DAC 12503

MECHANIC OF MATERIALS
Diploma Study Center
University Tun Hussein Onn
SEM 2 20202021

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS
THERE ARE VARIOUS FORM OF STRESSES.
WE WILL START WITH MOST BASIC FORM OF STRESS.

SIMPLE STRESS IS DEFINED AS:

INTENSITY OF INTERNAL FORCE,
WHICH IS RESISTING THE EXTERNAL
FORCE,
PER UNIT AREA.

STRESS - TEGASAN

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS

Area of internal surface

Internal Forces
External Force

Symbol for stress is sigma (σ)

Formula for stress ( σ ) = F/A
Note:
(σ) is symbol for NORMAL stress.
In CHAPTER 1.3 we will learn about another stress,
SHEAR STRESS with symbol of tau (τ = V/As)
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN
SIMPLE STRESS

Area of internal surface

Internal Forces
External Force

Note:
Force per unit area (Force/Area)
is also unit for pressure.

Common multiple of Pascal (Pa) are:

KiloPascal (kPa), MegaPascal (Mpa),
GigaPascal (GPa)…………

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS
SIMPLE STRESS also call AVERAGE STRESS
or DIRECT STRESS
Actual stress on an element on a surface might be
lower or higher than SIMPLE STRESS.
REASON:
Actual distribution of internal forces are NOT
ALWAYS UNIFORM. A
Actual stress at
A is not equal to
B stress at B

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS
TRUE DEFINITION OF STRESS:
Stress at a given small point Q of the cross
section is the magnitude of value when we
devide ∆P by ∆A, and letting ∆A approach zero

F ∆P
Q
∆A

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS
REQUIREMENTS FOR AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS, σ
= P/A:
MEMBER STARTS OUT STRAIGHT AND REMAINS
STRAIGHT AFTER LOADING.

F
x F

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS
REQUIREMENTS FOR AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS, σ
= P/A:
HOMOGENOUS, ISOTROPIC

F
x F

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS
NOTATION: SYMBOL WITH SUBSCRIPT
A B C D
P P σB = PB/ ΔB
P PB P = External force acting
PB = Internal force in the material at point B
ΔB = Area of cut section at B
ΔB

PC
P

ΔC
σC = PC/ ΔC
P = External force acting
PC = Internal force in the material at point C
ΔC = Area of cut section at C

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS

SIGN CONVENTION:
F PB
PB is tension internal force

Stress at point B is +ve if the arrow are

pointing outward (tensile stress)
F PB
PB is compression internal force

Stress at point B is -ve if the arrow are

pointing inward (compressive stress)
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS-ILLUSTRATION
GIVEN:
Rod A and B are jointed together to form a composite member.
The dimension of each road are as shown.

REQUIRED:
Determine the simple stress in each rod section when forces F
are applied.

F = 10 N F = 10 N
A B
1000 mm x 10 mm x 10 mm 1000 mm x 5 mm x 5 mm

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS-ILLUSTRATION
STRESS IN ROD A (σA)

1000 mm x 10 mm x 10 mm 1000 mm x 5 mm x 5 mm
F = 10 N F = 10 N
A B

Determine the internal force in rod A by cutting it and drawing the

FBD of the internal section.
Label the FBD with all forces including internal force as an
unknown (PA). The arrow direction pointing away from the cutted
surface indicate tension (+ve) ASSUMED
F = 10 N
P
A
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS-ILLUSTRATION
STRESS IN ROD A (σA) Assume internal force is
tension
F = 10 N
P
A
Apply equation of static equilibrium to the system:

Since the sign is +v, the

earlier assumption that PA is
in tension is correct.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS-ILLUSTRATION
STRESS IN ROD A (σA) Assume internal force is
compression
F = 10 N
P
Apply equation of equilibrium to the system. A
If PA is assumed to be compression (-ve) the arrow should be drawn pointing
inward into the surface.

Answer is consistence
Since the sign is -ve, the earlier assumption that
PA is in compression is not correct. PA should be
opposite of compression, that is tension.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS-ILLUSTRATION
STRESS IN ROD A (σA)
Calculate the cross sectional area of
rod A F = 10 N
Area(AA ) = 10 mm x 10 mm P
= 100 mm2
A
APPLY EQUATION FOR SIMPLE STRESS.

NOTE:
TYPE OF STRESS (TENSION OR COMPRESSION) WILL FOLLOW THE
TYPE OF INTERNAL FORCE ACTING ON THE AREA:
Here, internal force is TENSION, stress is TENSILE.
If the sign of the internal force is compression (-ve), the stress is compressive.
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS-ILLUSTRATION
STRESS IN ROD A (σB)
Calculate the cross sectional area of rod B
Area(AB ) = 5 mm x 5 mm
= 25 mm2
F = 10 N
PB
APPLY EQUATION FOR STRESS.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS-EXAMPLE 1
GIVEN:
A galvanized pipe has a constant outside diameter of 40 mm and a
thickness of 10 mm and subjected to a compression force of 60 kN
as shown in the figure.
REQUIRED:
Determine the average (simple) normal stress in the pipe.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS-EXAMPLE 1
INTERNAL FORCE
A

PA 60 kN

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS-EXAMPLE 1
SURFACE AREA

Outside Diameter = 40 mm

Inside Diameter = 40mm -2(10mm)

= 20 mm
Net Area = Outside Area – Inside Area

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS-EXAMPLE 1
SIMPLE STRESS

Outside Diameter = 40 mm

Inside Diameter = 40mm -2(10mm)

= 20 mm
Net Area = Outside Area – Inside Area

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS-EXAMPLE 1
SIMPLE STRESS

Outside Diameter = 40 mm

Inside Diameter = 40mm -2(10mm)

= 20 mm
Net Area = Outside Area – Inside Area

TRY CONVERT THE UNIT

TO Pascal with appropriate
prefix
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS-EXAMPLE 2
GIVEN:
An aluminium rod is subjected to a compression force of
50kN.
If the maximum allowable stress for aluminium is 100
N/mm2, determine the size of the rod that is safe to be
used.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS-EXAMPLE 2

GIVEN:
INTERNAL FORCE = 50 kN (C)
MAXIMUM STRESS ALLOWED = 100 N/mm2
AREA ?

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS-EXAMPLE 2
KNOWING THAT

REQUIRED AREA

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 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRESS-EXAMPLE 2
SINCE THE CROSS SECTION AREA IS ROUND:
REQUIRED DIAMETER

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXERCISE 1
GIVEN:
A steel cylinder with cross sectional area of 0.01 cm2 .
An axial tensile force of 100 kN is applied to one end
of the cylinder..

REQUIRED:
Determine the magnitude of simple stress on the
cylinder.

Cross sectional area = 0.01 cm2

P =100kN

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXERCISE 2
GIVEN:
A hollow pipe with internal diameter D1 = 15 mm and external diameter
D2 = 20 mm is subjected to axial compression force, P = 50 kN as
shown.

REQUIRED:
Calculate the Normal stress experienced by the pipe

D1

50 kN D2

Answer: σ = 364 N/mm2

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXERCISE 3
GIVEN:
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a
tensile load of 400 kN.

REQUIRED:
Determine the outside diameter of the tube (D) if the stress is limited to
120 MN/m2

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXERCISE 4
GIVEN:
A short column has a rectangular cross-section having sides in
the ration 1:2.
REQUIRED:
Determine the minimum dimensions of the column section if the
column carries an axial load of 800 kN and the failure stress of
the material of the column is 400 N/mm2.

800 kN

B 2B

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN
SIMPLE STRAIN
SIMPLE STRAIN IS DEFINED AS:
DEFORMATION (ELONGATION) PER UNIT
LENGTH DUE TO THE APPLICATION OF
EXTERNAL FORCES TO A BODY.

STRAIN - TERIKAN

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 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN
SIMPLE STRAIN
L0 δ
P L0 Original length
P
δ Increment

P P L Final length

Symbol for strain is epsilon (ε)

Formula for strain (ε) = δ/L0
Note:
(ε) is symbol for NORMAL strain.
In CHAPTER 1.4 we will learn about another strain,
SHEAR STRAINwith symbol of gamma ( γ = δx/L )
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRAIN

Unit for strain :

length/length unitless
or express as %

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 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRAIN
SIGN CONVENTION

Strain is consider +ve if the final length

(L) is greater than the initial length (L0)

L0

P P
L > L0 +ve STRAIN
δ
L

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRAIN
SIGN CONVENTION
Strain is consider -ve if the final length
(L) is less than the initial length (L0)

L0

P P L < L0 -ve STRAIN

δ
L

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 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRAIN - ILLUSTRATION

STRAIN IN ROD A(εA)

L0 =1000 mm
δ = 10 mm

P P
L

(ε) = δ/L0
(ε) = 10 mm/1000 mm
L > L0
(ε) = 0.01 = 1 % STRAIN IS +ve
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRAIN - ILLUSTRATION

STRAIN IN ROD A(εA)

L0 =1000 mm
δ = 10 mm

P P
L

(ε) = δ/L0
(ε) = 10 mm/1000 mm
L > L0
(ε) = 0.01 = 1 % STRAIN IS +ve
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRAIN - ILLUSTRATION

STRAIN IN ROD A(εA)

L0 =1000 mm
δ = 10 mm

P P
L
δ = 10 mm
(ε) = δ/L0
(ε) = -10 mm/1000 mm
(ε) = -0.01 = -1 % L < L0
STRAIN IS -ve
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
 UNIT 1.2 SIMPLE STRESS AND SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRAIN
GENERAL STRAIN FORMULA

Formula for strain (ε) = d/L0 is only applicable if

the cross section of the structure is uniform

IF cross section is not uniform, differential element

must be considerd.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503