Vibration Lab Manual Easy

Mechanisms & Mechanical Vibrations Lab
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering and Technology
International Islamic University Islamabad
MECHANISMS AND MECHANICAL

VIBRATIONS LAB MANUAL
Course Code: ME-411L
Name
Reg No

Course Title: Mechanisms and mechanical vibrations lab
Course Code: ME-411 L
Credit Hours: 01
Contact Hours: 03
Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
CLO Statement PLO Level

Conduct different experiments to measure different mechanical properties
1 like moment of inertia, natural frequencies of different systems etc. with 1 P4
some confidence and proficiency
2 Contribute effectively as an individual member of a team 9 A2

Mapping of Clos to Lab Experiments
Sr # Lab Experiments CLO1 CLO2
√ √
1 Demonstration and working of Simple four Bar Mechanism
Demonstration and working of Spur gears, Helical gears and rack and √ √
2
Pinion
To Demonstrate the action of Simple Slider Crank Mechanism and √ √
3 determination of relationship between the linear displacement of slider
and angular displacement of Crank.
√ √
4 To demonstrate working of Internal gear train and find the gear ratio
To determine the whirling speed of shaft theoretically and compare it with √ √

5
experimental values
To determine the Theoretical speed of governor and compare it with √ √
6
Actual speed
To measure the moment produce by gyroscope and compare it to the √ √
7
theoretical value.
√ √
8 To Determine the coefficient of friction of Journal Bearing
Demonstration of Corroli‟s effect & to analyse the working of different √ √

9
shapes of cams
Determination of the period and Moment of Inertia of oscillation for √ √
10
bifilar suspension system & Tri-filar system
Determination of the rotational inertia of point masses, rod and circular √ √
11
ring.
To demonstrate natural undammed free vibration on universal vibration √ √
12
apparatus
Determination of the period of torsional vibration as a function of: √ √
13
Torsion wire diameter and Torsion wire length.
√ √
14 Measurement of unbalance present in rotating mass system
Determination of the natural frequency, of a spiral spring-rotating mass √ √
15
system

Lab Requirement
Students are required to bring manual in each lab, without manual no one is allowed to enter in lab
Safety Precautions
OVERVIEW: This section is intended to ensure the safe operation of the heat & Mass transfer
laboratory. Students are expected to conduct experiments in a safe manner respecting the physical
well-being of their fellow students and themselves. Students should read and understand all contents
of this section
 Be calm and relaxed, while working in lab.

 First check your measuring equipment.
 When working with voltages over 40 V or current over 10 A, There must be at least two
people in the lab at all time.
 Keep the work area neat and clean.
 Be sure about the locations of fire extinguishers and first aid kit.
 No loose wires or metals pieces should be lying on the table or neat the circuit.
 Avoid using long wires, that may get in your way while making adjustments or changing
leads.
 BE PREPARED. Read and fully comprehend the lab procedure as set forth in the lab
manual before you begin any experiment. If you do not understand the procedure, see your
instructor.
 Always check your circuit connections before power it ON.
 Know emergency procedures. Make note of fire escape routes.
 Never use any faulty or damage equipment and tools.
 No food or beverage in the laboratory.
 Do not touch the equipment, the cord, the person.
 In case of emergency, disconnect the power source from the circuit breaker and pull out the
plug using insulated material.
 Immediately report any spills, equipment malfunctions, injuries or other perceived safety
hazards to your Instructor or staff member.
FAILURE TO CONFORM WITH ANY OF THE ABOVE RULES MAY RESULT IN NOT
BEING ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

Experiment No. 1
Four Bar Mechanism
Objective:
Demonstration and working of Simple four Bar Mechanism.
Mechanism
A Mechanism is a device which transforms some input motion to some desirable pattern of
output motion. Following are some examples of mechanisms:
A simple slider-crank mechanism Four bar Mechanism Lab Apparatus
Mechanisms can be treated kinematically (without regard to the forces) if they are lightly loaded
or are run at very low speeds.
Degree of Freedom
Number of inputs which need to be provided to in order to create a predictable output is called
degree of freedom. In case of mechanisms: Number of independent variables required to
completely define all the positions in a mechanism is its degree of freedom.
The degree of freedom of any mechanism can be predicted using the Gruebler condition which is
given by the formula:
M=3L-2J-3G
M = degree of freedom or mobility

L = number of links
J = number of joints G = number of grounded links
Grashof’s Law
Grashof’s Law states that for a four-bar linkage system, if the sum of length of shortest and
longest of a planar quadrilateral linkage is less than or equal to the sum of the remaining two
links , then the shortest link can rotate freely with respect to neighbouring li nk. In a four bar
chain there are four turning pairs and no sliding pairs.

Let denote the smallest link of four bar linkage with S and the longest link by L and the other
two links by P and Q. The necessary condition to satisfy Grashof’s Law is :
S+L≤P+Q
This condition is divided into two cases :-
1) S + L < P + Q
2) S + L = P + Q
Case 1: S + L < P + Q
By fixing different links one at a time this case produces three mechanisms. These are : -
i) Double Crank Mechanism
It is also known as Crank Crank Mechanism or Drag Link Mechanism.
In double crank mechanism, the shortest link which is S is fixed or grounded. In this mechanism,
both the links pivoted to the fixed link can rotate 360 degrees.
ii) Double Rocker Mechanism

In double rocker mechanism, the link opposite to shortest link is fixed or grounded. In this
mechanism the shortest link can rotate 360 degrees. Shortest link is called coupler. Both the
links pivoted to the fixed links can oscillate. These two links are called rockers.
iii) Crank and Rocker Mechanism

In Crank and Rocker Mechanism , the link adjacent to shortest link is fixed or grounded. In this
mechanism, shortest link rotates and the other link pivoted to the the fixed link oscillates.
Case 2: S + L = P + Q
In such kinematic chain , the links become collinear atleast once per revolution of input crank.
This case is further divided into two cases :-
Case 1 :- The length of all links are distinct

In this case, the inversions obtained are same as in the case S + L < P + Q. which are :- double crank,
double rocker and crank rocker.
Case 2 :- The length of any two link are same

If the length of any two links are same, then the length of remaining two links will also be same due
to equation S + L < P + Q.
Apparatus:
 Four Bar Mechanism
 Tri Square/Foot Scale
 Stopper
To Find
Degree of Freedom and Various mechanisms/conditions discussed above
Procedure:
 Count the number of links in a four bar mechanism.
 Count the number of joints in the mechanism.
 Using the Gruebler's equation: M=3(L - 1) - 2J calculate the degree of freedom of the
four bar mechanism.
 Now, with the help of tri square/foot scale, measure the distance between each hole in the
mechanism and the corresponding link lengths which can be obtained in the given four

bar mechanism.
 A fter each possible link length has been calculated, create all the possible link
 length combinations by varying the link lengths using the stopper for the class I case: S +
L<P+Q
 Similarly for the class II case, create all the possible link lengths which satisfy the
equation: S + L > P + Q
 Finally for the class III case, try to create all the possible link combinations by varying
the link lengths which satisfy the equation: S + L = P + Q
If any one of the cases cannot be satisfied for the given four bar mechanism, then mention the
difficulty and discuss the solution for this problem.
Calculations:
Number of links: __________ Number of joints: ________ Degree of Freedom: _______
Case 1
Case smallest longest Crank Rocker Mechanism name
Length S Length L Other link P Other link Q Rotation Rotation
(mm) (mm) length length (Degree) (Degree)
Calculations

Laboratory Skill Rubrics
Instructor Signature _________
Level Poor Below Average Good Excellent
CLO-1 Psychomotor Domain
Completely Aware of the

Unaware of the Aware of the Aware of the mechanism/process
mechanism/ mechanism/process but mechanism/process, and follows
Performance
process or requires help/assistance follows procedure
experimental in finding key variables with little hesitancy procedure with
procedure confidence
Marks 0 2 4 5
CLO Cognitive Domain
Calculate the required

Calculate the
values with major Calculate the
Not Written required values
Calculation mistakes (graph required values with
calculations correctly without any
missing, key variables some minor mistakes/
mistake
missing etc)
Marks 0 2 4 5
CLO-2 Affective Domain
Individual/ Not Following group

Good sensible Positive attitude,
Teamwork Shows no interest activity, poor
interaction but still Encouraging sensible
in group activity interaction within
needs the reminder interaction
group.
Marks 0 2 4 5

Experiment No. 2
Gears
Objective
Demonstration and working of Spur gears, helical gears and rack and Pinion
Theory
Gears
A gear is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another tooth ed
part in order to transmit torque. Two or more gears working in tandem are called a transmission and
can produce a mechanical advantage through a gear ratio and thus may be considered a simple
machine. Geared devices can change the speed, magnitude, and direction of a power source. The
most common situation is for a gear to mesh with another gear; however a gear can also mesh a non -
rotating toothed part, called a rack, thereby producing translation instead of rotation.
The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a pulley. An advantage of gears is that
the teeth of a gear prevent slipping. When two gears of unequal number of teeth are combined a
mechanical advantage is produced, with both the rotational speeds and the torques of the two gear s
differing in a simple relationship
.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Gear Drives
The following are the advantages and disadvantages of the gear drive as compared to other drives,
i.e. belt, rope and chain drives :
Advantages
1. It transmits exact velocity ratio.
2. It may be used to transmit large power.
3. It may be used for small centre distances of shafts.
4. It has high efficiency.
5. It has reliable service.
6. It has compact layout.
Disadvantages
1. Since the manufacture of gears require special tools and equipment, therefore it is costlier than
other drives.
2. The error in cutting teeth may cause vibrations and noise during operation.
3. It requires suitable lubricant and reliable method of applying it, for the proper operation of gear
drives.
Classification of gears
The gears or toothed wheels may be classified as follows :

1. According to the position of axes of the shafts. The axes of the two shafts between which
the motion is to be transmitted, may be
(a) Parallel, (b) Intersecting, and (c) Non-intersecting and non-parallel.
2. According to the peripheral velocity of the gears. The gears, according to the peripheral
velocity of the gears, may be classified as :
(a) Low velocity, (b) Medium velocity, and (c) High velocity.
3. According to the type of gearing. The gears, according to the type of gearing, may be
classified as :
(a) External gearing, (b) Internal gearing, and (c) Rack and pinion.
A Spur Gear (Parallel Shaft Axis)

The two parallel and co-planar shafts connected by the gears is shown in Fig-1. These gears
are called spur gears and the arrangement is known as spur gearing. These gears have teeth parallel
to the axis of the wheel as shown in Fig. 2.
Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a cylinder or disk with
the teeth projecting radially, and although they are not straight sided in form, the edge of each tooth
is straight and aligned parallel to the axis of rotation. These gears can be meshed together correctly
only if they are fitted to parallel axles.
Apparatus
To Find
Gear Terminologies (Procedure)
Pitch circle. It is an imaginary circle which by pure rolling action, would give the same motion as
the actual gear

Pitch circle diameter. It is the diameter of the pitch circle. The size of the gear is usually specified
by the pitch circle diameter. It is also called as pitch diameter.
Pitch point. It is a common point of contact between two pitch circles.
Pitch surface. It is the surface of the rolling discs which the meshing gears have replaced at
the pitch circle.
Addendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the top of the tooth.
Dedendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of the tooth.
Addendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the top of the teeth and is concentric with the
pitch circle.
Dedendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the bottom of the teeth. It is also called root
circle.
Circular pitch. It is the distance measured on the circumference of the pitch circle from
a point of one tooth to the corresponding point on the next tooth. It is usually denoted by
Circular pitch, Pc = π D/T

where
D = Diameter of the pitch circle, and
T = Number of teeth on the wheel.
A little consideration will show that the two gears will mesh together correctly, if the two wheels
have the same circular pitch.
Note : If D1 and D2 are the diameters of the two meshing gears having the teeth T1 and T2
respectively; then for them to mesh correctly,
Pc = π D1/T1 = Pc = π D2/T2 OR D1/D1 = T2/T2

Gear Terminologies
Terms Used in Gears

Diametral pitch. It is the ratio of number of teeth to the pitch circle diameter in millimetres.
It denoted by pd. Mathematically,
Diametral pitch, Pd = T/D
where
T = Number of teeth,
D = Pitch circle diameter.
Module. It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter in millimetres to the number of teeth. It is
usually denoted by m. Mathematically,
Module, m = D / T
Clearance. It is the radial distance from the top of the tooth to the bottom of the tooth, in a
meshing gear. A circle passing through the top of the meshing gear is known as clearance circle.
Total depth. It is the radial distance between the addendum and the dedendum circle of a
gear. It is equal to the sum of the addendum and dedendum.
Working depth. It is radial distance from the addendum circle to the clearance circle. It is
equal to the sum of the addendum of the two meshing gears.

Calculations

B. Helical Gears
A helical gear has teeth in form of helix around the gear. Two such gears may be used to connect two
parallel shafts in place of spur gears. The pitch surfaces are cylindrical as in spur gearing, but the teeth
instead of being parallel to the axis, wind around the cylinders helically like screw threads. The teeth of
helical gears with parallel axis have line contact, as in spur gearing.
This provides gradual engagement and continuous contact of the engaging teeth. Hence helical gears
give smooth drive with a high efficiency of transmission.
Helical gears offer a refinement over spur gears. The leading edges of the teeth are not parallel to the
axis of rotation, but are set at an angle. Since the gear is curved, this angling causes the tooth shape to be
a segment of a helix. Helical gears can be meshed in a parallel or crossed orientations. The former refers
to when the shafts are parallel to each other; this is the most common orientation. In the latter, the shafts
are non-parallel.
Helical Gears
The angled teeth engage more gradually than do spur gear teeth causing them to run more smoothly and
quietly. With parallel helical gears, each pair of teeth first make contact at a single point at one side of
the gear wheel; a moving curve of contact then grows gradually across the tooth face to a maximum then
recedes until the teeth break contact at a single point on the opposite side. In spur gears teeth suddenly
meet at a line contact across their entire width causing stress and noise. Spur gears make a characteristic
whine at high speeds and cannot take as much torque as helical gears.
An obvious disadvantage of the helical gears is a resultant thrust along the axis of the gear, which needs to be
accommodated by appropriate thrust bearings, and a greater degree of sliding friction between the meshing
teeth, often addressed with additives in the lubricant. Thus we can say that helical gears cause losses due to
the unique geometry along the axis of the helical gear’s shaft.

For a crossed configuration the gears must have the same pressure angle and normal pitch, however the
helix angle and handedness can be different.
Gear terminologies
Terms used in Helical Gears
The following terms in connection with helical gears, as shown in Fig are
important from the subject point of view.
1. Helix angle. It is a constant angle made by the helices with the axis of
rotation. Normal range of Helix angle, = 20° to 45°)
2. Axial pitch. It is the distance, parallel to the axis, between similar
faces of adjacent teeth. It is the same as circular pitch and is therefore
denoted by pc. The axial pitch may also be defined as the circular pitch
in the plane of rotation or the diametral plane.
3. Normal pitch. It is the distance between similar faces of adjacent
teeth along a helix on the pitch cylinders normal to the teeth. It is
denoted by pN. The normal pitch may also be defined as the circular
pitch in the normal plane which is a plane perpendicular to the teeth.
Note:Also find other Gear terminologies discussed in previous experiment as well as in class
Calculations

C. Rack and pinion

Rack and pinion was first invented just as soon as the wheel was invented. In fact, the wheel is the first
and earliest example of rack and pinion machine design. The design is based upon making a round cog or
wheel move on a linier surface, thereby generating either movement or some other sort of mechanical
advantage in the process. Sometimes, the gear of a shaft meshes externally and internally with the gears
in a *straight line, as shown in Fig. Such a type of gear is called rack and pinion. Thestraight line gear is
called rack and the circular wheel is called pinion. A little consideration will show that with the help of a
rack and pinion, we can convert linear motion into rotary motion and vice-versa as shown in Fig. 28.5.
Calculations
Helical Rack & Pinion Rack and Pinion Mechanism (Spur)
Calculations


Performance
Marks 0 2 4 5

Calculate the
mistake
missing etc)
Marks 0 2 4 5

group.
Marks 0 2 4 5

Experiment No. 3
Slider Crank Mechanism
Objective:
To Demonstrate the action of Simple Slider Crank Mechanism and determination of relationship
between the linear displacement of slider and angular displacement of Crank
Mechanisms
The slider-crank mechanism is a simple four bar mechanism in which the rocker is replaced by a
slider. Thus the four links in the slider-crank mechanism are: Crank, Coupler/Connecting Rod,
Slider and the Ground link. A simple slider-crank mechanism is shown below:
Slider-crank Mechanism
The Slider-Crank mechanism can be used whenever there is a need of converting rotational
motion to translational motion. The common applications of slider-crank mechanism are
the internal combustion engines, Bull Gear, locomotives, etc.
Apparatus
-crank Mechanism
Procedure
 Count the number of links in the slider-crank mechanism.
 Count the number of joints in the mechanism.
 Using the Gruebler's equation, calculate the degree of freedom of the slider-crank
mechanism.
 Now, with the help of tri square/foot scale, measure the distance between the each of
the three holes present in the crank of the slider-crank mechanism. These three holes

represent the points where stopper screw can be adjusted to vary the length of crank.
 Now, starting with zero, with the help of the angular scale available on the crank,
position the crank with an increment of every fifteen degrees and observe the
corresponding position of the slider. Note down these values in the table available.
Do this procedure for the whole 360 degrees.
 Assuming an angular velocity of fifteen degrees per second, calculate the
velocities at each of the positions of fifteen degrees with the help of the formula:
(P2- P1)/ (T2 –T1) where
P2 = Final position of slider. P1 = Initial Position of slider.
Table
Crank Slider Slider

SR# Angle(Degree Position Velocity(mm/
s) (mm) s)
1 0
2 15
3 30
4 45
5 60
6 75
7 90
8 105
9 120
10 135
11 150
12 165
13 180
14 195
15 210
16 225
17 240
18 255
19 270
20 285
21 300
22 315
23 330
24 345
25 360


Performance
Marks 0 2 4 5

Calculate the
mistake
missing etc)
Marks 0 2 4 5

group.
Marks 0 2 4 5

Experiment No. 4
Internal Gear Train
To demonstrate working of Internal gear train and find the gear ratio
Theory
Gear Train
A gear train is two or more gear working together by meshing their teeth and turning each other in a
system to generate power and speed. It reduces speed and increases torque. To create large gear
ratio, gears are connected together to form gear trains. They often consist of multiple gears in the
train. The smaller gears are one-fifth of the size of the larger gear. Electric motors are used with the
gear systems to reduce the speed and increase the torque. Electric motor is connected to the driving
end of each train and is mounted on the test platform. The output end output end of the gear train is
connected to a large magnetic particle brake that is used to measure the output torque.
Simple Gear Train

The most common of the gear train is the gear pair connecting parallel shafts. The teeth of this type
can be spur, helical or herringbone. The angular velocity is simply the reverse of the tooth ratio. The
main limitation of a simple gear train is that the maximum speed change ratio is 10:1. For larger
ratio, large size of gear trains is required; this may result in an imbalance of strength and wear
capacities of the end gears. The sprockets and chain in the bicycle is an example of simple gear
train. When the paddle is pushed, the front gear is turned and that meshes with the links in the
chain. The chain moves and meshes with the links in the rear gear that is attached to the rear wheel.
This enables the bicycle to move.
Compound Gear Train

For large velocities, compound arrangement is preferred. Two keys are keyed to a single shaft. A
double reduction train can be arranged to have its input and output shafts in a line, by choosing
equal center distance for gears and pinions.
Epicyclic or Planetary Gear Train

It is made of few components, a small gear at the center called the sun, several medium sized gears
called the planets and a large external gear called the ring gear. The planet gears rolls and revolves
about the sun gear and the ring gear rolls on the planet gear. Planetary gear trains have several
advantages. They have higher gear ratios. They are popular for automatic transmissions in
automobiles. They are also used in bicycles for controlling power of pedaling automatically or
manually. They are also used for power train between internal combustion engine and an electric
motor.
Gear Ratio

The gear ratio in an epicyclic gearing system is somewhat non-intuitive, particularly because there
are several ways in which an input rotation can be converted into an output rotation. The three basic
components of the epicyclic gear are:
 Sun: The central gear

 Planet carrier: Holds one or more peripheral planet gears, all of the same size, meshed
with the sun gear
 Annulus: An outer ring with inward-facing teeth that mesh with the planet gear or gears
In many epicyclic gearing systems, one of these three basic components is held stationary; one
of the two remaining components is an input, providing power to the system, while the last
component is an output, receiving power from the system. The ratio of input rotation to output
rotation is dependent upon the number of teeth in each gear, and upon which component is held
stationary.
In our case the annulus is held stationary and the sun gear is used as the input, the planet carrier
will be the output. The gear ratio in this case will be
1/(1+Na/Ns)
This is the lowest gear ratio attainable with an epicyclic gear train. This type of gearing is
sometimes used in tractors and construction equipment to provide high torque to the drive wheels.
DATA SHEET
Gear Type Teeth on Gear
Sun Driving 20
Planet Driven 16
Annulus Fixed 52
Procedure
 Take the 0 point on the dial in front of pointer of the input shift.
 Rotate it clockwise meanwhile observe the rotation of the output shaft.
 Observe the motion of planet gears by the motion of sun gear.
 Take the vales of input revolution of gear three times and take the mean value
for calculation of experimental gear ratio
Observations

Number of revolutions to the input shaft Number of revolutions to the output shaft
Calculations


Performance
Marks 0 2 4 5

Calculate the
mistake
missing etc)
Marks 0 2 4 5

group.
Marks 0 2 4 5

Experiment No. 5
Whirling of shafts
Objective
To determine the whirling speed of shaft theoretically and compare it with experimental values
Introduction:
At certain speed, a rotating shaft or rotor has been found to exhibit excessive lateral
vibrations (transverse vibrations). The angular velocity of the shaft at which this occurs is
called a critical speed or whirling speed or whipping speed. At a critical speed, the shaft
deflection becomes excessive and may cause permanent deformation or structural damage.
Therefore it is important to note that the machine should never be operated for any length of
time at a speed close to a critical speed.
Whirling of shafts


Procedure:
 Decide the support end condition of the shaft in bearings.
 Increase the speed of the shaft by varying voltage.
 Observe the transverse vibrations in the shaft.
 Measure the speed of the rotating shaft with tachometer at the maximum
deflection of the shaft.
 Repeat the operation on different samples of shaft
1st & 2nd mode of whirling of shaft
C calculate theoretical whirling speed by using equation

wc = k ( E I g/w l4)
Where
I= moment of inertia I= Π d4/64 where d= diameter of shaft in m
E=Young’s Modulus of elasticity E=210 x 109N/m2
W=weight of shaft
L=Length of shaft
g=acceleration due to gravity
w= weight per unit lenth = ms g/L
ms = mass test specimen
l= length of test specimen
k = coefficient depend upon end condition of shaft. Value of k can be calculated for given end
conditions
Fixed-fixed end condition

Kn= Π/2 (n+0.5)2 where n is mode and must be integer n=1,2,3……
For Fixed-free end condition

Kn= Π/2 (n+0.25)2 where n is mode and must be integer and n=1,2,3……
Ms= mass of test specimen, Convert whirling speed into RPM from rad/s by multiplying by 60,
repeat the use of above equations for second whirling speed. Compare theoretical values of whirling
speed with actual obtained through experimental run.
Table
Test specimen diameter, d(m) Mm

Test specimen length , l M
Weight of test Specimen, N
Moment of Inertia of Specimen, I (m 4) M4
Young’s modulus of elasticity, E N/m2
Test Specimen mass, m s (kg) Kg
Test no End End 1st whirling Theoretical 2nd Theoretica
support#1 support#2 speed RPM 1st whirling whirling l 2nd
condition condition speed RPM speed whirling
RPM speed
Sample Calculation


Performance
Marks 0 2 4 5

Calculate the
mistake
missing etc)
Marks 0 2 4 5

group.
Marks 0 2 4 5

Experiment No. 6
Governor
To determine the Theoretical speed of governor and compare it with Actual speed
Introduction
A governor, or speed limiter or controller, is a device used to measure and regulate the speed of
a machine, such as an engine. The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an
engine, when there are variations in loads e.g. when load on an engine increase or decrease,
obviously its speed will, respectively decrease or increase to the extent of variation of load.
This variation of speed has to be controlled by the governor, within small limits of me an speed.
This necessitates that when the load increase and consequently the speed decreases, the supply
of fuel to the engine has to be increased accordingly to compensate for the loss of the speed, so
as to bring back the speed to the mean speed. Conversely, when the load decreases and speed
increases, the supply of fuel has to be reduced. The function of the governor is to maintain the
speed of an engine within specific
Principle
It works on the principle of balancing centrifugal force of the rotating balls.
Governors ara mainly classified into two types Inertial and centrifugal
The Centrifugal Governors are further classified into two types. Pendulum and spring control
governor.
Pendulum type Governor:
1. Gravity Loaded Governor:
2. Porter Governor and Proell Governor an examples of above said governor
Spring control governor.
3. There are four different design of spring control governor.
4. Hartnell Governor
5. Wilson Hartnell Governor
6. Hartung Governor
7. Pickering Governor
Hartnell Governor
Hartnell Governors consists two bell cranks situated the different points of the frame. A frame is
attached to the spindle, each lever carries a ball to the horizontal roller at the end of vertical arm.
The helical ring is provided to maintain the equal level force on the rollers and arrangement of the
screw is there to adjust a force of the spring.

Hartnell Governor
Working
The working of Hartnell governor is depends on control of spring force. Here spring rotates
around the spindle axis and controls the movement of the ball and sleeves. The spring applies
the downward force while sleeves move upward and downward depending on the speed. Two
bell cranks situated at the frames carries a ball at one end and roller carry it at the other end. As
speed of the engine increases ball moves outward and bell crank lever moves at the pivot lifting
sleeves upward against the spring force. These movements then passed to the throttle valve with
the help of mechanism and it results in lowering fuel supply as well as speed.
Advantages
1. Suitable for very high speed
2. Pre-compression can be adjusted to achieve desired equilibrium speed.
To Find
Experimental speed and Theoretical speed
Apparatus:-
Universal Governor Apparatus & Tachometer.
PROCEDURE:
 Assemble the governor to be tested.
 Complete the electrical connections.
 Switch ON the main power.
 Note down the initial reading of pointer on the scale.
 Switch On the rotary switch.
 Slowly increase the speed of governor until the sleeve is lifted from its initial position.
 Let the governor be stabilized.

 Increase the speed of governor in steps to get the different positions of sleeve lift at different
RPM.
 Increase the speed of governor in steps to get the different positions of sleeve lift at different
RPM.
Closing Procedure:
 Decrease the speed of governor and then switch off the motor.
 Switch OFF all switches.
 Disconnect all the connections.
 Draw the graph for governor as stated further in manual.
 Repeat the experiment for different type of governor.
Precautions:-
 Take reading carefully.
 Measure the angle very carefully.
 Measure the height of governor carefully.
 Speed of governor measure accurate.
Observation
Mass of the each flyweight/ball (MG) = 333 g. Mass of the sleeve (MH) = 63 g
Mass of the spring (MF) = 40 g spring pretension x = 15 mm
Horizontal arm L2 = 45 mm Vertical arm L1 = 90 mm
Sprung index c = 1.261 N/mm a = 60 mm
Angle of inclination of the arm to the vertical (α )
Angular speed of the governor (ωth) = [(MH+MF).g + c.(x + L2 .sin α)] L2 – 2. MG . g . L1.tan α
2. MG. (a + L1 sin α) L1
Note:
Theoretical speed will be in rad/s, convert it into rpm using formula
Calculations
Sr no Actual Speed Nact Angle of inclination α Theoretical Speed Nth
(rpm) (degrees) (rpm)


Performance
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Experiment No. 7
Gyroscope
To measure the moment produce by gyroscope and compare it to the theoretical value
Introduction
This Gyroscope apparatus is used to demonstrate the properties of guided gyros. The unit can
be used to investigate the moments of the gyro effect. In practice, these moments generate
often significant bearing forces, which need to be taken into account in the design of
machinery (edge milling, pivot of wheel sets and ship propeller shafts etc.).Conversely, guided
gyros are used as stabilizing elements for ships, single-rail track vehicles etc. The digital
display of rotational speeds and the simple measurement of moments by means of a balance
bar with a rider permit the experiment to be evaluated easily and precisely
Gyroscope Apparatus
Guided Gyro
The core of the unit is a driven centrifugal mass (2), supported in a rocker (1). This
centrifugal mass together with the drive motor (3) forms the guided gyro. The balance bar
(4) with the slider weight (5) and the precision weights (6) are attached to the extension of
the gyro axis. The rocker is pivot-borne around the axis A, and can rock back and forth
between the stop limits (7). The sliding of the weight (5) creates a moment around the axis A
on the gyro. The complete system is in turn also pivot-borne around the vertical axis B. By
means of a second motor (8) and the belt drive (9) the setup can be driven around the vertical

axis .The power supply to the gyro motor is provided by way of two carbon brushes (10) and
slip rings (11) as shown
Isometric and Side view of the Gyroscope

Each of the two motor speeds can be adjusted steplessly with a 10-speed potentiometer (12).
The speeds are displayed in rpm on the digital tachometer (13). The apparatus can only be
started up when the protective hood (14) is located in its retaining ring as shown
Gyroscope Control Panel showing different rotations of Gyro
Adjusting the slider weight
Experiment Procedure Adjusting the slider weight

Release the slider weight by loosening the grub
screw. Set the desired radius r (max. 95 mm).
Tighten the grub screw
Performing the measurement

1. Place the protective hood (1) in the retaining ring.

2. Turn the two speed potentiometers (2+3) to zero.
3. Switch on the motor for the gyro (precession)(switch 4).
4. With the speed potentiometer (3) runs up to the desired rotational speed.
5. Switch on the motor for the frame (gyroscope) (switch 5).
6. With the speed potentiometer (2) increase the rotational speed until the balance bar
(6) is horizontally aligned.
7. Make a note of both rotational speeds.
Experimental Verification
In the experiments the slider weight is set to various radii (r = 25 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm, 95
mm). The mass of the slider weight (m = 65.6 g), the acceleration due to gravity g, and the
radius r of the slider weight produce the moment MW dictated by the balance bar: MW = m ⋅
g ⋅ r This moment MW is counteracted by the gyroscopic moment, causing the balance bar to
be lifted to the horizontal position. The theoretical gyroscopic moment Mk is calculated from
the rotational speed of the frame NF, the rotational speed of the gyro Ne and the mass
moment of inertia of the gyro Iz (Iz = 375 cm2g) as follows: Mk = ωF.ωe.Iz =
(2πnF/60)x(2πne/60)x(0.0000375 kg m2 )The measurement and calculation results are
compared in the following table.

Calculations


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Experiment No. 9
CAM & FOLLOWER
Objective
To analyze the working of the different shapes of cams..
Theory
The transformation of one of the simple motions, such as rotation, into any other motions is often
conveniently accomplished by means of a cam mechanism. A cam mechanism usually consists of
two moving elements, the cam and the follower, mounted on a fixed frame. Cam devices are
versatile, and almost any arbitrarily-specified motion can be obtained. In some instances, they offer
the simplest and most compact way to transform motions.
The cam has a very important function in the operation of many classes of machines, especially
those of the automatic type, such as printing presses, shoe machinery, textile machinery, gear-
cutting machines, and screw machines. In any class of machinery in which automatic control and
accurate timing are paramount, the cam is an indispensable part of mechanism. The possible
applications of cams are unlimited, and their shapes occur in great variety. When the cam turns
through one motion cycle, the follower executes a series of events such as;
Rise is the motion of the follower away from the cam center.
Dwell is the motion during which the follower is at rest.
Return is the motion of the follower toward the cam center

Cam and Follower Machine
Types:
Some of the most common forms of cams are given below;
Procedure:
1. Insert the pen into the penholder and allow it to gently touch the paper wrapped around the
drum.
2. Make the electrical connections between the apparatus, Speed controller and the AC power
supply.
3. Fix the cam in the machine and rotate the flywheel to record the displacement diagram for
the cam.
4. Release the pen and turn on the controller with the speed knob at minimum.
5. Gradually increase the cam speed until the bounce speed is captured.
6. The bouncing speed is at which the cam begins to chatter and a loud banging noise is heard.
7. Measure the bouncing speed using an rpm meter.
8. Repeat the same steps (1-6) for the other cam.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
Before actually beginning the experimental procedure the following precautions are to be followed.
 Make sure that the nut securing the cam on the shaft is tight.
 Revolve the cam through one or two revolutions, by means of the flywheel, to ensure that
the spring pre-tension is not excessive.
 Switch on the mains electrical supply and rotate the control knob slowly clockwise.
 The motor will then begin to rotate. Should the motor stall - this may occur if the follower is
in contact with the leading flank of the cam when starting - return the control knob to zero
and rotate the camshaft by hand in the opposite direction to that of the motor, until the
follower is in contact with the other flank.

Calculations & graphs


Demonstration of Coriolis Effect
Coriolis Effect is a deflection of moving objects when they are viewed in a rotating
reference frame. In a reference frame with clockwise rotation, the deflection is to the left of
the motion of the object; in one with counter-clockwise rotation, the deflection is to the
right. Although recognized previously by others, the mathematical expression for the
Coriolis force appeared in an 1835 paper by French scientist Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis, in
connection with the theory of water wheels. Early in the 20th century, the term Coriolis
force began to be used in connection with meteorology.
In the inertial frame of reference (upper part of the picture), the black object moves in a
straight line. However, the observer (red dot) who is standing in the rotating/non-inertial
frame of reference (lower part of the picture) sees the object as following a curved path due
to the Coriolis and centrifugal forces present in this frame.
Newton's laws of motion govern the motion of an object in a (non-accelerating) inertial
frame of reference. When Newton's laws are transformed to a uniformly rotating frame of
reference, the Coriolis and centrifugal forces appear. Both forces are proportional to the
mass of the object. The Coriolis force is proportional to the rotation rate and the centrifugal
force is proportional to its square. The Coriolis force acts in a direction perpendicular to the
rotation axis and to the velocity of the body in the rotating frame and is proportional to the
object's speed in the rotating frame. The centrifugal force acts outwards in the radial
direction and is proportional to the distance of the body from the axis of the rotating frame.
These additional forces are termed inertial forces, fictitious forces or pseudo forces. They

allow the application of Newton's laws to a rotating system. They are correction factors that
do not exist in a non-accelerating or inertial reference frame.

 Tossed ball on a rotating carousel

 The figure illustrates a ball tossed from 12:00 o'clock toward the centre of an counter-
clockwise rotating carousel. On the left, the ball is seen by a stationary observer above the
carousel, and the ball travels in a straight line to the centre, while the ball-thrower rotates
counter-clockwise with the carousel. On the right the ball is seen by an observer rotating
with the carousel, so the ball-thrower appears to stay at 12:00 o'clock. The figure shows how
the trajectory of the ball as seen by the rotating observer can be constructed. On the left, two
arrows locate the ball relative to the ball-thrower. One of these arrows is from the thrower to
the centre of the carousel (providing the ball-thrower's line of sight), and the other points
from the centre of the carousel to the ball.(This arrow gets shorter as the ball approaches the
centre.) A shifted version of the two arrows is shown dotted. On the right is shown this
same dotted pair of arrows, but now the pair are rigidly rotated so the arrow corresponding
to the line of sight of the ball-thrower toward the centre of the carousel is aligned with 12:00
o'clock. The other arrow of the pair locates the ball relative to the centre of the carousel,
providing the position of the ball as seen by the rotating observer. By following this
procedure for several positions, the trajectory in the rotating frame of reference is
established as shown by the curved path in the right-hand panel.
 The ball travels in the air, and there is no net force upon it. To the stationary observer the
ball follows a straight-line path, so there is no problem squaring this trajectory with zero net
force. However, the rotating observer sees a curved path. Kinematics insists that a force
(pushing to the right of the instantaneous direction of travel for an counter-clockwise
rotation) must be present to cause this curvature, so the rotating observer is forced to invoke
a combination of centrifugal and Coriolis forces to provide the net force required to cause
the curved trajectory.
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Experiment No. 10
Bifilar Suspension System
OBJECTIVE:
Determination of the period and Moment of Inertia of oscillation for bifilar and Trifilar suspension
system
THEORY:
The Bifilar Suspension apparatus is an example of simple torsional pendulum which
permits illustration and investigation of the oscillation of pendulums with bifilar suspension.
For this purpose, a bar can be suspended from a mounting plate and caused to oscillate. The
pendulum length can be altered by way of thread adjustment using locking wheels. The bar is
attached to two threads (bifilar) and can exhibit translational/torsional oscillations in the
suspension plane as mathematical pendulum or rotational oscillation.
Apparatus/Parts:
Bifilar as a Figure 2 BI-FILAR SUSPENSION SYSTEM

seconds
Pendulum
Theoretical time period for bifilar suspension working as pendulum can be calculated as
T= 2Π / ɷ
Also
ɷ=
Then T=2Π _______ (1)

This is the natural frequency and period of oscillation or periodic time of the pendulum. It becomes
apparent that the only governing factors are the length Land the gravitational constant g. The mass,
shape and material of the pendulum have no influence on the natural frequency and period of
oscillation of the system. A second pendulum has period of oscillations T = 2 sec, but how long
must the thread be to maintain this period of oscillations? Rearranging equation no 1 gives
L=T2.g/4.Π2 = 0.912m
As a check the thread is set to the calculated length value and three to five times recorded for n
oscillations each using procedure given below, and this results nearly T = 1.922s
Procedure:
 Once the unit has been fixed to the wall, the experiment can be started.
 Bar is suspended with length of thread L.
 Lift the pendulum to some height and let pendulum to oscillate freely.
 Take stop watch and note time period for 20 vibrations
 Repeat the experiments for three to five times and took mean value and divide this by no. of
oscillations.
Observations/Calculations:
Bifilar suspension with L= __________ m
Tth = __________ sec
For experimentally,
No of
Sr Trial Trial Trial Time period oscillations Texp=Tm/n Tth
no T1 T2 T3 Tm=T1+T2+T3 n (Sec) (Sec)

TRI-FILAR SUSPENSION SYSTEM

Apparatus/Parts:
1) Bar
2) Mounting Plate
3) Cylinder
4) Ring
5) Locking Wheel
6) Base Plate
THEORY:
The trifilar
Figure 3 TRI-FILAR SUSPENSION SYSTEM
Suspension Apparatus permits illustration and investigation of the oscillation of pendulums with
trifilar suspension. For this purpose, a cylinder or hollow cylinder can be suspended from a
mounting plate and caused to oscillate. The pendulum length can be altered by way of thread
adjustment using locking wheels. The cylinder and circular ring have three suspension points
(trifilar) and act as torsion pendulums.
Observations/Calculations:
Torsional oscillation of a cylinder:
If the cylinder is suspended from three threads, it can exhibit torsional oscillation. If the mass
moment of inertia J of the body is known, the period of oscillation can be calculated using equation
of time period as

Where
J= mr2/2 = Mass Moment of Inertia in kgm2
m= Mass in kg
r = radius of cylinder (80mm)
R= Radius of Rotation=65mm
ɷ= Angular frequency in S-1
T= Period in s
F= Frequency in S-1
L=length of suspended thread = ________
Time taken for n oscillations t (sec) Period of vibration (sec)

Sr.
Object
# No. of Texp
t1 t2 t3 tm Tth
oscillations (tm/n)
Mass Moment of Inertia of hollow Cylinder:

The hollow cylinder is suspended accordingly from three threads. Trifilar suspension is establish to
calculate the mass moment of inertia of a body. In this case the hollow cylinder is to be
investigated. The hollow cylinder is a body easily described in geometrical terms, though the
method is also suited to complex bodies where the mass moment of inertia is difficult to calculate.
For determination purpose the time for n oscillations are recorded multiple times. T* enables the
mass moment of inertia to be calculated as per equation given below
The value determined experimentally is compared to theoretical value. The formula for masss
moment of inertia is given as
J= {m (r12+r22)}/2 m=4 Kg
r1=0.08 m r2=0.05m
L= ___________ m, m=4 kg, R= 0.065 m
Jth=_________Kgm2
Jexp = ___________ Kgm2
Calculations


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Experiment No. 11 a
Inertia in Rotation Motion
OBJECTIVE: - Determination of the rotational inertia of point masses and rod.
Apparatus/Parts:
 Rod
 Masses
 Hangers
 Thread
 Weight
THEORY:
Theoretically the rotational inertia ‘I’ of a point mass is given by I = MR2, where ‘M’ is the mass
and ‘R’ is the distance the mass is from the axis of rotation. Since this experiment uses two masses
equidistant from the centre of rotation, the total rotational inertia will be:
Imass = Mm . R2
Where
Mm = Total mass of both point masses
R =Rotation radius of pin point masses
Figure 4
Moment of Inertia of rod is given by

Irod = 1/12 Mrod . L2
Where ‘Mrod is the mass of rod and ‘L’ is the length or rod
Ith = Imass + Irod
To find the rotational inertia experimentally, a known torque is applied to the object and the
resulting angular acceleration is measured since
I = τ/α
τ = mg.r
τ = torque caused by the weight hanging from the thread

r = radius of the pulley chosen of the 3-step pulley
α = angular acceleration = a/r
a = linear acceleration
mg = weight on hanger
Using 2nd equation of motion to find linear acceleration a
h = vo.t + 1/2 at2 = 1/2 at2 (Vo = 0)

2
a = 2h/t
h = height of the mass hanger from the floor
t’ = time taken by the mass to cover the distance ‘h’
Procedure:
1. Attach the rod with the apparatus as shown in figure.
2. Now attach the point masses with equal mass at both ends of the rod and measure the
distance ‘R’ from center of rod.
3. Tie one end of the string to the mass hanger and the other end to one of the levels of the 3-
step pulley.
4. Drape the string over the super pulley such that the string in the groove of the pulley and the
mass hanger hangs freely.
5. Measure the height ‘h’ from the floor of the mass hanger with the help of an inch tape.
6. Drop the mass and note the time taken with the help of stop watch.

Figure 5 ROTATIONAL INERTIA APPARATUS

The clamp on the super pulley must be adjusted at an angle so the thread runs in a line tangent to
the point where it leaves the 3-step pulley ad straight down the middle of the groove on the clamp-
on super pulley.
Observations:
 Rod
Mass = 0.33kg Length = 550mm Diameter = 10mm
 Point Masses
Small
Mass = 100g Diameter = 34mm Length = 16.5mm
Medium
Mass = 200g Diameter = 34mm Length = 33mm
Large
Mass = 400g Diameter = 34mm Length = 65mm
 Three Step Pulleys
Diameter of larger side = 50mm Diameter of small side = 25mm
Sample Calculations:
h = _______ m (height of the mass hanger from the floor)
Rotation radius Rotation radius Rotation radius

m in kg R = _____ R = _____ R = _____
t1 t2 t3 tavg t1 t2 t3 tavg t1 t2 t3 tavg
both sides 100g
both sides 200g
both sides 300g

Calculations

Experiment No. 11 b
Inertia in Rotation Motion
OBJECTIVE: - Determination of the rotational inertia of circular ring.
Apparatus/Parts:
 Circular Ring
 Hangers
 Thread
 Weight
 Stop watch
Apparatus
Theoretically, the rotational inertia, ‘I’ of the ring about its center of mass is given by.
Ith = 1/2 M(R12 + R22)
To find the rotational inertia experimentally a known torque is applied to the object and the
resulting angular acceleration is measured.
τ = Iα
I = τ/α
Where α is the angular acceleration which is equal to a/r and τ is the torque caused by the weight
hanging from the thread which is wrapped around the base of the apparatus.
τ = rT

Where ‘r’ is the radius of pulley about which thread is wound and ‘T’ is the tension in the thread
when the apparatus is rotating.
Solving for tension in thread gives
T = m (g-a)
Once the linear acceleration of the mass (m) is determined, the torque and the angular acceleration
can be obtained for the calculation of the rotational inertia.
h = vot + 1/2 at2 = 1/2 at2

a = 2h/t2
Where ‘a’ is linear acceleration, ‘t’ is the time taken by mass ‘m’ to cover distance ‘h’.
Procedure:
1. Place the disc/ring on the rotating platform.
2. Tie one end of string to the mass hanger and the other end to one of the levels of the 3-step
pulley.
3. Drape the string over the super pulley such that the string in the groove of the pulley and the
mass hanger hangs freely.
4. Measure the height ‘h’ from the floor of the mass hanger with the mass hanger with the help
of an inch’s tape.
5. Drop the mass & calculated time taken with the help of stop watch.

Observations:
Ring Three Step Pulley
Mass = 0.9kg Diameter of larger side = 50mm
Outer Diameter = 120mm Diameter of small side = 25mm
Inner diameter = 110mm
Calculations:
W 2N = 0.2039 kg
h m
t1 Sec
t2 Sec
t3 Sec
tavg Sec

Calculations


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Experiment No. 12
UNIVERSAL VIBRATION APPARATUS
OBJECTIVE: - To determine the time period and frequency of free and forced vibration in
universal vibrations apparatus.
Apparatus/Parts:
Universal Vibration Apparatus
1.
THEORY:
A system is said to be a cantilever beam system if one end of the system is rigidly fixed to a
support and the other end is free to move
Vibration analysis of a cantilever beam system is important as it can explain and help us analyse a
number of real life systems. Real systems can be simplified to a cantilever beam, thereby helping
us make design changes accordingly for the most efficient systems. When given an excitation and
left to vibrate on its own, the frequency at which a cantilever beam will oscillate is its natural
frequency. This condition is called free vibration. The value of natural frequency depends only on

system parameters of mass and stiffness. The value of natural frequency depends only on system
parameters of mass and stiffness
A vibration is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur about an equilibrium/mean
position. It can be useful as well as harmful, so we need to understand this phenomenon quite
clearly in order to avoid it or take advantage from it.
It can cause one or more of the following undesirable effects:
· Structural failure due to excessive displacement and stress
· Fatigue failure
· Noise
· Slippage and dislocation of joints
· Wear due to relative motion between components
· Discomfort while transportation
· Vibration transmission to connected structures
Free vibration occurs when a mechanical system is set in motion with an initial input and
allowed to vibrate freely. Examples of this type of vibration are pulling a child back on a swing
and letting go, or hitting a tuning fork and letting it ring.
Forced vibration is when a time-varying disturbance (load, displacement or velocity) is applied
to a mechanical system. The disturbance can be a periodic and steady-state input, a transient
input, or a random input. Examples of these types of vibration include a washing machine shaking
due to an imbalance, transportation vibration caused by an engine or uneven road, or the vibration
of a building during an earthquake
Main Parts of Universal Vibration System:
1. Unbalance exciter
2. Beam
3. Damper
4. Exciter Control Unit
5. Drum for Recording Vibrations
6. Suspension and Oscillating Spring
7. Frame

Spring Characteristics:
D = diameter of coil, d=diameter of spring wire, k = stiffness
(a) 0.75N/mm , D= 18.3mm , d =1.05mm
(b) 1.5N/mm , D= 17.6mm , d =1.6mm
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

Time period is the time needed for one complete cycle of vibration to pass a given
point. Frequency and time Period are in a reciprocal relationship. Theoretical time period &
frequency are calculated by following formulae:
m= mass of beam = 1.64kg L= length of the beam = 730mm
k = stiffness of the spring in N/m a = distance between beam’s fixed end and spring pivot
point
Spring stiffness k Distance (a) in τtheo τexp f theo f exp

Sr. No.
in in N/mm mm in sec in sec in Hz in Hz
1
2
3
4

Calculations


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Experiment No. 13
TORSIONAL VIBRATION
Objective: - Determination of the period of torsional vibration as a function of:
Torsion wire diameter
Torsion wire length
Apparatus/Parts:
 Rods of different diameter
 2 chucks
 Disc, ring
 Chuck Key
Theory:
Torsional vibration is angular vibration of an object commonly a shaft along its axis of rotation.
Torsional vibration is often a concern in power transmission systems using rotating shafts or
couplings where it can cause failures if not controlled. To find out various aspects of torsional
vibration the following formulas can be used and they can be verified by relating theoretical and
experimental time period of vibration.
Formulas:
Ttheo = 2π
o Moment of inertia:
o IDisk= m.r2/2
o m: mass of disc (kg)
o D: diameter of disc (m)
o Torsional stiffness:
o
o G: Modulus of rigidity (N/m2) (for S.S 304 its value is 70.3 Gpa)
o L: Length of shaft (m)
o Polar moment of inertia:

o
o d: diameter of shaft
Technical Data:
Torsion Wires:
Length: 1100mm Diameter: 2mm, 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, 6mm
Disc:
Diameter: 160mm Mass: 4.34kg
Ring:
Outer Diameter: 160mm Inner Diameter: 100mm Mass: 2.41kg

Torsional Vibration Apparatus

Procedure:
 Fix the bracket at convenient position along the beam as shown in figure
 Grip the shaft at the bracket by means of chuck and tighten it with key.
 Fix the rotor on the other end of the shaft.
 Note down the length of shaft with a measuring tape.
 Twist the rotor through some angle and release.
 Note down the time required for 50 oscillations with a stop watch.
 Repeat the procedure for 5 times and take average value to avoid error
Observations
Diameter = ______ mm
Time taken for n oscillations

Period of vibration (sec)
Length of (sec)
Sr. #
shaft L (m) Texp
t1 t2 t3 tm Ttheo
(tm/n)
1
2
3
Diameter = _____ mm
Time taken for n oscillations

Period of vibration (sec)
Length of (sec)
Sr. #
shaft L (m) Texp
t1 t2 t3 tm Ttheo
(tm/n)
1
2
3
Graphs:
(i) Graph: time period vs shaft diameter (ii) Graph: time period vs wire length
Calculation:


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Experiment No. 14
Balancing of rotating masses
Objective:
 Measurement of unbalance present in rotating mass system
Apparatus:
 Balancing apparatus
 Masses (1 gram)
 DC supply
THEORY:
Designing a machine requires precision engineered calculations to satisfy the system during
operation. A rotating system will include one or more members are attached to a shaft. This system
should operate smoothly with the least vibration generated, this could be approached by balancing
the rotating masses attached to the system. Running the system through static and dynamic balance
tests will accumulate perfected engineered revolving system.
This experiment was held to introduce static and dynamic balancing for a revolving shaft with four
separate masses attached to it. At the beginning of the lab, the masses were adjusted to create
noticeable vibrations during operation. The aim is to use static and dynamic balancing to reduce the
vibration to minimal. This is approachable by applying the static and dynamic balancing tests to the
running machine, which will present the exact axial positions of the masses, to avoid any vibrations
during operation and implement a smooth operational mechanical system.
Balancing of rotating mass apparatus

Measurement of unbalance present in rotating mass system

The first step is to determine the unbalance of the clamp-on unbalance masses.
Two different types of unbalance can be configured:
 Minor unbalance UA (graphic symbol: white dot)
 Major Unbalance UB (graphic symbol: black dot).
For the following experiments it is appropriate to position two unbalance masses without additional
mass on the sides of the rotor and the two remaining masses with additional mass in the centre..
To determine the unbalance the rotor is first allowed to naturally come to rest. The unbalance
masses become positioned at the bottom. An external moment is then applied with the rope pulley
and weight basket. The rotor turns through a certain angle α into a new equilibrium position. The
unbalance can be calculated by way of equilibrium of moments:
Measurement of unbalance with minor unbalance (UA)
 Move the two small unbalance (white dot) masses to the same angular position (angle
0o); the effect is doubled.
 Move the large unbalance masses (black dot) into opposing position
(180o offset); effect is equalized.
 Remove drive belt.
 Attach rope pulley with shaft to free end.
 Fit rope with empty weight baskets.
 Rotor must now come to rest such that the small unbalance masses
face perpendicularly downwards. Reading on angle scale should be 0o.
 Place ball weights in one basket. This causes the rotor to move out of
rest position. Add ball widths until angle is min. 30o – 40o

Measurement of unbalance with major unbalance (UB)

 Move the two large unbalance masses to the same angular position (angle 0o); effect is doubled.
 Move the small unbalance masses into opposing position (180o offset);
effect is equalized.
 Remove drive belt.
 Attach rope pulley with shaft to free end.
 Fit rope with empty weight baskets.
 Rotor must now come to rest such that large unbalance masses
face perpendicularly downwards. Reading on angle scale should be 0o.
 Place ball weights in one basket. This causes rotor to move out of rest
position. Add ball weights until angle is min. 30o – 40o.
Calculations
Minor Unbalance = UA = ?
Major unbalance UB = ?
Calculations


Completely
Unaware of the
or experimental
procedure
Marks 0 2 4 5

Marks 0 2 4 5

group activity
Marks 0 2 4 5

Experiment No. 15
Vibration of Spiral Spring
OBJECTIVE: - Determination of the natural frequency, of a spiral spring-rotating mass system
Apparatus/Parts:
SPIRAL SPRING APPARATUS
1. Base Plate 2. Bearing Block 3. Shaft Mounting in Ball Bearings 4. Spiral Springs, Rectangular Cross
Section 5. Spiral Spring Retainer 6. Graduated Disc. 10 Divisions 7.Lever Arm 8. Weight 0.5kg,
continually adjustable
THEORY:
A spiral spring made of cold rolled steel is clamped between a ball bearing mounted shaft and a fixed
bracket. Two levers are fitted to the shaft diametrically opposite each other. Two sliding weights of
metal on the levers can be securely fixed in position using clamping screws. These form the rotating
mass with an adjustable moment of inertia. The system is displaced by hand. The angle of rotation is
read off on a 1° scale disc that is also attached to the shaft. The unit is intended for wall mounting.
FORMULA USED:
Mass moment of inertia Calculation: J= m.r2

Spring Stiffness Calculation: CØ = J.ɷ2
Moment Calculation: M= CØ.Ø
Natural Frequency: ɷ0 =

Period Calculation: T= 2Π / ɷ0
Frequency Calculation: f=1/T
Where
J= Mass Moment of Inertia in kgm2
m= Mass in kg
r= Separation of the Weights from the Axis of Rotation in m
CØ= Spring Stiffness in Nm/rad
ɷ= Angular frequency in s-1
M= Moment in Nm
Ø= Angle of Rotation in rad
T= Period in s
F= Frequency in S-1
Procedure:
 Once the unit has been fixed to the wall, the experiment can be started.
 The two weights are clamped in placed on the lever arms at the same distance from the shaft.
 The separation from the centre of shaft to the centre of gravity of the weights is measured and
noted for the calculation.
 The lever arms should be horizontal for this experiment.
 The lever arms can be rotated on the shaft by undoing the two grub screws
 Following alignment, retighten the grub screws.
 The shaft is then deflected by hand to any angle (maximum 3600) and released.
 The angle is read off on the graduated scale.
 The time T20 is measured (measured 20 vibrations) and form it the period of the vibration
calculations
 The experiment should be repeated several times with the weights in different positions.
Observations
Sr
Angle of T exp T exp/20 Frequency
No. Arm Length=r Tth
Rotation= Ø (Sec) (sec) f (Hz)
(m) (Sec)
(Radian) T1 T2 T3 Tm

Graphs:
Graph: Tth vs Ø
Graph: Tth vs r
Calculations


Completely
Unaware of the
or experimental
procedure
Marks 0 2 4 5

Marks 0 2 4 5

group activity
Marks 0 2 4 5

MECHANISMS AND MECHANICAL

VIBRATIONS LAB MANUAL
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Mechanisms & Mechanical Vibrations Lab

Department of Mechanical Engineering

MECHANISMS AND MECHANICAL

Course Code: ME-411L

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Course Title: Mechanisms and mechanical vibrations lab

Course Code: ME-411 L

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

CLO Statement PLO Level

2 Contribute effectively as an individual member of a team 9 A2

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mapping of Clos to Lab Experiments

Sr # Lab Experiments CLO1 CLO2

To determine the whirling speed of shaft theoretically and compare it with √ √

Demonstration of Corroli‟s effect & to analyse the working of different √ √

Department of Mechanical Engineering

 Be calm and relaxed, while working in lab.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

A simple slider-crank mechanism Four bar Mechanism Lab Apparatus

M = degree of freedom or mobility

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ii) Double Rocker Mechanism

iii) Crank and Rocker Mechanism

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Case 1 :- The length of all links are distinct

Case 2 :- The length of any two link are same

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Laboratory Skill Rubrics

Instructor Signature _________

Level Poor Below Average Good Excellent

CLO-1 Psychomotor Domain

Completely Aware of the

CLO Cognitive Domain

Calculate the required

CLO-2 Affective Domain

Individual/ Not Following group

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

A Spur Gear (Parallel Shaft Axis)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Pitch point. It is a common point of contact between two pitch circles.

Circular pitch, Pc = π D/T

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Terms Used in Gears

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

C. Rack and pinion

Helical Rack & Pinion Rack and Pinion Mechanism (Spur)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Laboratory Skill Rubrics

Instructor Signature _________

Level Poor Below Average Good Excellent

CLO-1 Psychomotor Domain

Completely Aware of the

CLO Cognitive Domain

Calculate the required

CLO-2 Affective Domain

Individual/ Not Following group

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering