DESIGN OF

RETAINING WALLS
2 Retaining Walls -
Applications

high
way
3 Retaining Walls -
Applications

High-rise
building

basement wall
 Retaining Walls - Applications
4

Metros and Subways

Road
Train
 E E

Tunnel

Dock
Abutment
 RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
GRAVITY WALLS
 RETAINING WALLS
TYPES

CANTILEVER
 Active
Failure

movem
ent
 ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

RANKINE ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

3 = 1 . tan2 (45-/2)-2c.tan (45-/2)

RANKINE ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

3 = 1 . tan2 (45-/2)-2c.tan (45-/2)

a = v . tan2 (45-/2)-2c.tan (45-/2)
a = v . Ka – 2cKa Ka = tan2 (45 - /2)
 Active Stress Distribution (c ≠ 0)
14

γ
zo
c≠0
Φ
H dry soil
_- =

Ka γH 2 c (Ka)1/2 Ka γH – 2 c (Ka)1/2

Find zo:
Ka γzo – 2 c (Ka)1/2 = 0
Zo = 2c / γ (Ka)1/2
Pa = ?
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

Note :
z = 0 → v = 0 ; a = -2cKa
z = H → v = H
The tensile stress decreases with depth and becomes zero at a depth
z = zc or
zcKa – 2cKa = 0
and

2c
zc = zc = depth of tensile crack
 Ka
 ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

RANKINE ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE FOR INCLINED BACKFILL

cos  − cos2  − cos2 

Ka = cos 
cos  + cos2  − cos2 

Pa = 1
2 .  .H 2
.Ka
(for granular soil, c = 0)

For c- soil

 a = zK a = zK a ' cos 
where :
  2
 
c c c 2
Ka ' =
1 
2 cos  + 2  cos sin  −
cos  
2 2
( 2 2
)
4 cos  cos  − cos  + 4  cos  + 8  cos  sin  cos   − 1
2

 z   z   z 
2
  
SIIT-Thammasat University

PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

 Active
Rankine Active Failure Surface
Failure

45+
Pole /2
45+
Point
/2  1 + sin  ' 
 ' z =  ' x  
 1 − sin  ' 
so..
 1 − sin  '   ' 
K a =   = tan 2  45 − 
 1 + sin  '   2
 Passive
Rankine Passive Failure Surface Failure

Pole
45−
Point
/2  1 + sin  ' 
 ' x =  ' z  
 1 − sin  ' 
so..
 1 + sin  '   ' 
K p =   = tan 2  45 + 
 1 − sin  '   2
Consider Mohr’s Circles… x decreases until failure

Passive x increases until failure

Failure
movem
ent
Movement
movement… Movement
Stationary
away toward
(at rest)
from backfill backfill
Passive
Failure at Kp
Active
Failure at Ka

Ka < K0< Kp
 Lateral Earth Pressure
26

σv’
H
σh ’

• We can calculate σv’

• Now, calculate σh’ which is the horizontal stress
• σh‘/ σv‘ = K
• Therefore, σh‘ = Kσv‘ (σV‘ is what?)
 Lateral Earth Pressure
27

• There are 3 states of lateral earth pressure

Ko = At Rest
Ka = Active Earth Pressure (wall moves away from soil)
Kp = Passive Earth Pressure (wall moves into soil)
Passive is more like a resistance

σv z

H
σh
 At Rest Earth Pressure
28
At rest earth pressure occur when there is no wall rotation such as
in a braced wall (basement wall for example)

Ko can be calculated as follows:

Ko = 1 – sin φ for coarse grained soils
Ko = .44 + .42 [PI / 100] for NC soils
Ko (oc) = Ko (NC) (OCR)1/2 for OC soils

σv z
H
σh
 AT REST EARTH PRESSURE

q Jaky, Broker and Ireland → Ko = M – sin ’

Sand, normally consolidated

clay → M = 1

z v =  . z + q Clayand
Broker with OCR
Ireland >2→M=
v Ko = 0.40 + 0.007 PI , 0  PI  4
0.95
Ko = 0.64 + 0.001 PI , 40  PI 
h
Sherif and Ishibashi → Ko =  +  (OCR – 1)
h
K=  = 0.54 + 0.00444
v
(LL – 20)
At rest, K = Ko
 = 0.09 + 0.00111