LEARNING UNIT

Selected Topics of Physics

Stage 3. Electricity and Magnetism
Base presentation of Stage 3 of Selected
Topics of Physics

● This presentations was created in order to cover the basic contents of

the Learning Unit of Select Topics of Physics, aiming to be useful to the
student to rely on and enrich with additional material of their
preference, which comes from reliable sources.
● We reiterate, it is a support material that, coupled with the
instructional guide and the textbook, will serve as a fundamental
resource because, based on them, you will address the academic
period January-june 2022.
Electric Charge
All electrical phenomena originate from a property of certain atomic
particles, known as "electrical charge".
Electrical charge is the property of some particles to attract or repelling
other particles.
Electric Charge
The atom is composed of three particles: protons, neutrons
(these two are concentrated in the nucleus of atoms) and
electrons, which are in orbits around the nucleus.
Protons have positive electrical charge and electrons have
negative charge.
Neutrons have no electrical charge, they are neutral.
Electric Charge
Electrical charges behave in accordance with the fundamental law of
charges:
"Electric charges of the same sign, repel themselves and electrical
charges of opposite sign, are attracted".

This law is also known as “law of charge force”.

Electric Charge
In ancient times, electricity was thought to be like a kind of electrical
fluid and, that when rubbing one body with another, this fluid was
transferred from the one with most electrical fluid to the one with the
less. Hence the name of the loads (+ and -). Today we know that what is
transferred by rubbing two bodies are electrons. In the figure below
there is a link in which you can observe a simulation of the electrical
charges and their behavior.
Classification of Materials
According to its electrical properties there are different types of
materials:
• Conductors. They are those materials in which, if electrons are
added, these are distributed throughout the surface of the
material. Examples of these are: all metals, copper, iron, aluminum,
gold, silver, etc. Also aqueous solutions with dissolved inorganic
salts such as NaCl, NaHCO3, among others.
Classification of Materials

Insulators: In these materials, when placing an

electrical charge it remains in the place where it
was placed, is not distributed or moved, it is static
since they do not have free electrons that can
perform that distribution, unlike the conductors
that do have them. Examples of insulating
materials are porcelain, glass, asbestos, plastic,
wood. Pure water without any content is insulator.
Classification of Materials
Semiconductors. These are materials to which you can add electrons so
that they can have a certain conductivity for certain applications.
Semiconductors also have the characteristic that they can conduct
electric current in a single direction. Examples of semiconductors are
silicon and germanium. Many of the components of electronic devices,
such as computers, TV screens, cell phones, are manufactured with this
type of materials.
Electrification of a Body
A body can acquire electrical charge by
different methods.
• Friction or rubbing. When combing hair,
rubbing the body with a sweater, or
frictioning air with the body of a moving
car, there is rubbing charge. In this form of
electrification, rubbing releases electrons
from one of the bodies and the other
receives them, so one of them is positively
charged and the other is negatively
charged.
Electrification of a Body
By contact. A body that has electrical charge can
transmit that charge to another body that does not
have it by getting in contact with another. Then, the
charge of the first body is transmitted to the second
and the first one is electrically discharged. In the case
of Van De Graaff's generator of the photograph, it
generates electric charge by rubbing through a belt
and this load is concentrated in the aluminium sphere.
When the child makes contact with the sphere, it is
charged and the charge manifests in the hair.
Electrification of a Body

By induction. A body with an electrical

charge can approach another body
without charge without touching it.
The second body is then polarized and
when it is "grounded" it will be electrically
charged by induction.
Electric charge units
To measure the amount of electrical charge in the International Unit System, we use
the coulomb, which is defined as:

• 1 coulomb is a charge unit that, if it could be placed 1 meter away from another equal charge, the force
that would act between them would be equal to nine billion (9; 000, 000, 000) newton (9x10 9 N).
• The following table shows the electric charge units of the electron and proton. The neutron, as we said,
has no electrical charge.

1C 6.24 x 1018 electrons

1 e- - 1.6 x 10-19 C

1 p+ + 1.6 x 10-19 C

1 mC 1 x 10-3 C

1 μC 1 x 10-6 C
Coulomb's Law

Interactions between electrically charged particles or bodies, i.e. attraction or repulsion between them
according to their sign, are manifestations of one kind of force: electrostatic force.

It was the French physicist Charles A. Coulomb who was responsible for characterizing and quantifying
these forces in what is known as Coulomb’s Law that states:

"the magnitude of the electrical force between two point charge is directly proportional to the product of
the charges, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating them".

And the mathematical model that represents is:

In this formula:
F = attraction or repulsion force between charges
q1 and q2 = magnitude of the electrical charges 1 and 2
r = distance between q1 and q2
k = constant of Coulomb´s Law = 9x109 Nm2/C2
Coulomb's Law

Electrostatic forces are forces of remote action, this means that they exist even if there is no
contact between electrical charges, and are represented, as you know, with arrows as shown in
the following figure.

If the charges are of equal signs, the force between them is repulsion, that is, rejection or
separation, and if the charges are of opposite signs, there is attraction. In the figure below there is
a link where you can access a simulation to visualize the effect of electrostatic forces according to
Coulomb’s Law.
 Example of the application of Coulomb's Law (problem: force between
two charges)
A positive charge of 5 µC is 15 cm away from another negative charge of 8 µC

Solution:

Identify the data provided to us:

Coulomb's law which is the one that

relates the force with the charges and Then the force between the charges is 16 N and since the
the distance between them. charges are of opposite signs, it means that it is a force of
Substituting the data in IS units. attraction.

In following hyperlink you will find an explanation that can help

you to understand better this kind of problems.
 Example of application of Coulomb's Law (problem: resultant force between three charges)

A charge q1 =-10 µC is 20 cm to the left of another charge q 2 =-12 µC. Then, another charge q3 = 5 µC is 7 cm
placed to the right of q1 , as shown in the figure. What is the resultant force on charge q 3 when it is in that
position?

Solution:
Since the forces act in
Identify the data provided opposite directions the
resultant force on q3
q1 = -10 µC = -10x10-6 C would be:
q2 = -12 µC = -12x10-6 C
q3 = +5 µC = +5x10-6 C
r12 = 20 cm = 0.2 m
r13 = 7 cm = 0.07 m
r23 = 13 cm = 0.13 m
k = 9x109 Nm2/C2

Each charge exerts force on the other two

charges, however what interests us in this
case, are the forces that charge 3 receives
(shown in the figure) and these are the
ones that we calculate.
Ohm's Law
Another important issue with regard to electricity is Ohm's law. Before we see this
law we will define some concepts:
· Electric current (I). It is the flow of electrons through a conductive material,
that is, it is the charge that circulates per unit of time. It is measured in units
known as ampere or amps in the IS whose symbol is (A).
· Voltage (potential difference) (V). Voltage is the work done to move each
charge unit through an electric field, that is, it is the work per charge unit. It is
measured in joule/coulomb and is called volt (V) in the IS.
· Electrical resistance (R). It is opposition to the flow of electrons presented
by any conductor or specific materials. It is measured in units known as ohm,
whose symbol is the Greek letter capital omega (Ω)
· Multimeter. Instrument to measure electric current, voltage and resistance.
The figure shows an interpretation of what electric current, voltage, and electrical
resistance represent.
Ohm's Law

Electrical circuit: It is a closed circuit in which there is movement of charges from an

electrical power source, through a conductor, to a device that converts it into another
type of energy, such as an engine (kinetics), a light bulb (radiant), an iron (thermal), or
other type of energy and then return to the original source.
Basic symbology of electrical circuits

Conductor cable Switch Single Cell Multi Cell Battery

Battery

Bulb Ammeter Voltmeter Capacitor

Resistor Resistance Variable resistor Thermoelectric element

Thermistor or RDL (light dependent Diode sense allowed Inductor

thermal resistor resistor) (conventional)
Basic circuit forms

Simple circuit Circuit Series Circuit Paralelo

Ohm's Law

Ohm's law states that:

"the intensity of electric current circulating through a circuit is directly

proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance".

Algebraically Ohm's law is represented by:

In this formula: Enter the next link, study the behavior of variables
I = electric current (A) that can be manipulated and explain in your own
words because the current is directly proportional to
V = difference of power or voltage (V) the voltage and inversely proportional to the
R = resistance (Ω) resistance.
Resolution of circuits applying Ohm's Law
Example: A series circuit is formed by three resistors . The circuit has a 9 V power source. Answer the following:

(a) What is the equivalent resistance of the circuit?

b) What is the current flowing through the circuit?
c) Calculate the voltage drop across each resistor.

a)The equivalent resistance in b) The current is obtained

a series circuit is obtained by
Data summing all the resistors in
the circuit.
by applying Ohm's law.
c) To calculate the voltage drop across each
resistor, we clear V from Ohm's law formula
and calculate it for each of the resistors
considering the same current.
SOURCES:

Slide 4

Energía nuclear. (2020). ¿Qué es un protón?. 8/04/2020, de Energía nuclear Sitio web: ¿Qué es un protón? Estructura del átomo. 2020). Retrieved 9 April 2020, from

https:// energia nuclear.net/que es la energia nuclear/atomo/proton

Slide 5

@larrymen . (2019). Carga eléctrica. 8/04/2020, de Electricidad básica Sitio web: http://www.electricidadbasica.net/carga electrica

Slide 6 Simulador

Noah Podolefsky & Carl Wieman . (2020). Travoltaje . 8/04/2020, de Phet interactive simulations Sitio web: https:// phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/john travoltage/latest/johntravoltage_es.html

Slide 6

Mariangel Zapata. (2016). Experimento: la varita mágica. 8/04/2020, de Química en casa Sitio web: https://quimicaencasa.com/experimento la varita magica

Diapositiva 15 Simulador

Amy Rouinfar . (2019). Ley de Coulomb. 8/04/2020, de Phet colorado interactive simulations Sitio web: https:// phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/coulombs law/latest/coulombs law_es.html

Slide 15

Significados.com. (2020). Ley de Coulomb. 8/04/2020, de Significados Sitio web: https://www.significados.com/ley de coulomb

Slide 16 video Vitual. (2018). Ley de Coulomb ejemplo 1 | Física: Electrostática Vitual . 8/04/2020, de Vitual Sitio web: https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVoWS69u_yQ

Slide 17 video Vitual. (2018). Ley de Coulomb ejemplo 6 | Física: Electrostática Vitual . 8/04/2020, de Vitual Sitio web: https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNnhd3ejCDw

Slide 22 Simulador

Michael Dubson . (2019). Ley de Ohm. 8/04/2020, de Phet Colorado Interactive Simulations Sitio web: https:// phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/ohms law/latest/ohms law_es.html

Slide 23

Viedo Sergio Llanos. (2015). Circuito en serie. 8/04/2020, de Profesor Sergio Llanos Sitio web: https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGfa28dja10

Slide 23 and 24 Simulator of circuits

Amy Rouinfar . (2019). Kit de construcción de circuitos: CD. 8/04/2020, de Phet Colorado Interactive Simulations Sitio web: https:// phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/circuit construction kit
dc/latest/circuit construction kit dc_es.html

Slide 24 Video

Sergio Llanos. (2015). Circuito en paralelo. 8/04/2020, de Profesor Sergio Llanos Sitio web: https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aq_N_dosARc
 UNDER
CONSTRUCTION