CVE2321 – Solutions to T3

Q1.

Equilibrium:
fyk ′ fyk A′s
C = T ⟹ 0.567fck ∙ 0.8x ∙ b = A ⟹ x = 1.92
1.15 s fck b
fyk ′
Mu = A (d − 0.4x)
1.15 s

Mu fyk A′s (d − 0.4x) fyk A′s d − 0.4x

= = ∙
bd2 fck 1.15bd2 fck 1.15bdfck d

0.4∙1.92fyk A′s
= 0.87ω �1 −
fck bd
� = 0.87ω (1 − 0.767 ω)

1
Q2.
𝑤𝑤𝑙𝑙 2 (1.35 × 18 + 1.5 × 20) × 82
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = = = 434.4 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
8 8
(a)

𝐾𝐾𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝐾𝐾𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 0.167

Minimum b

𝑀𝑀 434.4𝐸𝐸6
𝑏𝑏 = = = 236.9 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 2 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 0.167 × 6052 × 30

𝑧𝑧𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 0.82𝑑𝑑 = 0.82 × 605 = 496.1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑀 434.4𝐸𝐸6
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = = = 2012.9 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑧 0.87 × 500 × 496.1

𝑀𝑀 434.4𝐸𝐸6
(b) 𝐾𝐾 = = = 0.132
𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 300×6052 ×30

𝑧𝑧 = 605 �0.5 + �0.25 − 0.132�1.134� = 523.6 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑀 434.4𝐸𝐸6
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = = = 1907.2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑧 0.87 × 500 × 523.6

𝑀𝑀 434.4𝐸𝐸6
(c) 𝐾𝐾 = = = 0.198 > 0.167
𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2 𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 200×6052 ×30

Compression steel will now be required, can use design chart to design.

𝑑𝑑 ′� = 45 = 0.0744 ≤ 0.171
𝑑𝑑 605

2
Q3.

(a)

According to EC2, x ≦0.45d

The ultimate limit is x = 0.45d = 0.45*0.8 = 0.36 m

Moment of resistance of flange,

ℎ𝑓𝑓
𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓 = 0.567𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑓𝑓 �𝑑𝑑 − �
2
0.15
= 0.567 × 30 × 1000 × 1.5 × 0.15 × �0.8 − �
2
= 2774.8𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Moment of resistance of web,

(ℎ𝑓𝑓 + 0.8𝑥𝑥)
𝑀𝑀𝑤𝑤 = 0.567𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 (0.8𝑥𝑥 − ℎ𝑓𝑓 ) �𝑑𝑑 − �
2
= 0.567 × 30 × 1000 × 0.35 × (0.8 × 0.36 − 0.15)
0.15 + 0.8 × 0.36
× �0.8 − � = 477.3𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2
So the maximum positive moment of resistance of the singly reinforced
section=𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓 + 𝑀𝑀𝑤𝑤 = 2774.8 + 477.3 = 3252.1𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Force equilibrium

0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 0.567𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 [𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑓𝑓 + 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 �0.8𝑥𝑥 − ℎ𝑓𝑓 �]

0.87 × 500 × 1000 × 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 0.567 × 30 × 1000 × [1.5 × 0.15 + 0.35 ×

(0.8 × 0.36 − 0.15)]

So 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 10687𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

(b)

We can use 10 steel bars with radius = 20 mm

10 × π × 202 = 12566 > 10687𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

The overall depth of the beam = 800(d) + 20/2 (half of the space between lines)
+ 35(cover) + 40(diameter) = 885mm

3
(c)

Assume the effective depth is d = 885-35-40/2 = 830 mm

The ultimate limit is x = 0.45d = 0.45*0.83 = 0.3735 m

Moment of resistance of web,

0.8𝑥𝑥
𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓 = 0.567𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 0.8𝑥𝑥 �𝑑𝑑 − �
2
= 0.567 × 30 × 1000 × 0.35 × 0.3735 × 0.8
0.8 × 0.3735
× �0.83 − � = 1210.7 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2
So the maximum negative moment of resistance of the singly reinforced section
= 1210.7kNm

Force equilibrium

0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 ′ = 0.567𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 0.8𝑥𝑥

0.87 × 500 × 1000 × 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 ′ = 0.567 × 30 × 1000 × 0.35 × 0.8 × 0.3735

So 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 ′ = 4089.4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

4
Q4.

(a) Design load:

𝑄𝑄 = 1.35 × 25 + 1.5 × 60 = 123.75 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚

Shear force at the face of the support:

𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 123.75 × (2.5 − 0.15) = 290.81 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 123.75 × 2.5 = 309.38 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Check for shear:

𝑘𝑘 = 1+(200/500)1/2 = 1.63 ≤ 2

25 2
𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 3 × 𝜋𝜋 × � � �(350 × 500) = 0.0084 ≤ 0.02
2
25
𝜐𝜐 = 0.6 × �1 − � = 0.54
250
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 = �0.18⁄1.5 × 1.63 × (100 × 0.0084 × 25)1⁄3 � × 350 × 500⁄1000
= 94.44𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ≥ (0.035 × 1.633⁄2 × 251⁄2 ) × 350 × 500/1000
= 63.73𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.5 × 350 × 450 × 0.54 × 25⁄1.5⁄1000 = 708.75 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Hence,

𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 < 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 < 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 < 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Should provide shear reinforcement.

(b)

i. @ 0.65m

Shear force:

𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 123.75 × (2.5 − 0.65) = 228.94𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 = 94.44𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 787.5𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

5
 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 < 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 < 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Use 𝛼𝛼 = 90, 𝜃𝜃 = 45
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 228.94 × 1000
= = = 1.17𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 1170𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑠 0.78𝑑𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 0.78 × 500 × 500
0.08 × 250.5 × 350
≥ = 0.25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
500
10 2
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 2 × 𝜋𝜋 × � � = 157𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
2
157
𝑠𝑠 = × 1000 = 134.26𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
1170
𝑠𝑠𝑙𝑙,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.75 × 500 × (1 + cot 90) = 375𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Hence, the spacing of the shear links is 130mm.

ii. @ 1.0 m (neglect lbd)

Shear force:

𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 123.75 × (2.5 − 1) = 185.63𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

25 2
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 3 × 𝜋𝜋 × � � = 1473𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
2
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 = 94.44𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 787.5𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 < 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 < 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 185.63 × 1000

= = = 0.95𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑠 0.78𝑑𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 0.78 × 500 × 500

2⁄
0.08 × 250.5 × 350
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 950𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 ≥ = 0.25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
500
10 2
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 2 × 𝜋𝜋 × � � = 157𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
2
157
𝑠𝑠 = × 1000 = 165.26𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
950
6
 𝑠𝑠𝑙𝑙,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 375𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Hence, the spacing of the shear links is 160mm.

iii. @ 2.0 m (neglect lbd)

Shear force:

𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 123.75 × (2.5 − 2) = 61.88𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

25 2
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 6 × 𝜋𝜋 × � � = 2945𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
2
𝑘𝑘 = 1+(200/475)1/2 = 1.65 ≤ 2

25 2
𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 6 × 𝜋𝜋 × � � �(350 × 500) = 0.0168 ≤ 0.02
2
25
𝜐𝜐 = 0.6 × �1 − � = 0.54
250
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 = �0.18⁄1.5 × 1.65 × (100 × 0.0168 × 25)1⁄3 � × 350 × 475⁄1000
= 114.42𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ≥ (0.035 × 1.653⁄2 × 251⁄2 ) × 350 × 475/1000
= 61.66𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.5 × 350 × 450 × 0.54 × 25⁄1.5⁄1000 = 708.75 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 > 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

Provide minimum shear reinforcement:

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 0.08 × 250.5 × 350

= = 0.25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑠 500
10 2
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 2 × 𝜋𝜋 × � � = 157𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
2
157
𝑠𝑠 = = 628𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
0.25
𝑠𝑠𝑙𝑙,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 375𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Hence, the spacing of the shear links is 375 mm (max spacing).

7
Q5.

(a) Design load:

𝑄𝑄 = 1.35 × 40 + 1.5 × 80 = 174 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚

Shear force at the critical section:

𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 174 × 3.5 = 609 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 174 × 4 = 696 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Check for shear:

𝑘𝑘 = 1+(200/775)1/2 = 1.51 ≤ 2

32 2
𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 6 × 𝜋𝜋 × � � �(350 × 775) = 0.018 ≤ 0.02
2
35
𝜐𝜐 = 0.6 × �1 − � = 0.52
250
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 = �0.18⁄1.5 × 1.51 × (100 × 0.018 × 35)1⁄3 � × 350 × 775⁄1000
775
= 195.57 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ≥ �0.035 × 1.513⁄2 × 351⁄2 � × 350 ×
1000
= 104.22 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.5 × 350 × 697.5 × 0.52 × 35⁄1.5⁄1000 = 1481 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Hence,

𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 < 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 < 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 < 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

The section size is adequate to resist the design shear force. Shear reinforcement
is required.

(b)
𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 609 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Use 𝛼𝛼 = 90, 𝜃𝜃 = 45
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 609 × 1000
= = = 2.015 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 2015 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑠 0.78𝑑𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 0.78 × 775 × 500

0.08 × 350.5 × 350

≥ = 0.33 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
500

8
(c)

When 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 ≥ 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 , minimum shear reinforcement is required.

Let 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 = 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 174 × 𝑙𝑙 = 195.57 = 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐

𝑙𝑙 = 1.12 m

So, minimum shear reinforcement is required in the middle 2.24 m span.