and how are they used?
13
Lab Manual
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q4. What is the significance of manual valve MV3 connected to the upper
tank, with reference to the operation of the on/off level control and how
should it be set for correct operation?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
14
Lab Manual
Lab 02
To Study the On/Off Solenoid Control.
15
Lab Manual
OBJECTIVE:
To Study the On/Off Solenoid Control.
APPARATUS:
16
Lab Manual
THEORY:
In the last practical the pump was repeatedly switched on and off, to control the tank water level.
This is not good practice as it will shorten the pump's working life; this is not how a pump is
designed to be used.
A better way of controlling the tank level is to use a different 2-state device; a solenoid valve.
The solenoid valve is designed with repeated switching in mind and is much more suitable for
on/off control. This shall be investigated now.
Solenoid valve SV1 could replace the pump as the device that cuts the flow on and off. The
action would be the same as that for the pump; inverting. The valve must be open when the tank
level is below desired level, and closed when above desired level.
But there is another way of controlling level which exhibits a non-inverting action. This is to use
solenoid valve SV2, connected to the upper tank. It lets water flow from the upper to the sump
tank.
Now when the actual tank level is above the desired level the valve should switch on, open, so
that more water can flow out, and when the actual level is below the desired level it should
switch off, close, so the water level can rise.
To accomplish this the reference signal from the current source is fed into input A (which is the
non-inverting input to the comparator), and the measured signal from the FLT is fed into input B.
Now while the measured level is less than the desired level the deviation is positive, and will
become negative when the measured level is greater than desired. This is the reverse of the last
practical.
Translating this to the action of the comparator and Schmitt trigger together, the output should
switch from negative to positive as the deviation changes from negative to positive. This is a
non-inverting action.
Since the solenoid valve is to be controlled, the output of the Schmitt trigger will now feed the
logic input E of the switched 24Vdc output to SV2.
As before care must be taken when setting the position of manual valve MV3. For the operation
of this on/off control example to be as expected, the level in the tank should go up when SV2 is
closed and down when it is open. It may take a little trial and error to get this right.
17
Lab Manual
Patching diagram
PROCEDURE:

 Also complete your pre-practical calibration routine of all relevant equipment (the float
level transmitter and the current source.
 Ensure that manual valve MV2 is fully open. Initially set manual valve MV3 to be
approximately 50% open.
 When the practical is running you will have to adjust this to get the correct behavior; the
tank level should rise when SV2 is closed, and fall when it is open. Set the 24Vdc o/p
switch to logic input E, and the ac supply output switch to ON. Set the current source
output to an intermediate value and the hysteresis to the minimum.
 Switch on the PI. SV2 will be closed initially. Once the behavior of the process has
settled down, and the correct position of MV3 has been found, vary the hysteresis level in
steps, and observe the effect on the operation of the system.
 Set the hysteresis back to minimum, and now vary the current source output in steps and
observe the effect on the system.
18
Lab Manual
 Set the current source to an intermediate level, and the hysteresis to minimum. Swish
around the water in the upper tank (with a spoon or ruler or the like) and observe the
effect on the process. Increase the hysteresis in small steps and repeat for each step. What
is happening? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
19
Lab Manual
Post Lab Questions

Q1. Why is on/off control of the pump avoided and a solenoid valve used
instead?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q2. Describe the different actions that can be produced from the comparator
and Schmitt trigger arrangement, depending where the reference voltage is
connected?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
20
Lab Manual
Q3. What is being imitated when the water is swished around in the upper
tank? How does the hysteresis level affect this, how does it control disturbance
rejection?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q4. Sketch a hysteresis loop for a Vt value of 1V, with output switching
between 0V and 5V. What would be output of the Schmitt trigger if;
a) the reference voltage is 2.5V connected to the inverting input of the

comparator, and the measured value is i) 1V, ii) 4V, and is connected to the
non-inverting input of the comparator.
b) the reference voltage is 2.5V connected to the non-inverting input of the

comparator, and the measured value is i) 0.5V, ii) 3V, and is connected to the
inverting input of the comparator.
What else must be known about b) ii) before an output level can be specified?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
21
Lab Manual
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
22
Lab Manual
Lab 03
Study of the Float Switch Controller.
23
Lab Manual
OBJECTIVE:
Study of the Float Switch Controller.
APPARATUS:
24
Lab Manual
THEORY:
The float switch is a simple two-state device which is used to determine if the fluid in the tank is
above or below a particular level. Its operation is shown below.
The stem of the switch contains a reed relay, which is normally open. The barrel of the switch,
which moves up and down, contains a magnet. The magnet can open and close the relay by
moving up and down the stem.
With the barrel at the bottom of the stem, the relay is open and no current will flow through the
switch. This state is converted to a 4mA signal by the transmitter. When the barrel is at the top of
the stem, the relay will be closed and a current will flow through the float switch. This state is
converted to a 20mA signal by the transmitter.
There is no other position of the reed relay, it is either open or closed.
The barrel floats, so that when the water is high enough the barrel is carried up the stem. The
barrel can only move a short distance vertically up or down because the stem is only short, but
the stem can be positioned anywhere in the tank. This can then be set up to signal if the level in
the tank is above (20mA signal from the transmitter) or below (4mA signal from the transmitter)
the level of the switch.
The float switch is binary in operation, open or closed. It can give no clue to how much over or
under the desired level the water in the tank is. This makes it a device suitable for on/off control
only.
It will take the place of the float level sensor, which produced a current signal proportional to
the actual tank level. The solenoid SV1 shall be used to switch flow on and off. This exhibits the
same action (inverted) as the pump, from the point of view of the Schmitt trigger, and its use was
discussed in the background in the previous practical.
The float switch uses the FLT to convert its signal into the 4-20mA format. The FLT, then, must
be recalibrated for this new device. The calibration for the float switch is very simple and should
be carried out as follows before beginning the practical.
The float switch is connected to the FLT with the barrel in its lowest position (this means that the
reed relay is open), and the zero screw on the FLT adjusted to read 4mA on the DDM. The barrel
is then held in its highest position (this will close the relay), and the span screw on the FLT
adjusted to read 20mA on the DDM.
25
Lab Manual
Patching Diagram
PROCEDURE:

 Your pre-practical set-up procedure should also have been completed; this includes
calibrating all necessary equipment (the current source and the float level transmitter as
previously explained).
 Set the manual valve MV3 (below the upper tank) to approximately 50% open. Fully
close MV2 and fully open MV1 so that all the flow passes through SV1. Set the ac supply
output switch to ON and the 24Vdc switch to the logic input position. Set the DDM to
current (mA). Set the current source to an intermediate position, the hysteresis control to
the minimum position, and the float switch position to approximately half way up the
tank.
 Switch on the PI. Adjust MV3 so that the system operates correctly; the level rises when
SV1 is open and falls when it is closed. When the behavior of the process has become
steady, vary the hysteresis level in steps and observe the effect on the operation of the
system.
26
Lab Manual
 Set the hysteresis level back to a low value, and now vary the current source output in
steps and observe the effect on the system. Set the current source back to its initial
position, and now give the upper tank a gentle shake while the system is operating, and
observe the effect.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
27
Lab Manual
Post Lab Questions

Q1. Why was it necessary to recalibrate the FLT before beginning this
practical?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q2. How does varying the current source (and so the reference voltage) affect
this process?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
28
Lab Manual
Q3. What is happening when the upper tank is shaken?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q4. Describe the operation of the whole process during this practical?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
29
Lab Manual
Lab 04
Study and Implement Light Intensity Control and Motor

Control Using PWM Method.
OBJECTIVE:
30
Lab Manual
To Study and Implement Light Intensity Control and Motor Control Using PWM
Method.
REQUIREMENTS:
1 IT- 4412 Trainer Board

2 2mm Patch Cords
3 CRO
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Refer to the following diagram to configure setup for Light Intensity Control.
Refer to the following diagram to configure setup for Motor Control.
31
Lab Manual
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the output of Analog Source Section TP 5 to the input of PWM controller TP35.
2. Connect the output of PWM Controller TP37 to the Control input TP19 of H- Bridge
section as shown in Fig. Connect the Power Supply section to the H-Bridge as shown.
3. Now connect the outputs ‘W’ TP21 and ‘X’ TP22 of H-Bridge section to the +VE and -VE
inputs of Lamp 1 of Light Control section.
4. Switch ON the trainer Power supply.
5. Slowly tune the potentiometer and observe the change in intensity of Lamp 1.
6. Now connect the outputs ‘W’ TP21 and ‘X’ TP22 of H-Bridge section to the +VE and -VE
inputs of DC Motor Control section.
8. On slowly varying the POT in CCW (counter clock wise) direction, increases the motor
speed and CW (clock wise), decrease the motor speed.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
32
Lab Manual
Post Lab Questions

Q1. Describe PWM Controller?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q2. Describe H-Bridge drive?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q3. What is the advantage of using PWM with the H-bridge?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
33
Lab Manual
Lab 05
Study and observe characteristics of photoconductive cell

(LDR)
34
Lab Manual
OBJECTIVE:
To study and observe characteristics of photoconductive cell (LDR).

THEORY:
Electrical conduction in semiconductor materials occurs when free charge carriers e.g.,
electrons are available in the material when an electric field is applied. In certain
semiconductors photoconductive cell are elements whose conductivity is a function of incident
electromagnetic radiation. Since, resistance of these materials decrease with increase in
incident light, therefore these materials are also called Light Dependent Resistor or LDR.
Commercially available photoconductive cell materials are cadmium sulphide (CdS) and
cadmium selenoid (CdSe) with band gap of 2.42 eV & 1.74 eV respectively. On account of the
large energy bands, both the materials have a very high resistivity at ambient temperature
which gives a very high value of resistance for practical purposes. The photoconductive cells use
a special type of construction which minimizes resistance while providing maximum surface.
Photoconductive cells are made by chemically sintering the required powder into tablets of the
protective envelope of glass or plastic. Electrons are deposited on the tablet surface and are
made of materials which give an ohmic contact but with low resistance compared with that of
the photoconductor.
The electrodes are usually in the form of interlocked fingers as shown.
Photoconductive cell are made from cadmium sulphide doped with silver antimony or indium
chemically deposited on a substrate. Light falling on the sensitive area breaks chemical bonds.
The resulting electrons and holes become available to increase the conductivity. These bonds
are slow to re-form when light is removed, and the response time is sluggish.
The resistance of the ORP12 drops dramatically as the incident light increases. Its characteristics
are given in table given. The device requires a suitable load resistor to provide a voltage output
which then falls with increasing illumination. The characteristics of a photoconductive cell vary
35
Lab Manual
considerably depending upon the type of material used. When the cell is kept in darkness its
resistance is called Dark Resistance. The dark resistance may be as high as 10 10Ω. If the cell is
illuminated its resistance decreases. The resistance depends on the physical character of
photoconductive layer as well as on the dimensions of the cell and its geometric configuration.
The current depends upon the electricity voltage applied and it is of the order of the mA. When
using photoconductive cell for a particular application it is important to select the proper dark
resistance, as well as suitable sensitivity. The sensitivity is defined as:
∆R Ω
S=
∆ H W /m−2
Where,
∆R = Change in resistance; Ω
∆H = Change in irradiation ; W /m−2
The spectral response of the sensor must match that of the light source. A Photo conductor has
a relatively large sensitive area. A small change in light intensity causes a large change in
resistance. The relationship between irradiance and resistance is, however, not linear. It is
closely an exponential relationship. The spectral response of cadmium sulphide cell closely
matches that of the human eye and the cell is often used in application where human vision is a
factor, much as street light control or automatic iris controls for cameras, to alter the bias of
transistor or change the gain of an amplifier. Such circuits are used in automatic brightness
composition of TV receivers. Photoconductive cells are also used in bridge circuit applications,
and for measurement of attenuation of light etc.
REQUIREMNETS:
1. IT-4412 Trainer Board

2. 2mm Patch Cord
3. CRO
4. Voltmeter
36
Lab Manual
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Refer to the following diagram to configure setup for the LDR experiment:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the output Analog Source Section TP5 to the input of PWM controller
TP35.
2. Connect the output of PWM Controller TP37 to the Control input TP19 of H-
Bridge section as shown in the above Figure Connect the Power Supply section
to the H-Bridge as shown.
3. Connect the outputs 'W' TP21 and 'X’ TP22 of H-Bridge section to the +VE and -
VE inputs of Lamp 1 of Light Control section.
4. Switch ON the trainer by Power switch.
5. Slowly tune the potentiometer and observe the change in intensity of the Lamp
1.
6. Connect the voltmeter to the Sensor output TP9 and observe the change in
voltages with respect to the change in the intensity of light.
7. Now set the voltage of Analog Source Section to 1" " V and observe the voltage
at the sensor output and note the reading. Similarly note down the different
values of sensor at different voltage (Vin).
37
Lab Manual
OBSERVATIONS:
Input Voltage of PWM Sensor O/P Voltage

Sr. No.
(V) (V)
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
CONCLUSION:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
38
Lab Manual
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS:
1. Draw graph b/w PWM input voltage Vs Sensor O/P Voltage.
Scale
On X-axis On Y-axis
Variable
On X-axis On Y-axis
39
Lab Manual
Post Lab Questions

Q1. Describe Open and Close Loop System? Give a suitable example.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q2. Define LDR and describe its construction and working?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
40
Lab Manual
Lab 06
Study and Implement Characteristics of DC Motor

(Speed/Vin)
OBJECTIVE:
41
Lab Manual
Study and Implement Characteristics of DC Motor (Speed/Vin).
REQUIREMNETS:

6. 2mm Patch Cord
7. CRO
8. Voltmeter
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Refer to the following diagram to configure setup for the DC Motor experiment:
42
Lab Manual
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the output of Analog Source Section TP5 to the input of PWM controller TP35.
2. Connect the output of PWM Controller TP37 to the Control input TP19 of H-Bridge
section as shown in Fig 6.1. Connect the Power Supply section to the H-Bridge as shown.
3. Connect the outputs 'W' TP21 and 'X' TP22 of H-Bridge section to the +VE and -VE inputs
of DC motor of DC Motor Control section.
5. Now connect the IR output TP70 to the input of F/V Converter TP32.
6. Switch ON the trainer by Power switch.
7. Turn the Analog Source voltage POT fully CW (clock wise) so that there should be 10v at
the output TP5. Now turn voltage POT slowly until the motor begins to rotate.
8. Observe the TTL wave at the output of IR TP70 by using oscilloscope.
9. Decrease the input voltage by slowly turning the Reference voltage POT. For every 1V
decrement of the reference voltage (10v, 9v, 8v..........), record the corresponding
change in voltage with the help of Digital Voltmeter.
10. Note down all the readings in table given below.
11. Switch OFF the power switch.
Note: When the motor is saturated, decrease the input (reference) voltage will not increase
motor speed, Avoid saturation in this Experiment.
Summary: The motor speed is proportional to the input voltage (). And the motor current is
not linearly proportional to the input voltage. At saturation, the motor input current is no
longer increases even if the input voltage is increased. And there exist a "dead band" input
voltage range in a motor, below which a motor can't start. Motor input voltage is required to be
greater than the largest value of the dead band to initiate motion. The dead band is caused by
various mechanical· frictions in the system.
43
Lab Manual
OBSERVATIONS:
Input Voltage of PWM Motor Speed in Voltage

Sr. No.
(V) (V)
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
CONCLUSION:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
44
Lab Manual
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS:
2. Draw graph b/w PWM input voltage Vs Motor speed (in volts).
Scale
On X-axis On Y-axis
Variable
On X-axis On Y-axis
45
Lab Manual
Post Lab Questions

Q1. How do you determine the speed of a DC motor by using a sensor
(mention the type of sensor) that gives you output in term of frequency?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q2. Describe Voltage to frequency and frequency to voltage converter?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q3. Draw block diagram for a close loop DC Motor Speed Control System?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
46
Lab Manual
Lab 07
Study and Observe Temperature Control Open-Loop and

Close-Loop.
47
Lab Manual
OBJECTIVE:
Study and Observe Temperature Control Open-Loop and Close-Loop.
REQUIREMENTS:
4 IT- 4412 Trainer Board

5 2mm Patch Cords
6 Computer with Motor Control installed software.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Refer to the following diagram to configure setup for Temperature Control.
48
Lab Manual
PROCEDURE:
9. Connect the Heater output of PC Interface TP55 to the relay input as shown in Fig.
10. Provide +12V supply to the common point of Relay, Connect 'NC of relay to the input of
Fan TP39 of Temperature Control section.
11. Now connect the 'NO' of the relay to the input of Heater TP40 of Temperature Control
section.
12. Connect the Sensor output TP41 to the A-IN TP52 of the PC Interface section.
13. Now, you are ready to "Run" the software given with the trainer.
14. Single left click on the "Temperature control" from the main menu then a screen will
appear on the window as shown in Fig.
For Open Loop:
15. Choose "Open Loop Control" option.
16. To ON the heater click on the "check box" and to make OFF the heater "uncheck" it. To
reach the desired set point you have to ON and OFF the heater as per requirement and
the corresponding graph will be displayed on the Real-Time graph screen.
17. This method also called as Manual mode of controlling the system.
18. For Close Loop:
19. Choose "Close Loop Control" option and click "Run" button.
20. You will observe that the heater will switch ON/OFF in accordance with the error
generated between the set-point and the feed-back value and the corresponding graph
will be displayed on the Real-Time graph screen.
21. The error will not be going to be zero exactly because here we are not using any
controller (like PID). This experiment is to study the concept of close loop. Here we can
study the effect of feedback on a system.
22. This method also called as Automatic mode of controlling the system.
23. After the completion of an experiment double click on "STOP" button given.
49
Lab Manual
OBSERVATION:
Attach Graphs
50
Lab Manual
CONCLUSION:
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
51
Lab Manual
Post Lab Questions

Q1. Describe working of Temperature Sensor?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q2. What is a relay? How do relays work?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q3. Describe all types of Relays?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
52
Lab Manual
Lab 08
To understand the Engine Speed Control using Motorized

Valve.
53
Lab Manual
OBJECTIVE:
To understand the Engine Speed Control using Motorized Valve.
REQUIREMNETS:

10. TH-3220 Trainer Board
11. 2mm Patch Cord
12. Voltmeter
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Refer to the following diagram to configure setup for the present experiment:
54
Lab Manual
PROCEDURE:
1. Make sure that Engine Speed Out, Air Valve Input, Torque Output and
Generator Load Connector from IT-4423 is connected to TH-3220 Engine Speed
Out, Air Valve Input, Torque Output and Generator Load Connector.
2. Make Sure Compressor is connected to Air Inlet.
3. Turn ON Main Switch of TH-3220.
4. Initially set Proportional, Integral and derivative knobs of PID 1 to minimum
position i-e fully counterclockwise direction.
5. Set Reference Voltages to 1.5V and On the Air Valve to flow Air from the
engine.
6. Slowly rotate proportional control knobs of PID1 towards clockwise direction
proximately 10%.
7. Motorized Valve starts to rotate in Counterclockwise direction to open and air
starts to flow to run engine. Motor RPM can be observed at Engine Speed
Meter.
8. If system is not stable increase integral gain to 10%.
9. If there is steady state error in the system increase proportional gain until
steady state error is not removed.
10. Now Apply Load on system by Load Selector Knob. 1st and 8th positions are NC.
Load 1 to Load 5 are Connected with Position 2 to 6.
11. As we apply increasing load on generator, RPM of motor start to fall.
12. When this happens, motorized valve starts to move counterclockwise direction
so that more air can come and decreasing RPM of motor can stable at pre-set
value.
13. As the load is decrease, RPM of motor starts to increase accordingly. At this
stage motorized valve rotates in clockwise direction so that RPM of motor
matches to pre-set valve and become stable.
55
Lab Manual
OBSERVATIONS:
Attach Graphs.
CONCLUSION:
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
56
Lab Manual
Post Lab Questions

Q1. What is a ‘controller’? Where are its application areas?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q2. Define following terms.
1. Rise Time
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Peak Time
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. Settling time
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. Overshoot
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
5. Undershoot
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
57
Lab Manual
6. Steady State Error

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
7. Measurement variable
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
8. Desired Variable
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
9. Deviation
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
10.Output
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Q3. Define PID Controller and describe its function and working?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
58
Lab Manual
Lab 09
To understand the Cruise Control Method of Engine.
OBJECTIVE:
59
Lab Manual
To understand the Cruise Control Method of Engine.
REQUIREMNETS:

2. TH-3220 Trainer Board
3. 2mm Patch Cord
4. Voltmeter
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Refer to the following diagram to configure setup for the present experiment:
60
Lab Manual
Connection diagram:
The following connection diagram should be followed while operating with the software. Be
sure that the reaming connections will remain same.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make sure that Engine Speed Out, Air Valve Input, Torque Output and
Generator Load Connector from IT-4423 is connected to TH-3220 Engine Speed
Out, Air Valve Input, Torque Output and Generator Load Connector.
2. Make Sure Compressor is connected to Air Inlet.
3. Turn ON Main Switch of TH-3220.
4. Initially set Proportional, Integral and derivative knobs of PID’s to minimum
position i-e fully counterclockwise direction.
5. Set Reference Voltages to 1.5V and On the Air Valve to flow Air from the
engine.
6. Slowly rotate proportional control knobs of PID1 towards clockwise direction
proximately 10%.
7. Motorized Valve starts to rotate in Counterclockwise direction to open and air
starts to flow to run engine. Motor RPM can be observed at Engine Speed
Meter.
8. If system is not stable increase integral gain to 10%.
9. If there is steady state error in the system increase proportional gain until
steady state error is not removed.
61
Lab Manual
10. Now Apply Load on system by Load Selector Knob. 1st and 8th positions are NC.
Load 1 to Load 5 are Connected with Position 2 to 6.
11. As we apply increasing load on generator, RPM of motor start to fall.
12. When this happens, motorized valve starts to move counterclockwise direction
so that more air can come and decreasing RPM of motor can stable at pre-set
value.
13. As the load is decrease, RPM of motor starts to increase accordingly. At this
stage motorized valve rotates in clockwise direction so that RPM of motor
matches to pre-set valve and become stable.
OBSERVATIONS:
Attach Graphs.
CONCLUSION:
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
62
Lab Manual
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
63
Lab Manual
Post Lab Questions

Q1. Describe the working of Motorized Valve.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q2. What is PID Cascade Control? How Does Cascade Control Work?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q3. Define and Explain Cruise Control method of an engine.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
64

Marine Control System Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Marine Control System Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

NA-351 Marine Control System Lab

Naval Architecture Department

Roll No: __________________________________________

Subject: Marine Control Systems Lab (NA-351)

02 To Study the On/Off Solenoid Control 15

03 Study of the Float Switch Controller 23

04 Study and Implement Light Intensity Control and Motor 30

05 Study and observe characteristics of photoconductive 35

06 Study and Implement Characteristics of DC Motor 43

07 Study and Observe Temperature Control Open-Loop 50

08 To understand the Engine Speed Control using 56

09 To understand the Cruise Control Method of Engine 62

NA-351 Marine Control System Lab

S. No Course Learning Domain Taxonom Correspondin Emphasi

CLO-PLO Mapping Matrix

PLO No. CLO-1 CLO-2 CLO-3

CLO ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

(a) Understanding of Laboratory Safety Instructions and

(a) SAFETY PRECAUTION:

2. Team Members Safety

Basic Level and flow process 38-100

On/Off Feedback Control

Process Head Tank

The Process Interface (PI) Comparator

 Complete the patching diagram before attempting this practical.

OBSERVATION and CONCLUSION:

Post Lab Questions

To Study the On/Off Solenoid Control.

To Study the On/Off Solenoid Control.

Basic Level and flow process 38-100

 Complete the patching diagram before attempting this practical.

OBSERVATION and CONCLUSION:

Post Lab Questions

a) the reference voltage is 2.5V connected to the inverting input of the

b) the reference voltage is 2.5V connected to the non-inverting input of the

Study of the Float Switch Controller.

Basic Level and flow process 38-100

There is no other position of the reed relay, it is either open or closed.

 Complete the patching diagram before attempting this practical.

OBSERVATION and CONCLUSION:

Post Lab Questions

Q3. What is happening when the upper tank is shaken?

Study and Implement Light Intensity Control and Motor

1 IT- 4412 Trainer Board

Refer to the following diagram to configure setup for Motor Control.

OBSERVATION and CONCLUSION:

Post Lab Questions

Q2. Describe H-Bridge drive?

Q3. What is the advantage of using PWM with the H-bridge?

Study and observe characteristics of photoconductive cell

To study and observe characteristics of photoconductive cell (LDR).

The electrodes are usually in the form of interlocked fingers as shown.

1. IT-4412 Trainer Board

Input Voltage of PWM Sensor O/P Voltage

Post Lab Questions

Q2. Define LDR and describe its construction and working?

Study and Implement Characteristics of DC Motor

Study and Implement Characteristics of DC Motor (Speed/Vin).

5. IT-4412 Trainer Board

Input Voltage of PWM Motor Speed in Voltage

Post Lab Questions

Q2. Describe Voltage to frequency and frequency to voltage converter?

Study and Observe Temperature Control Open-Loop and