T02 Functions

Graphs
Linear functions (straight lines)
General form: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑐𝑐

When m > 0 y When m < 0 y

c c
x x
0 0

y y
x=h
k y=k

x x
0 0 h

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T02 Functions

Quadratic functions
General form: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘𝑘

y y

x
−α 0 β (h, k)
−c
x
(h, −k) 0

𝑎𝑎 > 0 𝑎𝑎 > 0

y-intercept: (0, −c) y-intercept: (0, c)

x-intercepts: (−α, 0) and (β, 0) x-intercepts: NIL

Turning points: (h, −k) Turning points: (h, k)

Discriminant: 𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 > 0 Discriminant: 𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 < 0
Can also be expressed as: 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 + α)(𝑥𝑥 − β),
where 𝑎𝑎 is a positive integer

y y
(h, k)
c x
0 (h, −k)
x −c
−α 0 β

𝑎𝑎 < 0
𝑎𝑎 < 0
y-intercept: (0, c)
y-intercept: (0, −c)
x-intercepts: (−α, 0) and (β, 0)
x-intercepts: NIL
Turning points: (h, k)
Turning points: (h, −k)
Discriminant: 𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 > 0
Discriminant: 𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 < 0
Can also be expressed as: 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 + α)(𝑥𝑥 − β),
where 𝑎𝑎 is a negative integer

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T02 Functions

Discriminants, D

𝐃𝐃 = 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 − 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 Nature of roots Diagram

D>0 2 real and distinct roots

D=0 1 real and equal root

D<0 No real roots

Graphs of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 , where 𝑛𝑛 𝜖𝜖 ℤ+

n is even (e.g. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 2 , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 4 , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 6 )

𝑘𝑘 is positive, 𝑘𝑘 > 0 𝑘𝑘 is negative, 𝑘𝑘 < 0
y y

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑛𝑛
x
0

x
0

n is odd (e.g. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 3 , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 5 , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 7 )

𝑘𝑘 is positive, 𝑘𝑘 > 0 𝑘𝑘 is negative, 𝑘𝑘 < 0
y y
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑛𝑛

x x
0 0

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T02 Functions

𝑘𝑘
Graphs of 𝑦𝑦 = , where 𝑛𝑛 𝜖𝜖 ℤ+
𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛

𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘
n is even �e. g. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 4 , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 6 �
𝑘𝑘 is positive, 𝑘𝑘 > 0 𝑘𝑘 is negative, 𝑘𝑘 < 0
y
y

0 x

𝑘𝑘
𝑦𝑦 =
𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛
x
0

𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘
n is odd �e. g. 𝑦𝑦 = , 𝑦𝑦 = , 𝑦𝑦 = �
𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥 5 𝑥𝑥 7
𝑘𝑘 is positive, 𝑘𝑘 > 0 𝑘𝑘 is negative, 𝑘𝑘 < 0
y y

𝑘𝑘
𝑦𝑦 =
𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛
x x
0 0

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T02 Functions

Graphs of Exponential functions, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 , where 𝑎𝑎 > 0

y y

1 1
x x
0 0

𝑎𝑎 > 1 0 < 𝑎𝑎 < 1

Example: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥
Example: 𝑦𝑦 =
2

Graphs of Logarithmic functions, 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 or 𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑥𝑥 , where 𝑥𝑥 > 0

𝑦𝑦

𝑦𝑦 = log 2 𝑥𝑥, 𝑎𝑎 = 2(𝑎𝑎 < 𝑒𝑒)

𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑥𝑥

𝑦𝑦 = lg 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑎𝑎 = 10(𝑎𝑎 > 𝑒𝑒)

𝑥𝑥

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T02 Functions

Trigonometric Curves
Sine Curve (f(x) = sin (x))

1 f(x)

f(x) = sin (x)

0.5

0 x
0 30 ° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
2 2
-0.5

-1

Cosine Curve (f(x) = cos (x))

f(x)
1

0.5 f(x) = cos(x)

0 x
0 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270 ° 300 ° 330° 360 °
(π/2) (π) (3π/4) (2π)

-0.5

-1

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T02 Functions

Tangent Curve (f(x) = tan (x))

f(x)
5

f(x) = tan (x)

x
0 30 ° 60° 90° 120° ° ° °
150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360°
° ° ° °
(π/2) (3π/4) (2π)
−1 (π)

-5

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T02 Functions

Graph Transformation
Given 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) and 𝑎𝑎 > 0,
Translation

Vertical translation Horizontal translation

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑎𝑎 Graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎) Graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
moves 𝑎𝑎 units in the moves 𝑎𝑎 units in the
. positive y-direction. negative x-direction.

Addition of 𝑎𝑎 units to Subtraction of 𝑎𝑎

all 𝑦𝑦-coordinates. units to all 𝑥𝑥-
coordinates.
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) − 𝑎𝑎 Graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎) Graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
moves 𝑎𝑎 units in the moves 𝑎𝑎 units in the
negative y-direction. positive x-direction.

Subtraction of 𝑎𝑎 Addition of 𝑎𝑎 units to

units to all 𝑦𝑦- all 𝑥𝑥-coordinates.
coordinates.

Scaling/Stretching

Vertical stretch Horizontal stretch

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥) Graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) Graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
stretches with scale stretches with scale
factor of 𝑎𝑎 along the 𝑦𝑦- 1
factor of along the 𝑥𝑥-
𝑎𝑎
axis.
axis.
Multiply all y-
Multiply all x-
coordinates by a. 1
coordinates by .
𝑎𝑎

Reflection

𝑦𝑦 = −𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) Reflect graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(−𝑥𝑥) Reflect graph of

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) along the x- 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) along the y-
axis. axis.

Change the signs of all Change the signs of all

𝑦𝑦-coordinates. 𝑥𝑥-coordinates.

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T02 Functions

Graph of 𝑦𝑦 = |𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)|

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) No change for the −𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) Reflect the portion of

portion of the graph the graph below the
above the x-axis. x-axis along the x-axis.

Retain all 𝑥𝑥- Change signs of

coordinates. negative 𝑦𝑦-coordinates
to positive.

Page 9 of 10 SIT MATH QUEST

Problems on Functions

1. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 3√2𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 , what is the value of 𝑓(𝑔(2))?

What is the expression 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))?

2. Given 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8, where does the function cross both the x and y axes?
Given your answer in the exact value.

3𝑥−5
3. What is the inverse function of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
?

What is the value of 𝑓 −1 (2)?

Page 10 of 10 SIT MATH QUEST