General Physics II

Quarter 3

Learner’s Packet
 General Physics II
Grade 12
Quarter 3

Schools Division Office Management Team: : Rosemarie C. Blando, August Jamora,

Merle D. Lopez

Writer/s: Ryan Gelica A. Paday

Illustrator: Julius Burdeos

General Physics II
Quarter 3
First Edition, 2021

Published by: Department of Education SDO—Rizal

Schools Division Superintendent: Cherrylou D. Repia
Assistant Schools Division Superintendents:
Gloria C. Roque and Babylyn M. Pambid

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 WEEK
Static Electricity
Lesson 1
I
The American politician and scientist Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) per-
formed a dangerous experiment when he flew a kite in a thunderstorm. In this exper-
iment, Franklin demonstrated a connection between lightning and static electricity.
Sparks were drawn from a key hung on a kite string during an electrical storm.
These sparks were like those produced by static electricity, such as the spark that
jumps from your finger to a metal doorknob after you walk across a wool carpet.
In this lesson, you will learn about the electric phenomena due to charges
that are at least temporarily stationary, called electrostatics, or static electricity.
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to: describe using a diagram
charging by rubbing and charging by induction; explain the role of electron trans-
fer in electrostatic charging by rubbing; describe experiments to show electrostatic
charging by induction; calculate the net electric force on a point charge exerted by
a system of point charges; describe an electric field as a region in which an electric
charge experiences a force; calculate the electric field due to a system of point
charges using Coulomb's law and the superposition principle; and, calculate elec-
tric flux.

D
Electric charges are the physical property of an object that causes it to be
attracted toward or repelled from another charged object. Each charged object
is generated and influenced by a force called electromagnetic force. You have
learned before that the negatively charged electrons are held in their orbits by
their attraction to the positively charged protons. The sum of the number of
protons and number of neutrons makes up the Atomic weight and, the number
of protons is the atomic number.

Learning Task 1: : Fill in the blanks

___________ have a negative charge
___________ have a positive charge
___________ have no charge
An electrically neutral atom has the same number of ___________ and
___________.

All the macroscopic forces that we experience directly, such as the sensa-
tions of touch and the tension in a rope, are due to the electromagnetic force,
one of the four fundamental forces in nature. The gravitational force, another
fundamental force, is actually sensed through the electromagnetic interaction of
molecules, such as between those in our feet and those on the top of a bath-
room scale. (The other two fundamental forces, the strong nuclear force and the
weak nuclear force, cannot be sensed on the human scale.)
All of these follow some principles. What principle do you think applies to
Static electricity?

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 Learning Task 2: 4 Pics 1 word. Identify the Words described in the following pictures.
Then, write the complete phrase in the box.

_______________________ _______________________

_______________________ _______________________

Phrase: _______________________________________________________
What do you think does it mean?

Electric charge, conductors, and insulators

The fundamental quantity in electrostatics is electric charge. There are two kinds of
charge, positive and negative. Charges of the same sign repel each other; charges of opposite
sign attract. Charge is conserved; the total charge in an isolated system is constant.
All ordinary matter is made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The positive protons
and electrically neutral neutrons in the nucleus of an atom are bound together by the nuclear
force; the negative electrons surround the nucleus at distances much greater than the nuclear
size. Electric interactions are chiefly responsible for the structure of atoms, molecules, and sol-
ids. The magnitude of the electrostatic force between charges increases as their separation de-
creases.
Conductors are materials in which charge moves easily; in insulators, charge does not
move easily. Most metals are good conductors; most nonmetals are insulators.
 Charging by Conduction (direct contact). When touching a negatively charged object
to a neutral object, the objects end up with the same type of charge. If the charges are equal in
size, they share the charge equally.

Charging by Induction. A positively charged rod is brought near a neutral metal

sphere, polarizing it. The sphere is grounded, allowing electrons to be attracted from the
earth’s ample supply. The ground connection is broken. The positive rod is removed, leaving
the sphere with an induced negative charge. Objects end up with opposite charge.

Experiments in Electrostatics
(a) Negatively charged objects repel each other. (b) Positively charged objects repel each
other. (c) Positvely charged objects and negatively charged objects attract each other.

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Coulomb’s Law

When dealing with charged objects, we also talk of forces between them. These forces
can be either attractive (for unlike charges) or repulsive (for like charges). The electrostatic
force (also called Coulomb Force) is defined as the amount and direction of attraction or re-
pulsion between two charged bodies.
To find the force between charged objects, we can use Coulomb’s Law, which states
that the magnitude of the electric force between two point charges is directly proportional
to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance be-
tween them.

In this equation, “d” is the distance between the objects, q and Q are the charges on
the charged objects, and k is a constant equal to

This law is similar in form and structure to Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation,
and the relationships that we used last chapter still apply. For example,

q (ex: If you double the charge on an object, you double the force)

Q (ex: If you quarter the charge on an object, you quarter the force)

qQ (ex: If you double both charges, you quadruple the force)

(ex: If you double the distance between the charges, you quarter the force.
If you divide the distance between the charges by 3, you multiply the force by 9 times).

Worked Example
Question: Two point-like charges carrying charges of +3 × 10 −9C and −5 × 10−9C are 2 m
apart. Determine the magnitude of the force between them and state whether it is attractive
or repulsive.
Answer
Step 1 : Determine what is required
We are required to find the force between two point charges given the charges and
the distance between them.
Step 2 : Determine how to approach the problem
We can use Coulomb’s Law to find the force.

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 Step 3 : Determine what is given
We are given:
• Q1 = +3×10−9C
• Q2 = −5×10−9C
• r = 2m

We know that .
We can draw a diagram of the situation.
Q1 = +3×10−9C Q2 = −5×10−9C

2m
Step 4 : Check units
All quantities are in SI units.
Step 5 : Determine the magnitude of the force

Using Coulomb’s Law we have

= 3.37 × 10 −8N
Thus, the magnitude of the force is 3.37 × 10 −8N. However, since both point
charges have opposite signs, the force will be attractive.

Electric field
An electric field as a region of space in which an electric charge experiences a force.
The direction of the electric field at a point is the direction that a positive test charge would
move if placed at that point. Electric field ES, a vector quantity, is the force per unit charge
exerted on a test charge at any point. The electric field produced by a point charge is di-
rected radially away from or toward the charge.

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 Arrows on the field lines indicate the direction of the field, i.e. the direction a positive
test charge would move. Electric field lines therefore point away from positive charges and
towards negative charges.
From a positive charge, the field lines go radially outwards; from a negative charge,
the field lines go radially inwards towards the charge. Radially outward means in straight
lines from the center, like spokes on a wheel. The field lines from a charge are radial lines
from the center.
Field lines are drawn closer together where the field is stronger. The electric field is
stronger closer to the charge (the electric field lines are closer together) and weaker further
from the charge (the electric field lines are further apart). The magnitude of the electric field
at a point as the force per unit charge.

E and F are vectors. From this we see that the force on a charge q is simply:
F=E*q
The force between two electric charges is given by:

Therefore, the Electric Field can be written as:

The electric field is the force per unit of charge and hence has units of Newtons per
Coulomb.
As with Coulomb’s law calculations, do not substitute the sign of the charge into the
equation for electric field. Instead, choose a positive direction, and then either add or sub-
tract the contribution to the electric field due to each charge depending upon whether it
points in the positive or negative direction, respectively .
Worked Examples
Question: A charge of 8 C experiences a force of 200 N. What is the electric field strength
present?
Answer
Step 1 : Determine what is required
We need to calculate the electric field present.
Step 2 : Determine what is given
We are given the magnitude of the charge and the force applied on it.
Step 3 : Determine how to approach the problem
We will use the equation:

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 Step 4 : Solve the problem

=
= 25 N/ C
Question: Calculate the electric field strength 30 cm from a 5 nC charge.

Answer
Step 1 : Determine what is required
We need to calculate the electric field a distance from a given charge.
Step 2 : Determine what is given
We are given the magnitude of the charge and the distance from the charge.
*always check the metric unit used in the problem, in this case, cm is for
“centimeter” and nC is for “nanometer”. When solving, convert to the correct
unit. Your units must be consistent with what is being asked in the problem.
Step 3 : Determine how to approach the problem
We will use the equation:

Step 4 : Solve the problem

=
Electric Flux
Electric flux is a measure of the “flow” of electric field through a surface. Electric flux
(Φ) is the product of the magnitude of the electric field (E) and the surface area (A) perpen-
dicular to the field.
Φ = EA
Units: N ·m2 / C

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 The electric flux is proportional to the number of elec-
tric field lines penetrating some surface.
The field lines may make some angle θ with the per-
pendicular to the surface.
Then, Φ = E A cos θ

Gauss’s Law- The total of the electric flux out of a

closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed divided
by the permittivity.

Worked Examples
Question: An 8000 N/C uniform electric field is passing perpendicular through a 10 -m2 flat
square area. What is the electric flux?
Answer
Step 1 : Determine what is required
We need to calculate the electric flux present.
Step 2 : Determine what is given
We are given the magnitude of the electric field and area of the surface.
Step 3 : Determine how to approach the problem
We will use the equation:
Φ=EA
*even if you use Φ = E A cos θ, since the angle between the electric field direc-
tion and a line drawn a perpendicular to the area, cos 0 will be equal to 1, so,
you will still arrive at the same answer.
Step 4 : Solve the problem
= 8, 000 * 10
= 80, 000 Nm2/C

E
What makes plastic wrap cling? Static electricity. Not only are applications of static
electricity common these days, its existence has been known since ancient times. The first
record of its effects dates to ancient Greeks who noted more than 500 years B.C. that pol-
ishing amber temporarily enabled it to attract bits of straw. The very word electric derives
from the Greek word for amber (electron).
Many of the characteristics of static electricity can be explored by rubbing things to-
gether. What do you think will happen to the materials when rubbed together?

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 Learning Task 3: Perform the simple experiment below and answer the following
questions
Experiment 1
Materials: salt, fine pepper, small dish, plastic comb, wool/cotton cloth
Procedure:
1. Put the salt and fine pepper separately in a small dish
2. Rub the plastic comb with cloth repeatedly.
3. Hover the comb over the salt and fine pepper.
Guide Questions:
1. What do you think is the charge of the salt and fine pepper in step 1?
2. What do you think is the charge of the comb in step 2?
3. Illustrate/draw and explain what happened in the experiment.
Experiment 2
Materials: Comb, torn out pieces of paper
Procedure:
Rub a comb through your hair and use it to lift pieces of paper. It may
help to tear the pieces of paper rather than cut them neatly. Repeat the exercise
in your bathroom after you have had a long shower and the air in the bathroom
is moist.
Guide Questions:
1. Is it easier to get electrostatic effects in dry or moist air?
2. Why would torn paper be more attractive to the comb than cut paper?
Explain your observations.
3. Illustrate/draw and explain what happened in the experiment.

Learning Task 4: Complete the statement below:

An electric field is…

Learning Task 5: Solve the following problems.

1. A charge of 2 µC is 0.5m from a charge of 3µC. Find the electric force.
2. Two equal charges are located 1m from each other. The force acting between
them is 2N. How many Coulombs is each charge?
3. How far apart must two electrons be if the force between them is 1x 10-12N?
4. A charge of 3µC is used to test the electric field of a central charge of 6C that
causes a force of 800N. What is the magnitude of the electric field?
5. What is the electric flux when a uniform electric field of 9000 N/C passes
through a flat square area of 2m 2 at a 300 angle?

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 A
Learning Task 6: Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. What happens when you rub a glass rod with silk?
A. Positively charged objects lose electrons
B. Positively charged objects gain electrons
2. What happens when you rub a rubber rod with fur?
A. Negatively charged objects lose electrons
B. Negatively charged objects gain electrons
3. Which materials hold their electrons very tightly?
A. Conductors B. Insulators
4. Which materials loosely hold electrons that can move easily through them?
A. Conductors B. Insulators
5. What is the amount and direction of attraction or repulsion between two
charged bodies?
A. Electromagnetic force B. Electrostatic force
6. Which among the factors in the Coulomb’s law is constant?
A. d C. q
B. k D. Q
7. What is the ration of the Coulomb force to the test charge?
A. Electric Field B. Magnetic Field
8. What is the relationship between the density of the Electric Field lines to the
strength of the field?
A. Directly proportional B. Inversely proportional
9. If a test charge is moved to a location three times as far as its original location,
how does the electric field change?
A. 1/9 B. 9
10. Which of the following is the correct force between two negative charges?

A.

B.

C.

D.

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 13
Lesson 1:
Learning Task 1:
Electrons
Protons
Neutrons
Protons
Electrons
Learning task 2:
Phrase: Opposites attract, Like repels
Learning Task 5:
0.216 N
1.49 * 10-5 C
1.52 *10-8 m
2.7 – 108 N/C
9000 Nm2/C
Learning Task 6:
A
B
B
A
B
B
A
A
A
C
Answers
 References

Reference Listing
Books:

Urone, P. P., & Hinrichs, R. (2012). College Physics by OpenStax (hardcover version, full color) (1st

ed.). XanEdu Publishing Inc.

Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A., & Ford, L. A. (2011). Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics with

Modern Physics, 13th Edition (13th ed.). Addison-Wesley.

FHSST Authors. (2007). The Free High School Science Texts: Textbooks for High School Students

Studying the Sciences Physics Grades 10-12. Free high School Science Texts.

Websites:

The Physics Classroom. (n.d.). Static Electricity - Lesson 2 - Methods of Charging.

Www.Physicsclassroom.Com. Retrieved January 29, 2021, from https://

www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/The-Structure-of-Matter

Seneca. (n.d.). Seneca Learning. Seneca Learning App. Retrieved January 31, 2021, from https://

app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/1b5bc325-d783-4d2c-99cd-5a7d913debfc/

section/50ce5bcc-8933-4a49-84f8-e3dbfa11b8c4/section-overview

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Para sa mga katanungan o puna, sumulat o tumawag sa:

Department of Education Division Rizal Office

Address: DepEd Bldg.,Cabrera Rd.,Bgy. Dolores,Taytay,Rizal 1920

Telephone number: 09274562115/09615294771

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