Lab Sheet (Drilling Eng. Lab) - Update 27 Ogos 2019

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LABORATORY MODULE
SKPP 3741
Drilling Engineering Laboratory
Prepared and compiled by:

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail
Dr. Wan Rosli Wan Sulaiman
Ariff Othman (Allahyarham)
Prof. Dr. Radzuan Junin
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OFPETROLEUM & RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
81310 UTM JOHOR BAHRU, MALAYSIA
ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
Table of Contents 2
1.0 Introduction 3
2.0 Experiment 3
3.0 Group Division 3
4.0 Laboratory Rules and Safety 3
5.0 Laboratory Report Writing 5
6.0 Raw Experiment Data 7
7.0 Report Submission and Evaluation 7
8.0 The Handling of Testing Apparatus 8
9.0 Experiment 1: The Characteristics of Bentonite 12
10.0 Experiment 2: Mud Weighting Materials 14
11.0 Experiment 3: Mud Thinner 17
12.0 Experiment 4: Filtration Control Agent 19
13.0 Experiment 5: Drilling Mud Contaminations 22
14.0 Experiment 6: Water Emulsion Based Mud 25
15.0 Experiment 7: Open Ended Expt. - Cuttings Settling Velocity in Fluids 27
References 29
Appendices 30

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The ability of petroleum engineer to understand the functions, properties, apparatus and testing
techniques, classification, mixing, and treatment of the drilling mud, are the basic requisite in drilling
engineering practices. This hands-on laboratory implementation was prepared to give an exposure to
imminent petroleum engineer to types of drilling mud, testing apparatus, testing technique, and mud
additives. With active participation in this exercise, student will be able to acquire good
understanding of procedures and basic apparatus handling of drilling mud testing.
2.0 EXPERIMENT
On the first week, students will be taught on how to use some of the testing apparatus in Drilling
Engineering Laboratory. On the following weeks, students are required to do their own experiments
as follow.
(1) The Characteristics of Bentonite
(2) Mud Weighting Material
(3) Mud Thinner
(4) Filtration Control Agent
(5) Drilling Mud Contaminations
(6) Water Emulsion Based Mud
(7) Open Ended Expt. - Cuttings Settling Velocity in Fluids
3.0 GROUP DIVISION

Student in each section will be divided into several groups, which would consist to four or five
students. Section supervisor/lecturer will arrange division of groups. Please consult your lecturer if
you have any problem with the group members.
4.0 LABORATORY’S RULES AND SAFETY

4.1 General Rule
(1) Students are responsible for any laboratory apparatus used.
(2) Always cautious whilst conducting experiment in order to obtain good outcome of
result and preventing accident from happened.
(3) Working table and laboratory surrounding should always tidy and clean. Students
should clean and tidy back all laboratory apparatus used before leaving the laboratory.
(4) Students are forbidden from conducting an experiment after the stipulated time except
after getting permission from the supervisor.
(5) All special laboratory security directives must be obeyed. Students should not smoke,
drink or eat in the laboratory.
(6) Students should familiarize themselves with the position of emergency equipment in
the laboratory (e.g. fire extinguisher, etc).
(7) Any accident must be reported immediately to the officer on duty.
(8) Raw experiment data has to be certified by the officer in charged (supervisor or
technician on duty).

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4.2 Attendance
(1) Students are obligated to be presence on each experiment that has been scheduled.
Failure to turn up in one of the experiments will cause overall course failure.
Students are also required to record their presence in the Attendance Book.
(2) Students must be presence in the laboratory five minutes earlier from the stipulated
time.
(3) Each experiment is about two hours. Students will be divided into several groups. A
supervisor/lecturer on duty will supervised the experiment, assisted by technician and
laboratory assistant.
(4) Students are required to read and understand the experiment theory and methodology
that has to be carried out before entering the laboratory. This practice will ensure
smooth running of the experiment.
4.3 Safety Attire

(1) Students are required of wearing “lab coat” whilst conducting an experiment. Failure
to comply will cause students barred from doing any experiment.
(2) Ensure of wearing shoes and use appropriate safety appliances (e.g. safety glasses,
heat resistance glove, etc.) whilst conducting experiment due to most experiments
involving chemical usage, and high temperature and pressure handling.
4.4 Laboratory Equipment

(1) Students are not allowed to use any laboratory equipment without getting permission
and complete explanation from the officer in charged. Handling complicated
laboratory equipment without supervision will endanger someone or anyone near the
equipment, and could cause damage to the equipment.
(2) Before using any laboratory equipment, ensure that the power source used is
appropriate for that particular equipment.
(3) Do not move sensitive equipment from its position; use it at its dedicated location.
(4) If the equipment is damage whilst in used, report immediately to the officer in
charged. Do not try to repair yourself.
(5) Students are prohibited from using any broken-down equipment.
4.5 Laboratory Waste Disposal

(1) After each experiment, students should ensure that all facilities and apparatus are put
back in order.
(2) All used muds should be discarded in the provided container. Do not dispose used
mud or any chemical waste into the sink.
Note: Failure to do so would result 20 % deduction of report mark (group) for that
particular experiment.

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4.6 Gas Cylinder

(1) All gas resources, fuels, and gas relief valves must be closed before leaving the
laboratory and when not in used.
(2) Ensure that the pressure in the pipeline is zero by opening all valves.
4.7 Electrical Appliances

(1) Make sure electrical power source is off when not used.
(2) If an electrical appliance, which is on operation, have to be left alone, please ensure
that the equipment can operate safely. Student must also inform the officer on duty.
5.0 LABORATORY REPORT WRITING

Effective scientific report writing is one of the compulsory practices for every engineer and
scientist. In research, written matter should enable other person to know about the work and
important discovery that have been carryout. In the field of engineering, documentation is
required to follow-up study, support for new study, and provide information to publish. As
such, student must produce a well-defined documentation, simple, professional, following
format, and have right grammatical use.
All reports must be prepared using Microsoft Word as word processing software. Various
other supporting softwares such as Microsoft Excel, PowerPoint, Mathtype, Matematica,
Matlab, Statistica, AutoCad and others can be used in preparing tables, graphs, mathematical
equations, and pictures.
In this module, the purpose of report writing is to summarise the methodology used in the
experiment, evaluate or interpret the findings from the experiment, comparing the discovery
of the experiment to theoretical studies or results that acquired from earlier research
published in journals or from other sources, which have been validated.
The report should be written in English and should not exceed 15 pages including pictures,
graphs, and tables. However, the stated number is excluding appendices. Use font type Times
New Roman, size 12, with 1.5 line spacing. The format of the report should follow the
arrangement below:
5.1 Front Page

This page consist of experimental subject, section number, group name, group members and
group leader name, supervisor name, technician on duty, experimental date, and date of the
report submission.
5.2 Abstract (Report Summary)
Abstract is prepared on separate page. The main purpose of abstract documentation is to
summarise the entire report, using 100 to 200 words. This section explains the system that
had been studied and the main experimental result. Abstract must be clear, short, and
containing quantitative statement that had been made, findings and its meaning. Abstract
documentation is the last part that has to be done after resolving the table of contents in report
writing.

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5.3 Table of Contents

This part shows the page location of each opening title and its fraction. The page number of
the figure, schedule, and appendix lists also needs to be included.
5.4 Introduction
Explanation of the background, objective and scope of the experiment has to be done in this
part. Introduction must done in stages, facilitate reader on the important of the experiment
and it is meaningful to read.
5.5 Theory or Literature Review
Theory part states briefly the general theory and equation that are used. Problems string,
which has been highlighted theoretically, may contain reaction equation, statement with
particular regards, validity level, and the equation used to analyse data. All equations must be
numbered sequentially. You do not have to define the variable used in the text but need to be
stated in the list of symbol section. The derivation of equation and complete calculating work
has to be placed in the appendices.
5.6 Methodology
This part must contain complete information so that other reader can repeat the stated
experiment, but did not too elaborate as those occur in directive module experiment. State the
important method that has been done.
5.7 Results
This part must contain important data that are acquired, usually in tabular forms, graphs, and
pictures. Think the best means to present results of the study so that the objective of the study
can be achieved. Each table, graph, and picture must be numbered and associated with text.
Make sure that each graph axis is labeled properly. Information about the table or graph must
clear. Comparison between the experiment data with the theoretical data and the literature
also could be loaded in this part.
5.8 Discussions
This part comprises evaluation and interpretation of results, including the validity of
evaluation and the accuracy (error analysis) of the results. In the discussion, citation must
take into account on the question how, why etc. However, discussion should follow or
approaching theory. (Note: Results and discussions can be combined).
5.9 Conclusion
This part must contain important summary from the results and discussions. In fact,
conclusion is also a general statement about how and where the experiment you doing can be
applied.
5.10 Suggestion
This part should consist idea or proposal which lies against theoretical and logical which
could be implemented to reduce error. In other words, this move can improve the outcome of
the experiment those carried out.
5.11 References
All references, which are quote from journals, books, standards, and laboratory manuals,
have to be listed in the references section. Reference writing system should follow UTM
thesis documentation format. Students are required to submit at least three main references
related to the experiment conducted.

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5.12 Appendices
This part consist detailed analysis of the experiment, which includes raw data, error analysis
of data, material physical properties, and detailed example of calculations, figures and
pictures, which are not primary but are required to explain the content of the report.
6.0 RAW EXPERIMENT DATA

All experimental data, which has to be certified by the officer in charged (supervisor or
technician on duty), should be attached at the end section of the report.
7.0 REPORT SUBMISSION AND EVALUATION

Each group is required to prepare and submit one experiment report one week after the
experiment. A late submission of the report will be subjected to a deduction of mark. Report
has to be submitted using Microsoft Word via UTM e-Learning system to the
supervisor/lecturer in charged.
Report distribution of marks is as follows:
Table 1: Mark distribution for report writing
Contents Marks (%)
Introduction 5
Theory and Literature Review 10
Methodology 10
Results and Discussions 50
Conclusion 10
Suggestion 5
Reference 5
Professionalism / neatness / tidiness 5
Total 100

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8.0 THE HANDLING OF TESTING APPARATUS

8.1 Objective
To familarise the students in handling procedures of testing apparatus and testing the mud
properties apparatus according to API RP 13B standard.
8.2 Learning Outcomes
At the end of the experiment, the students will be able to:
(1) Prepare basic mud.
(2) Recognise and understand the functions and objectives of every mud testing.
(3) Comprehend how to calibrate mud testing apparatus.
8.3 Theory
The main purpose of drilling mud testing is to test the mud properties according to the
standard procedures. (please refer to American Petroleum Institute, “Recommended Practice
for Standard Procedure For Testing Drilling Fluids (API RP 13B)”, Dallas, Texas). The mud
properties which are required to determine are:
(1) Mud density (ppg)
(2) Plastic viscosity (cp)
(3) Apparent viscosity (cp)
(4) Yield point (lb/100ft2)
(5) Gel strength (10 seconds and 10 minutes)
(6) pH
(7) Filtration (cc) for 30 minutes
(8) Mud cake thickness ( /32 in.).
(9) Mud resistivity (ohm-meter)
For calculation and mud preparation purposes, the following conversion factors can be use:
1 bbl = 42 gal
1 gm/350 cc = 1 lb/bbl
8.4 Mud Preparation
8.4.1 Apparatus
(1) Mud mixer
(2) Graduated cylinder
(3) Mud balance
8.4.2 Consumable Materials
(1) Fresh water
(2) Bentonite
8.4.3 Procedures
(1) To prepare 25 ppb bentonite mud, weigh 25 g of bentonite powder.
(2) Measure 340 cc (ml or cm3) of fresh water using graduated cylinder and fill in in the
blender container.
(3) Place the container on the the blender and turn on the stirrer.
(4) Put the bentonite bit by bit in the blender while stirring.
(5) Stir thoroughly for 15 minutes.

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8.5 Mud Density

8.5.1 Apparatus
(1) Mud balance
(2) Thermometer
(1) Mud sample
8.5.3 Procedures
(1) The instrument base should be set on a flat level surface.
(2) Before performing any measurements, the instrument should be calibrated first with
fresh water (Procedures (4) to (7) but with fresh water). Fresh water should give a
reading of 8.3 ppg or 62.3 lb/ft3 (1000 kg/m3) at 70 oF (21 oC). If the value is different,
unscrew the hole at the end of he graduated arm. Add or remove the amount of
weight (sand, barite, etc.) if necessary.
(3) Record the temperature measurement of the mud.
(4) Fill the clean, dry cup with mud sample; put the cap on the filled mud cup and rotate
the cap until it is firmly seated. Insure that some of the mud is expelled through the
hole in the cap in order to free any trapped air or gas.
(5) Holding cap firmly on mud cup (with cap hole covered), wash or wipe the outside of
the cup until it is clean and dry.
(6) Place the beam on the base support and balance it by moving the rider along the
graduated scale. Balance is achieved when the bubble is under the center line.
(7) Read the mud weight at edge of the rider toward the mud cup. Make appropriate
corrections when a range extender is used.
8.6 Plastic and Apparent Viscosities, Yield Point, and Gel Strength
8.6.1 Apparatus
(1) Rheometer
(2) Stop watch
(3) Thermometer
(1) Mud sample
8.6.3 Procedures
(1) Place a mud sample in container and immerse the rotor sleeve, exactly to the scribe
line. Measurements in the field should be made with minimum delay (within five
minutes, if possible) and at a temperature as near as practical to that of the mud at the
place of sampling (not to differ than 10 oF)).
(2) Record the temperature of the sample.
(3) With the sleeve rotating at 600 rpm (), wait for dial reading to reach a steady
value (the time required is dependent on the mud characteristics). Record the dial
reading for 600 rpm.
(4) Shift to 300 rpm () and wait for dial reading to reach steady value. Record the dial
reading for 300 rpm.
(5) To obtain plastic viscosity (p), apparent viscosity (a), and yield point (Yb), use the
relationships below:
Plastic Viscosity (cP), p = ()

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Apparent Viscosity (cP), a = /2

Yield Point (lb/100ft2), Yb = p
(6) Stir drilling fluid sample for 10 seconds at high speed.
(7) Allow mud to stand undisturbed for 10 seconds. Slowly and stedily turn the hand-
wheel in the direction to produce a positive dial reading. The maximum reading is the
initial gel strength. For instruments having a 3 rpm speed, the maximum reading
attained after starting rotation at 3 rpm is the initial gel strength.Record the initial gel
strength (10 sec gel) in lb/100ft2 (Pa).
(8) Restir the mud at high speed for 10 seconds and then allow the mud to stand
undisturbed for 10 minutes. Repeat the mesurements as in Procedure (6) and report
the maximum reading as 10 minutes gel in lb/100ft2 (Pa).
8.7 Filtration and Mud Cake Thickness

8.7.1 Apparatus
(1) Filter press
(2) Nitrogen gas
(3) Stop watch
(4) Thermometer
(5) Vernier caliper
(1) Mud sample
(2) Filter paper
8.7.3 Procedures
(1) Be sure each part of the cell, particularly the screen, is clean and dry, and that the gasket
are not distorted of worn. Assemble the mud cell in the order of base cap, rubber
gasket, screen, filter paper, rubber gasket, and top cap. Tighten the base cap of the
cell.
(2) Pour the mud sample into the cell to within 1/2 inch to top. Tighten the top cap of the cell
and mount it on the frame.
(3) Place a dry graduated cylinder under the drain tube to receive the filtrate.
(4) Close the relief valve and adjust the regulator so that a pressure of 100 psi is applied in 30
seconds or less.
(5) Open the pressure relief valve and begins to record filtrate volume against time.
(recommendation: 1, 2, 3, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes).
(6) At the end of 30 minutes, measure the volume of filtrate. Shut off the flow through the
pressure regulator and open the relief valve carefully.
(7) Report the volume of filtrate in cubic centimeters (to 0.1 cc) as the API filtrate, and the
initial mud temperature in oF. Save the filtrate for appropriate chemical and resistivity
testing.
(8) Remove the cell from the frame, first making certain that all pressure has been relieved.
Using extreme care to save the filter paper with a minimum of disturbance to the cake,
disassemble the cell and discard the mud.
(9) Measure and report the thickness of the filter cake, using vernier caliper, to the nearest
1/32 inch.
(10) Although cake descriptions are subjective, such notations as hard, soft, tough,
rubbery, firm, etc., may convey important information of cake quality.
(11) Plot graph of filtrate volume against time.

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8.8 pH (Hydrogen Ion Concentration)

8.8.1 Apparatus
(1) pH meter or pH paper
(1) Mud sample
8.8.3 Procedures
(1) pH paper: Dip the pH paper in the mud sample and record the reading.
(2) pH meter: Put in the pH meter probe in the mud sample and record the reading.
8.9 Mud Resistivity
8.9.1 Apparatus
(1) Resistivity meter
(2) Thermometer
(1) Mud sample
(2) Mud filtrate
8.9.3 Procedures
(1) Fill in the mud sample in the cell. Remove all air bubbles which may be trap in the cell.
(2) Put back the cell on resistivity meter.
(3) Adjust the resistivity button for the range between 0.01 – 2.0 ohm-meter.
(4) Record the resistivity reading.
(5) Clean the cell with distilled water.
(6) Repeat Procedure (1) to Procedure (5) using mud filtrate.

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9.0 EXPERIMENT 1: THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BENTONITE

9.1 Objective
To study the characteristics of bentonite in the drilling fluids.
(1) Understand the physical properties, types and functions of bentonite.
(2) Observe the effect of water on the properties of bentonite.
(3) Observe the effect of salt on the properties of drilling fluids.
(4) Understand the effect of temperature on the properties of drilling fluids.
9.3 Theory
Water based drilling fluids commonly contains several types of bentonite. Some are
purposely added to the drilling fluids to build up certain properties of the drilling fluid. While
some are added to the drilling fluids as drilled cuttings as bentonite from the drilled
formations.
The commonly occurring bentonites in drilled cuttings are montmorillonite, illite and
kaolinite. While bentonite purposely added to drilling fluids are bentonite and attapulgite.
Bentonite is added to the drilling fluids with the purpose for increasing the viscosity and gel
strength. The resulting minds are able to act as proper the hydrostatic column and increase the
carrying capacity of the mud. The resulting muds will also be able to increase its filtration
properties and mud cake forming capacity.
Attapulgite added to the muds will also function to increase the viscosity and gel strength.
But attapulgite do not have the capability to increase the mud filtration properties and the
corresponding mud cake forming capacity. Attapulgite are used for specific cases.
9.4 Apparatus
(1) Mud mixer
(2) Mud balance
(3) Rheometer
(4) Thermometer
(5) Filter press
(7) pH meter / pH paper
(8) Aging cell
(9) Rotating oven
(10) Vernier caliper
9.5 Consumable Materials
(1) Bentonite
(2) Sodium chloride (NaCl)
(3) Potassium Chloride (KC1)

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9.6 Procedures
(1) Prepare 5 types of mud as shown below (1,050 ml for each types of mud)
(Note: 1 lb/ bb1 = 1 gm/ 350 cc). Measure 985 cc of water and add the bentonite
as follows;
a) 20 ppb bentonite with water.

b) 20 ppb bentonite with water. Then, add 30 gram Natrium Chloride (NaC1)
to the mud.
c) 20 ppb bentonite. Then, add 30 gram NaC1 solution.
d) 20 ppb bentonite with water. Then, add 30 gram Calcium Chloride to the mud.
e) 20 ppb bentonite. Then, add 30 gram KC1 solution.
f) 20 ppb bentonite with water. Then, add 40 gram Pottassium Chloride (KCl) to
the mud.
Stir thoroughly for 10 – 15 minutes for complete mixing.
(2) Test the mud properties below and record the mud temperature during testing
a) Mud density (ppg)
b) Plastic viscosity (cp)
c) Apparent viscosity (cp)
d) Yield point (1b/ 100 sq. ft)
e) Gel strength (10 sec and 10 minutes)
f) pH
g) Filtrate volume (cc) for 30 min.
h) Mud cake thickness
i) Mud resistivity
(3) Fill the 5 mud samples into the ageing cell, separately. Put the aging cell in the
rotating oven and heat up to 200 oF for one hour. After one hour, uses the heat
resistance glove provided and take out the aging cell.
(4) Test for the mud properties following Procedure (2) and record the mud temperature
during testing.

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10.0 EXPERIMENT 2: MUD WEIGHTING MATERIALS
10.1 Objective
To study the effect of weighting material on mud properties.
10.2 Learning outcomes

(1) Understand the physical properties, types and functions of weighting materials in the
mud.
(2) Understand the effect of weighting material on mud density.
(3) Calculate and explain the procedures to increase and decrease the mud density.
10.3 Theory
Among the functions of mud is to give sufficient hydrostatic pressure to prevent the entry of
gas, oil and formation water into the wellbore. The pressure gradient of fresh water is 0.433
psi/ft. Therefore, at 10,000 ft, the pressure will be 4,330 psi. If the formation pressure at
10,000 ft is higher than 4,330 psi, the hydrostatic pressure of fresh water must be increased.
The additional pressure may be achieve by adding the suspended solids and/or dissolved
materials in the water.
The dissolved salts such as NaCl, CaCl2, KCl, Na2(CO3) may be used to prepare high density
solutions. However, these solutions are sometimes not compatible with most of the materials
used to prepare the mud and can also cause corrosion.
The other alternative is to add the solid materials in the mud. These solids can be a clay,
drilled solids, barite, hematite, etc. Clay and drilled solids will give high viscosity with
limited density value. Drilled solids are sometimes corrosive. In order to get higher mud
density (> 11.5 ppg) and lower viscosity, the clay content should be kept to the minimum.
Therefore, barite is widely used to increase the mud density.
Chemically, barite is barium sulphate (BaSO 4). Barite has a specific gravity between 4.2 to
4.3 (specific gravity of water = 1 and clay = 2.5). Barite is not dissolve in the mud and has no
chemical reaction with clay or dissolved salts. In other word, it is inert material.
In order to get the desired mud density, the amount of barite that will be added must be
determined. An increased of the mud volume due to additional barite must also be calculated.
The amount of barite required can be determined by the following principle:
“If two materials with different densities were mixed, then the density of the mixture
will be the function of the quantity of the components from the mixture.”

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To increase the mud density using barite, the following relationship can be obtained:
i Vi   b Vb  f Vf
ta
where,
Vi = Initial mud volume, bbl
Vb = Volume of barite, bbl
i = Initial mud density, ppg
f = Final mud density, ppg
b = Density of barite (35.4 ppg)
The equation can be rearranged as follows:
Vi  f  i 
Vb 
b  f
During drilling operation, we sometimes need to reduce the mud density due to lost
circulation, encounter low formation pressure, etc. By reducing the mud density, the lost of
mud can be overcome.
Therefore, we need to add some water to get the desired mud density (lower density). The
following equation can be used to determine the amount of water that can be added:
i Vi   w Vw  f (Vi  Vw )
where,
Vi = Initial mud volume
Vw = Volume of water
1 = Initial mud density, ppg
f = Final mud density, ppg
w = Water density (8.33 ppg)
By rearranging the equation, the following relationship can be obtained:

Vi  i  f 
Vw 
f   w

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10.4 Apparatus
(1) Mud mixer
(2) Mud balance
(3) Rheometer
(4) Thermometer
(5) Filter press
(9) Vernier caliper
(1) Bentonite
(2) Barite
10.6 Procedures
(1) The basic mud has been prepared by the technician. Stir the basic mud thoroughly for
10 – 15 minutes for complete mixing. Test the following mud properties:
a. Mud density (ppg)
b. Plastic viscosity (cp)
c. Apparent viscosity (cp)
d. Yield point (lb/100 sqft)
e. Gel strength (10 sec. and 10 min.)
f. pH
g. Filtration (cc) for 30 min.
h. Mud cake thickness ( /32 in.).
(2) a. Calculate the amount of barite required to increase the basic mud density of
1000 ml to 9.5 ppg.
b. Calculate the final volume of the mixture.
c. Take 1000 ml of the basic mud and add the barite (as calculated above). Stir
thoroughly for 10 – 15 minutes for complete mixing. Measure the volume of
the mixture and compare with the calculated value. Test the mud properties as
Procedure (1).
(3) a. Take 700 ml of the mud from Procedure (2). Calculate the amount of water
required to reduce the density from 9.5 ppg to 8.7 ppg.
b. Calculate the final volume of the mixture.
c. Add water (as calculated above). Stir thoroughly for 10 – 15 minutes for
complete mixing. Measure the volume of the mixture and compare with the
calculated value. Test the mud properties as Procedure (1).

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11.0 EXPERIMENT 3: MUD THINNER

11.1 Objective
To study the effect of mud thinner on mud viscosity.
a. Understand the functions and types of mud thinner.
b. Understand the effect of mud thinner on mud viscosity.
11.3 Theory
The viscosity of the muds must be control at certain level to make sure that mud can work at
it top performance. Too high viscosity can reduce the hydraulic efficiency, increase the
pressure wave and increase the swabbing effect. If viscosity is too low, it can reduce the hole
cleaning efficiency. Mud viscosity is the function of:
a. Base fluid viscosity
b. Measurement and volume of particles
c. Force between particles
Viscosity measurement which account for these three factors at certain flow condition is
called apparent viscosity measurement. The measurement can be done using marsh funnel or
electronic rheometer.
Normally the solid material is needed to increase the plastic viscosity. To decrease the
viscosity, remove solid material or add water to the mud.
The value of yield point is defined by the forces between solid particles within the mud. If the
reactive material like bentonite is added, the value of yield point also increases. The value of
yield point can be decreased by adding mud thinner.
Mud thinner can be used to reduce the yield point value and apparent viscosity of the mud by
reducing the forces between particles. At the same time, the value of gel strength also
reduced by adding mud thinner.
As a conclusion, the mud thinner is used to control the apparent viscosity of the mud without
using too much of water. There are too many materials can be used as a mud thinner. The
mud thinner can be divided into two categories namely:
a. Inorganic complex phosphate
b. Organic thinner
Normally used inorganic complex phosphates are:
a. Sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP)
b. Sodium hexanetaphosphate (Calgon)
c. Sodium tetraphosphate (BARAFOS)
d. Tetra sodium phosphate (TSPP)
Organic thinners are divided into three groups:
a. Lignin, example CARBONOX (lignite) and CC-16 (alkaline + lignite)
b. Tannin, example quebracho and TANNEX (quebracho + lignite)
c. Lignosulfonate, example LIGNOX (calcium lignosulfonate) and Q-BROXIN
(ferrochrome lignosulfonate)

Page 18
11.4 Apparatus
(1) Mud mixer
(2) Mud balance
(3) Rheometer
(4) Thermometer
(5) Filter press
(9) Vernier caliper
(1) Bentonite
(2) Sodium chloride (NaCl)
(3) Chrome lignite
(4) Chrome lignosulfonate
(5) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or lime [Ca(OH)2] or soda ash
(6) Barite
11.6 Procedures
(1) Using a basic mud prepared by the technician, stir thoroughly for 10 – 15 minutes for
complete mixing. Test the following mud properties:
a. Plastic viscosity (cp)
b. Apparent viscosity (cp)
c. Yield point (lb/100 sqft)
d. Gel strength (10 sec. and 10 min.)
e. pH
f. Filtration (cc) for 30 min.
g. Mud cake thickness ( /32 in.).
h. Mud resistivity (ohm-meter)
(2) Add 2 ppb of lignite into 690 ml of the basic mud, mixed evenly for about 10 minutes
and measures the mud properties as stated in Procedure (1).
(3) Add 4 ppb of lignite into 690 ml of the basic mud, mixed evenly for about 10 minutes
and measures the mud properties as stated in Procedure (1).
(4) Add 2 ppb of drill thin into 690 ml of the basic mud, mixed evenly for about 10
minutes and measures the mud properties as stated in Procedure (1).
(5) Add 4 ppb of drill thin into 690 ml of the basic mud, mixed evenly for about 10
minutes and measures the mud properties as stated in Procedure (1).
(6) Add 4 ppb of sodium chloride into 690 ml of the basic mud, mixed evenly for about
10 minutes and measures the mud properties as stated in Procedure (1).
Note:
(1) If the pH value less than 7, add 0.5 g – 1 g of NaOH or lime [Ca(OH) 2] or soda ash into
mud.
(2) Add slowly (0.5 cc – 3 cc) deformer if foam exist.

Page 19
12.0 EXPERIMENT 4: FLUID LOSS CONTROL ADDITIVES

12.1 Objective
To study the properties of fluid loss control additives and its effect towards mud properties.
a. Understand the types and functions of fluid loss control additives.
b. Understand the effect of fluid loss control additives toward mud properties.
12.3 Theory
Mud circulation lost occurs when certain amount of mud enters the formation during drilling
process. This process will create a thin layer of mud cake which can prevent further
circulation lost. The equation to describe the flow through the mud cake is given below:
k A p
q
t
where,
q = Flowrate, cc/sec
A = Mud cake cross sectional area, cm2
p = Pressure different across mud cake, psi
μ = Mud viscosity, cp
t = Mud cake thickness, cm
k = Permeability, mD
For certain cross sectional area, pressure different and constant viscosity, velocity is a
function of mud cake thickness and mud cake permeability. For a static condition, the
increase in mud cake thickness does not mean the flowrate is reduced. The flowrate also
defined by mud cake permeability. For example, the filtration of attapulgite mud will give
thicker mud cake but at the same time will give high filtration flowrate.
Mud filtrate is a measure of solid material ability in the mud to form a thinner mud cake with
low permeability. The thicker mud cake means more solid materials settled at formation wall
and more filtration lost to the formation. The thicker mud cake normally easier to collapse
and cause other problem during drilling activity such as the hole becomes smaller. The mud
cake thickness normally measures in 1/32 inch or mm. Their property is defined as hard, soft,
tough, rubbery or firm.
Fluid lost through filtered medium at certain differential pressure, temperature, time and
certain properties is defined by the equation below:
dVw k 2 p

dt Vs ……………… (1)
where,
Vw = Fluid lost, cc
t = Time, minute
p = Pressure different, psi
 = Filtrate viscosity, cp
Vs = Volume of solid material in mud cake, cc
k = Mud cake constant

Page 20
By definition:
Vw
R
Vs
Rearrange equation (1):
k 2 R p.dt
Vw .dVw 
 ……………… (2)
Integrate equation (2):
Rpt
Vw  k
 ……………… (3)
From this equation, fluid lost is proportional to square root of time, mud cake thickness,
pressure different and inverse proportional towards filtrate viscosity. To calculate the fluid
lost for a certain period, the equation below is used:
t1
V 2 =V 1
√ t2 ……………… (4)
where,
V1 = Fluid lost at time t1, cc
V2 = Fluid lost at time t2, cc
Mud filtration test can be done at low pressure of 100 psi and at room temperature for a
period of 30 minutes. High pressure high temperature test can be done at pressure different of
500 psi and temperature up to 300 oF. There are many fluid lost control agents available and
each of them has their own advantage and disadvantage. Among the fluid loss control
additives available are:
a. Bentonite
b. Attapulgite
c. HEC (hydroxy-ethyl cellulose)
d. Sodium caboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
e. Starch
f. Guar gum
g. Xanthan gum
h. Polysacharides
i. Acrylic polymers
12.4 Apparatus
(1) Mud mixer
(2) Mud balance
(3) Rheometer
(4) Thermometer
(5) Filter press
(9) Vernier caliper

Page 21

(1) Barite
(2) Bentonite
(3) Starch
(4) HEC (hydroxy-ethyl cellulose)
(5) CMC (sodium caboxymethyl cellulose)
(6) Guar gum
(7) Xanthan gum
12.6 Procedures
(1) Using a basic mud prepared by the technician, stir thoroughly for 10 – 15 minutes for
complete mixing.
(2) Test the following mud properties:
a. Mud density (ppg)
b. Plastic viscosity (cp)
c. Apparent viscosity (cp)
d. Yield point (lb/100 sqft)
e. Gel strength (10 sec. and 10 min.)
f. pH
g. Filtration (cc) for 30 min.
i. Mud resistivity
(3) Add 1 ppb bentonite to the 698 ml basic mud and mix evenly. Measures the mud
properties as stated in Procedure (2).
(4) Add 1 ppb HEC to the 698 ml basic mud and mix evenly. Measures the mud
(5) Add 1 ppb starch to the 698 ml basic mud and mix evenly. Measures the mud
(6) Add 1 ppb CMC to the 698 ml basic mud and mix evenly. Measures the mud
(7) Add 1 ppb guar gum to the 698 ml basic mud and mix evenly. Measures the mud
(8) Add 1 ppb xanthan gum to the 698 ml basic mud and mix evenly. Measures the mud

Page 22
13.0 EXPERIMENT 5: DRILLING MUD CONTAMINATIONS

13.1 Objective
To study the effects mud contaminations on the properties of water based mud and the
effectiveness of treating material.
At the end of the experiment, the student will be able to:
a. Distinguish materials which can cause mud contaminations.
b. Understand the effect of contamination materials on the properties of drilling mud.
c. Distinguish which materials to be used to treat contaminated drilling mud.
13.3 Theory
Salt contaminations on drilling mud occurred whilst drilling operation take place. Soluble
salt, which always encountered during drilling, completion and workover jobs, can be divided
into two groups, which are monovalens and divalens. The monovalens salt that always
encountered is NaCl, and sometimes, in certain area, KCl can also be found.
The most common divalens salts are CaSO 4, CaCl2, MgSO4, and MgCl2. These salts can alter
the original properties of drilling mud when they are mixed. To bring back the required
properties of the mud, treatment has to be done by using certain material.
13.4 Apparatus
a. Mud mixer
b. Mud balance
c. Rheometer
d. Thermometer
e. Filter press
f. Graduated cylinder
g. pH meter / pH paper
h. Resistivity meter
i. Thermometer
j. Vernier caliper
a. Bentonite
b. Sodium chloride (NaCl)
c. Sodium caboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
d. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
e. Gypsum (CaSO4)
f. Chrome lignosulfonate

Page 23
13.6 Procedures
(1) Using a basic mud prepared by the technician, stir thoroughly for about 10-15 minutes
for complete mixing.
(2) Test the following mud properties:
a. Mud density (ppg).
b. Plastic viscosity (cp).
c. Apparent viscosity (cp).
d. Yield point (lb/100 sqft).
e. Gel strength (10 seconds and 10 minutes).
f. pH.
g. 30 minutes filtration (cc)
i. Mud resistivity (ohm-meter)
j. Chloride contents
k. Sulphate estimation
l. Filtrate hardness
(3) Add 10 g NaCl in 680 ml of the basic mud. Stir thoroughly and test the mud
properties as Procedure (2).
(4) Add 10 g KCl in 680 ml of the basic mud. Stir thoroughly and test the mud properties
as Procedure (2).
(5) Add 10 g CaCl2 in 680 ml of the basic mud. Stir thoroughly and test the mud
(6) Add 10 g CaSO4 in 680 ml of the basic mud. Stir thoroughly and test the mud
(7) Add 10 g Cement class G in 680 ml of the basic mud. Stir thoroughly and test the
mud properties as Procedure (2).
13.6.1 Chloride Content Method

(1) Pipette 1 ml of sample into the titration dish and dilute to 40 or 50 ml with distilled
water.
(2) Add four or five drop of potassium chromate indicator solution.
(3) Add standard silver nitrate solution from an automatic burette or a pipette dropwise,
continuously while stirring, until the sample just turns from yellow to orange or brick
red.
(4) The number of ml standard silver nitrate used to obtain this end point multiplied by
10,000 for 0.01 g silver nitrate solution, or by 1000 for 0.001 g silver nitrate equal
parts per million (ppm) chloride (Cl) ion as shown in Table 2.
Table 2: The calculation of chloride content

Solution Chloride content (mg/L)
0.0282N AgNO3 (1,000 x ml 0.00282N AgNO3)/ ml filtrate
0.282N AgNO3 (10,000 x ml 0.00282N AgNO3)/ ml filtrate

Page 24
13.6.2 Sulfate Estimation

(1) Measure 2 ml of filtrate or water sample into a clean test tube and add a few drops of
Fann Sulfate Indicator solution.
(2) Shake well and let stand for two minutes.
(3) Judge the quantity of precipitate formed and estimate the sulfate ion according to the
following table;
Table 2: Physical precipitation and their sulfate ion estimation

Precipitation Sulfate Ion (Equivalent per million (EPM))
Translucent white suspension 0-10
Milk white suspension 10-20
Heavy white suspension Above 20
(4) Sample can be diluted with distilled water for a more accurate estimation when the
concentration exceeds 20 epm sulfate ion.
13.6.3 Hardness Test –Versenate Method

(1) To approximately 50 ml of distilled water in a titration dish.
(2) Add about 2 ml of Hardness Buffer Solution and 5 to 10 drops of Hardness Indicator
Solution.
(3) If a red colour develops, indicating hardness in the distilled water, add Hardness
Titrating
Solution dropwise until the water first turns to blue. Do not include this volume of
titrating solution in calculating hardness of the sample in Step 6.
(4) Measure 1 or more ml of sample into the titrating dish. A pink or wine red colour
(depending upon the colour of the sample) will develop if calcium or magnesium is
present.
(5) Add Hardness Titrating Solution, stirring continuously, until the sample first turns to
blue.
*If 0.01 molar EDTA standardized or total hardness titrating solution is used, then 1
ml = 20 epm calcium or magnesium. If 0.001 molar EDTA standardized or total
hardness titrating solution is used, then 1 ml = 2 epm
(6) The total hardness is calculated as follows;

ml of titrating solution x 20 = epm C + Mg when Hardness Solution
1 ml = 20 epm is used
ml of titrating solution x 2 = epm Ca + Mg when Hardness Solution
1 ml = 2 epm is used
(7) More or less sample can be used to obtain titration between 1 and 10 ml in which case
the answer obtained in Step 6 should be divided by the ml of sample used.

Page 25

Page 26
14.0 Experiment 6: WATER EMULSION BASED MUD

14.1 Objective
To study the properties of water emulsion based mud compared to water based mud.
a. Understand the physical properties of water emulsion based mud.
b. Distinguish the physical properties of water emulsion based mud compared to water
based mud.
c. Understand the advantages of water emulsion based mud.
14.3 Theory
In water emulsion based muds, the oil is the dispersed phase and exists as small individual
droplets. The base mud may be any type of fresh or salt water mud. The stability of such
emulsions depends on the presence of emulsifying agents in the mixture. Soaps, lignin
compounds, organic colloids such as starch or CMC, and other colloidal solids are common
emulsifying agents. The emulsifying agent, whether molecular or colloidal, orients itself
around the dispersed fluid droplet. This orientation furnishes like charges to the dispersed
droplets causing their mutual repulsion and hence, a state of stable dispersion. Considerable
agitation and mixing is required to obtain complete stability and several cycles through the
mud system are normally required.
Virtually all types of oil including crude oil can be use in preparing water emulsion based
mud. The limitation in choosing the oil is its must have high flash point (>150 oF) to
minimise fire hazard and high aniline number (> 155) to reduce deterioration of rubber parts
in the circulating system.
Normally, the quantity of oil added to the base mud is around 5 – 10 %. This amount is
dependent on the desired properties and is normally determined by pilot testing in a specific
case.
14.4 Apparatus
a. Mud mixer
b. Mud balance
c. Rheometer
d. Thermometer
e. Filter press
f. Graduated cylinder
g. pH paper
h. Resistivity meter
i. Thermometer
j. Vernier caliper
a. Bentonite
b. Diesel
c. Versacoat
d. Chrome lignosulfonate
e. Lignite
f. Sodium caboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
g. Versamul

Page 27
14.6 Procedures
(1) Using 700 ml mud prepared by the technician, stirred thoroughly for about 10-15
minutes for complete mixing and then test the following properties.
a. Mud density (ppg).
b. Plastic viscosity (cp).
c. Apparent viscosity (cp).
d. Yield point (lb/100 sqft).
e. Gel strength (10 seconds and 10 minutes).
f. pH.
g. 30 minutes filtration (cc)
i. Mud resistivity (ohm-meter)
(2) Add 5 ml Confi Mul P in 660 ml of based mud, then add 20 ml diesel. Stir thoroughly
for about 15 minutes. Test the mud properties as in Procedure (1).
(3) Add 10 ml Confi Mul P in 650 ml of based mud, then add 40 ml diesel. Stir
thoroughly for about 15 minutes. Test the mud properties as in Procedure (1).
(4) Add 5 ml Confi Mul S in 660 ml of based mud, then add 20 ml diesel. Stir thoroughly
for about 15 minutes. Test the mud properties as in Procedure (1).
(5) Add 10 ml Confi Mul S in 650 ml of based mud, then add add 40 ml diesel.Stir
(6) Add 5 ml Confi Mul P in 650 ml of based mud, then add 20 ml sarapar. Stir
(7) Add 10 ml Confi Mul S in 650 ml of based mud, then add add 40 ml Sarapar. Stir

Page 28
15.0 EXPERIMENT 7 : OPEN-ENDED EXPERIMENT – CUTTINGS SETTLING

VELOCITY IN FLUIDS
15.1 Objective
a. To study the settling velocity of various cuttings in different fluids
b. To analyze the factors that affect the settling velocity of cuttings
a. Understand the concept of settling velocity.
b. Distinguish the resistance of various fluids.
c. Analyze the cuttings settling velocity in various types of fluid.
15.3 Theory
When a particle is released in a stagnant fluid of infinite extent it will move vertically due to
gravity if its density differs from that of the fluid. The particle will at first accelerate until the
frictional ‘drag’ of the surrounding fluid approaches the value of the gravitational force.
Assuming that the particles are separated sufficiently during settling so is not collide or
interact with each other, the gravitational, Fg, force causing a particle to settling may be
expressed as
F g =U s∗( ρs −ρ f )∗g
(1)
For spherical particles, Us = πds3/6 is its volume, and A = πds2/4 is the projected area.
The resistant force which is induced because of the particle motion consist of two
components. One is the fluid viscous drag force, FDV, which may be expressed as
ρs V
F DV =C DV ∗A P ( ) 2
s
2
(2)
In which AP is a particle’s characteristic area whose face is parallel to the direction of motion.
Another component is the pressure drag force, FDP, which may be expressed as
ρs V
F DP =C DP∗A P ( ) 2
s
2
(3)
In which Ap is a particle’s characteristic area whose face is parallel to the direction of motion.
The total resistant force, or simply called ‘dragged force’, is the sum of these components and
may be expressed as
ρs V
F D=C D∗A ( ) 2
s
2
(4)

Page 29
In which CD is the drag coefficient and A is a particle’s characteristic area which depends on
the shape of the particle and its orientation during motion (πds2/4 for sphere).
Rearrange Equations (1) and (4) in term of the drag coefficient, CD, one can obtained
4 gd ρ s−ρ f
C D=
3 V2 ρf ( )
Whereas g is the gravitational acceleration.
For Newtonian fluids, the drag coefficient of a spherical particle is a unique function of the
particle Reynolds number which is defined as
ρ f ds V s
Ren =
μ
Where as µ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid.
For power-law fluids, Reynolds’ number (Ren) is defined as
ρf d nV
s s2−n
Ren =
K
Where K is the consistency index, and n is the flow behavior index.
Some theoretical treatments have been performed on the correlation of the drag coefficient of
spherical particles in the laminar flow regime. For Newtonian fluids, Stokes’, by neglecting
the inertia effect when Ren < 1, obtained
CD = 24/ Ren
For power-law fluids, when Ren< 0.1, the drag coefficient may be expressed as
CD = 24X/ Ren
where X is a function of n.
For a single spherical particle in a large extent Newtonian fluid in free fall, the particle will
rapidly achieve a constant terminal settling velocity, Vs, when the net gravitational force is
balance by the drag force can be expressed as
4 gd ρ s− ρf 1/2
V s =[
3 C D ρf ( )
]
Where CD = f(Ren)
The terminal settling velocity for non-Newtonian fluid for Re < 0.1,

Page 30
gd n+1 ( ρs −ρf )
V s =[ ]1/n
( 18 X ) K
15.4 Apparatus
a. Graduated cylinder
b. PVC pipe (25mm, 40mm)

a. Glass Bead (2mm, 4mm, 6mm, 8mm)
b. Stone (small size and large size)
c. Aluminium bar (small, medium, large of size)
d. Water
e. Sarapar Oil
f. Paraffin Oil
g. Gliserine Oil
h. Cooking Oil
i. Stopwatch
15.6 Procedures
a. Pour the fluid into the graduated cylinder that contain PVC pipes of different diameter to
simulate the drilling string.
b. Drop various types of cuttings and measure the time at certain interval.
c. Calculate the settling velocity and analyze the data.

Page 31
REFERENCES
[1] American Petroleum Institute, “Recommended Practice for Standard Procedure For
Testing Drilling Fluids (API RP 13B)”, Dallas, Texas
[2] Walker, R. E. 1964. Practical Oil Field Rheology. Houston, Texas: Spring Meeting
of Southern District Division of Production, API.
[3] Simpson, J. P. and H. V. Sanchez. 1965. Mud Technology Handbook. Houston,
Texas: Baroid Division National Lead Industries.
[4] Perkins, H. W. 1951. A Report on Oil Emulsion Drilling Fluids. Beaumont, Texas:
API Production Division.
[5] Cunningham, R. A. and W. C. Goins. 1957. Laboratory Drilling of Gulf Coast
Shales. API Drilling and Production Practice. Page 75.
[6] Lawhon, C. P. and J. P. Simpson. 1967. Laboratory Drilling Rate and Filtration
Studies of Emulsion Drilling Fluids. 3rd Conference of Drilling and Rock Mechanics. Texas:
University of Texas.
[7] Simpson, J. P., J. C. Cowan, and A. E. Beasley. 1961. The New Look in Oil Mud
Technology. Journal of Petroleum Technology. XIII: No. 12.
[8] Ophen, H. V. 1963. An Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry. New York:
Interscience Publisher.
[9] Rogers, W. F. 1963. Composition and Properties of Oil Well Drilling Fluids.
Houston, Texas: Gulf Publishing Company.
[10] Simpson, J. P. and H. V. Sanchez. 1963. Inhibited Drilling Fluids. Houston, Texas:
Baroid Division National Lead Industries.

Page 32
REFERENCES
[11] American Petroleum Institute, “Recommended Practice for Standard Procedure For
Testing Drilling Fluids (API RP 13B)”, Dallas, Texas
[12] Walker, R. E. 1964. Practical Oil Field Rheology. Houston, Texas: Spring Meeting
of Southern District Division of Production, API.
[13] Simpson, J. P. and H. V. Sanchez. 1965. Mud Technology Handbook. Houston,
Texas: Baroid Division National Lead Industries.
[14] Perkins, H. W. 1951. A Report on Oil Emulsion Drilling Fluids. Beaumont, Texas:
API Production Division.
[15] Cunningham, R. A. and W. C. Goins. 1957. Laboratory Drilling of Gulf Coast
Shales. API Drilling and Production Practice. Page 75.
[16] Lawhon, C. P. and J. P. Simpson. 1967. Laboratory Drilling Rate and Filtration
Studies of Emulsion Drilling Fluids. 3rd Conference of Drilling and Rock Mechanics. Texas:
University of Texas.
[17] Simpson, J. P., J. C. Cowan, and A. E. Beasley. 1961. The New Look in Oil Mud
Technology. Journal of Petroleum Technology. XIII: No. 12.
[18] Ophen, H. V. 1963. An Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry. New York:
Interscience Publisher.
[19] Rogers, W. F. 1963. Composition and Properties of Oil Well Drilling Fluids.
Houston, Texas: Gulf Publishing Company.
[20] Simpson, J. P. and H. V. Sanchez. 1963. Inhibited Drilling Fluids. Houston, Texas:
Baroid Division National Lead Industries.

Page 33
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Example of the front page of laboratory report
LABORATORY REPORT
DRILLING ENGINEERING LABORATORY
SKM 3471
EXPERIMENT 1
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BENTONITE

SECTION 02, GROUP D
GROUP MEMBERS : 1. AHMAD KAMAL ANUAR (LEADER)

2. ALEX CHIA SZE SEAN
3. ABDUL AZIM AIMEE BIN MOHD RADZI
4. NURHIDAYU BINTI KU ABDULLAH
SUPERVISOR : ASSOC. PROF. ABDUL RAZAK ISMAIL
ASST. ENGINEER : MS. HASANAH HUSSEIN

MR. MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS MOHAMAD HUSSIN
DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 19 SEPTEMBER 2014

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 26 SEPTEMBER 2014
Petroleum Engineering Department

Faculty of Petroleum & Renewable Energy Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310 UTM Skudai, Johor

Page 34
Appendix 2: Summary of laboratory report format
Front page
Abstract
Contents
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Experiment background
1.2 Objective
1.3 Scope of experiment
2.0 Theory / literature review
3.0 Methodology
3.1 Material and apparatus
3.2 Experiment procedure
4.0 Result and Discussion

4.1 Experiment data
4.2 Analysis of data and discussion
5.0 Conclusion
6.0 Suggestions
References
Appendices

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PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

3.0 GROUP DIVISION

4.0 LABORATORY’S RULES AND SAFETY

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

4.3 Safety Attire

4.4 Laboratory Equipment

4.5 Laboratory Waste Disposal

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4.6 Gas Cylinder

4.7 Electrical Appliances

5.0 LABORATORY REPORT WRITING

5.1 Front Page

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

5.3 Table of Contents

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

6.0 RAW EXPERIMENT DATA

7.0 REPORT SUBMISSION AND EVALUATION

Report distribution of marks is as follows:

Table 1: Mark distribution for report writing

Contents Marks (%)

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

8.0 THE HANDLING OF TESTING APPARATUS

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

8.5 Mud Density

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

Apparent Viscosity (cP), a = /2

8.7 Filtration and Mud Cake Thickness

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

8.8 pH (Hydrogen Ion Concentration)

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

9.0 EXPERIMENT 1: THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BENTONITE

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

a) 20 ppb bentonite with water.

Stir thoroughly for 10 – 15 minutes for complete mixing.

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

10.0 EXPERIMENT 2: MUD WEIGHTING MATERIALS

10.2 Learning outcomes

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

By rearranging the equation, the following relationship can be obtained:

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

11.0 EXPERIMENT 3: MUD THINNER

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ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

12.0 EXPERIMENT 4: FLUID LOSS CONTROL ADDITIVES

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

12.5 Consumable Materials

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

13.0 EXPERIMENT 5: DRILLING MUD CONTAMINATIONS

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

13.6.1 Chloride Content Method

Table 2: The calculation of chloride content

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory

13.6.2 Sulfate Estimation

Table 2: Physical precipitation and their sulfate ion estimation

13.6.3 Hardness Test –Versenate Method

(6) The total hardness is calculated as follows;

ARI/ WRWS/AO/RJ SKPP 3741 - Drilling Engineering Laboratory