Direct and Bending Stress

CHAPTER 1
INDRODUCTION
1.1 Direct and Bending stress:-
Often we come across members carrying longitudinal thrust or pull
as in the case of a pillar or a tie-rod. Sometimes, these members are also
subjected to bending stresses in addition to the direct stresses. In this
unit, we shall study the effect of these stresses on the cross-section of the
members and also, the stress-distribution across the cross-section. We
conclude with the application as this theory to real situations such as
walls and pillars subjected to wind forces.

Objectives
 calculate the stresses for different eccentrically loaded cross
section,
 explain the Middle Third Rule for no tension condition,
 analyze the effect of wind forces and their stress distribution
pattern on masonry walls, pillars and tall chimneys, and
 Design sections for members carrying direct compressive force and
bending stresses.

GURU GOBIND SINGH POLYTECHNIC, NASHIK-422009

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Direct and Bending Stress

1.1.1. Direct stress:-

Stress which are Normal to the plane on which they act are
called Direct Stresses and they are either tensile or compressive. The
Load transmitted across any Section divided by the cross sectional
area is called the Stress .
1.1.2.Bending Stress:-
Is the normal stress that is induced at a point in a body subjected to
loads that cause it to bend. When a load is applied perpendicular to
the length of a beam (with two supports on each
end), bending moments are induced in the beam.

Figure 1:- Direct stress & Bending stress

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Direct and Bending Stress

CHAPTER 2
2.1 AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING MOMENT
Figure shows an isometric view of a rectangular section loaded with
an axial load 'P ', applied along its vertical axis through the centroid of the
horizontal section. We say such a member is subjected to uniform
compressive stress or direct compressive stress of magnitude PIA. Where
'A' is the area of the horizontal cross section. If the pint of application of
load P is displaced by a small distance 'e' from this axis, as shown in
Figure (b), the distribution of stress in the member is considerably
affected. (Here, 'e' is called the eccentricity of loading.) Figure (c) shows
the elevation of the member as viewed from the face ABCD. Due to the
eccentric load P, the member is distorted or bent, as shown in Figure (d).
The left half portion and so the side AD will be in tension and the right
half and so the side BC will be in compression, thereby making the central
axis of the member as neutral axis. Consequently, with the eccentric load,
the member is subjected to direct stress accompanied by the bending
stress.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 2:- AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING MOMENT
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Direct and Bending Stress

CHAPTER 3
3.1ECCENTRICALLY LOADED SECTIONS

3.1.1 Load Acting Eccentric to One Axis:-

In order to study the effect of eccentric load more closely, let us
consider a short axial member, loaded with load P, placed at a distance
'e' from the centroid vertical axis through the centroid of the section, as
shown in Figure (a). Along the vertical axis, introduce two equal and
opposite forces, each equal to load P. Their introduction obviously
makes no difference to the loading of the member, as they cancel out
each other.
However, if the upward force P is considered along with the
downward eccentric load P, they being equal and opposite parallel
forces, acting at a distance e from each other. form a clockwise couple of
magnitude P x e, the effect of which is to produce bending stress in the
member. The remaining central downward force P, produces a direct
compressive stress, of magnitude PIA as usual. Hence, we can conclude
that an eccentric load produces direct compressive stress as well as the
bending stress.

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Direct and Bending Stress

Figure 3:-Load Acting Eccentric to One Axis

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Direct and Bending Stress

The bending couple P x e will causes longitudinal tensile and

compressive stresses. The fibre stress due to bending fb, at any distance
‘y’ from the neutral axis is given by,

M Pxexy
Fb = -------- x y = ------------- ( Tensile or Compressive)
Ixx Ixx

Hence, the total stress at any section is given by,

f = fo ± fb

P Pxexy
= -------- ± -------------
A Ixx
P M
f = -------- ± ---------
A Zxx
Ixx
( where P x e = M & ------ = Zxx ( the section modules)
y
The extreme fibre stresses are given by,

P M
fmax = fo + fb = -------- + --------- and
A Zxx
P M
fmin = fo - fb = -------- - ---------
A Zxx
If, fo is greater than fb, the stress throughout the section will be of
the same sign. If however, f, is less than fb, the stress will change sign,
being partly tensile and partly compressive across the section. Thus,
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Direct and Bending Stress

there can be three possible stress distributions as shown in Figure (a), (b)
and (c). You can observe from Figure (c), that when fo, = fb, fmax = 2 fo
and fmin. = 0.

3.1.2. Load Acting Eccentric to Both Axes:-

If the axial load P is placed eccentric to both x-axis and y-axis as
shown in Figure 9.4, then the system can be assumed to consist of (i) a
direct compressive force P acting at the centroid, (ii) a couple P x e,
about the x-axis and (iii) a couple P x e, about the y-axis. As seen for the
case of load acting eccentric to one axis, the stress at any point can be
written as
f = fo + fb1 + fb2
P Pxexy Pxy
= -------- ± ------------- ± -----------
A Ixx Iyy

P Mxx Mxx
= -------- ± ------------- ± -----------
A Zxx Zyy

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Direct and Bending Stress

The maximum or minimum fibre stress will occur at the comer

point A, B, C or D in Figure for the symmetrical section.

Figure4:- Load Acting Eccentric to Both Axes

3.1.3.Neutral Axis:-
If you refer to Figure (d), the side Ad will be in tension while the
side BC will be in compression. The fibers along the side AD elongates,
while the fibers along the side BC shortens. Also there exists one fiber in
between these two faces which neither have extension nor compression.
This layer is called the neutral layer. The line of interruption of neutral
layer with the plane of cross-section of the member is members
subjected to bending only, the neutral axis passes section. At the neutral
axis, the stress will be zero.

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Direct and Bending Stress

CHAPTER 4
4.1 CONDITION FOR NO TENSION IN THE SECTION

4.1.1. Middle Third Rule

In fo < fb, and thus, stress changes sign, being partly tensile &
partly compressive across the section. In masonry & concrete structures,
the development of tensile stress in the section is not desirable, as they
are weak in tension. This restricts the eccentricity e to a firm value
which shall be investigated now for different sections.
In order that the stress might not change sign from compressive to
tensile, we have
f0 ≥ fb
i.e. P/A ≥ (Pe /I )× (d/2)
i.e. P/A ≥ Pe d/ (2 AK 2) -----(eq 1)
or e ≤ 2k 2 /d
here, k = radius of gyration of section with regard to N.A. &
d = is the depth of the section.
Therefore, for no tension in the section, the eccentrically should
not exceed
Now, Let us take a rectangular section and discover out the
limiting value of e. For a rectangular section of width b & depth d,
I = (1 / 12) bd 3 and A = bd
k 2 = I / A = d2/12
Putting in Eq. (1), we obtain
e≤ 2d 2/ d × 12 ≤ d/6
∴ I max = d/ 6

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Direct and Bending Stress

The value of eccentricity might be on either side of the geometrical

axis. Therefore, the stress shall be of the same sign during the section if
the load line is in the middle third of the section.
In particular case of rectangular section, the maximum intensities of
extreme stresses are given by following
f = P/ A ± Pl / Z xx = (P/ bd ) ± 6 pe/bd 2
= (P/ bd)[1 ± (6e/d) ]
4.1.2. Core or Kernel of a Section:-
If the line of action of the stress is on neither of the center lines of
the section, the bending is unsymmetrical. Though, there is certain area
within the line of action of the force P must cut the cross-section if the
stress is not to become tensile. This area we call it as 'core' or 'kernel' of
the sction. Let us determine this for a rectangular section.
(a) Rectangular Section:-
Consider the point of application of the load P have the coordinates
(x, y), with reference to the axes illustrated in Figure (a) in which x is
positive when measured to right of O and y is positive when measured
upwards.

(a) (b)
Figure 5:-Core or kernel On Rectangular Section
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Direct and Bending Stress

The stress at any point have coordinates (x′, y′) shall be

f = (P/ bd) + (P × yy′)/((1/12)db3) + P × xx′/((1/12)db3)
=(12P/bd)((1/12)(yy′ /b2)+( xx′ /d2)

At D, have, x′ =- d/2 and y′ =- b/2 and, therefore, f will be minimum.

Therefore, at D, we
f = (6P/ bd) ((1/6) - (y/b) - (x/d) )
The value of f reaches zero when
(y /b)+ (x/d) = 1 or (6 y/b) +( 6x/d) = 1
Therefore, the deviation of the load line is governed by the straight
line of Eq., whose intercepts on the axes are respectively b/6 & d/6. It
is true for the load line is the first quadrant. Similar limits shall apply in
other quadrants and the stress shall be wholly compressive during the
section, if the line of action of P shall within the rhombus pqrs the
diagonals of which are of length d /3 & b/3 , respectively. This rhombus
is known the core of the rectangular section.

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Direct and Bending Stress

CHAPTER 5
5.1STRESS DISTRIBUTION FOR DIFFERENT
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED SECTIONS.

5.1.1. Circular Section:-

We have seen that for no tension,
e ≤ ( 2k 2 /d)
For a solid circular section,
I = π d 4/64 ;
A = (π/4) d 2

∴ k 2 = I / A = d2 /16
∴ e ≤ (2/d) ×(d2)/16≤ (d/8)

Figure 6: - Stress Distribution For Circular section.

Therefore, in order that tension is not to be produced, the load line

should fall within middle fourth of the section. The core in this case is a
circle within the same center and diameter d/4 as illustrated in Figure.

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Direct and Bending Stress

5.1.2. Hollow Section:-

For a hollow section, with external diameter D & internal diameter d,
I = (π/64) (D4 - d 4 ); and
A = (π/4) (D2 - d 2 )
∴ k 2 = I/A = D4 - d 4/16 (D2 - d 2 )
=( D 2 + d2 )/16
∴ e ≤ 2 (( D2 + d 2 )/16) = D2 + d 2/ 8D ------------- (11)
The core for a hollow circular section is thus, a concentric circle of
diameter (D2 + d 2 )/4D.

5.1.3. Structural Sections:-

Equation may be rewritten in the form,

where kx & ky are radii of gyration of the area of section around the
axes of x & y, respectively.
For zero stress at the point, we must have

For an I-section, the four corners shall be the limiting points,

where x′ = b/ 2 and y′ = d/2
Therefore, we have

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Direct and Bending Stress

Figure 7: - Stress Distribution For Hollow Section.

Eq. is the equation of the bounding line which restriction the
deviation of load from the centroid for no change in the sign of the
stress, for I-section. The equations of the three other bounding lines shall
be similar, therefore, forming a rhombus having the principal axis of I-
section as diagonals, as illustrated in Figure.

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Direct and Bending Stress

CHAPTER 6
6.1. WALLS AND PILLARS:
6.1.1Wind Forces on Walls and Pillars
Several a time's masonry walls & chimney shafts are subjected to
strong wind pressures. The weight of the walls or the chimney generates
compressive stress in the base whereas the wind pressure introduces
bending moment generating tensile & compressive stresses in the base.
Figure illustrated a masonry wall of height H and rectangular
section B × D. the horizontal wind pressure of intensity 'p' is acting on
the face of width B.

Figure 8: - Wind Forces on Walls and Pillars

Let the unit weight of material of the structure = γ
Self weight of the structure W = γ (BDH)
Area of cross-section at the base = B × D
Compressive stress because of self weight of the structure on its base,
f 0 = γ (BDH ) / BD = γ H
Entire wind force on the vertical face = P = p × BH
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Direct and Bending Stress

Distance of center of gravity of the wind force from the base = H/2
Bending moment, M = PH/2 = p ×( BH 2/2)
Section modulus, Z = BD2 /6
Bending stress, fb = Z = ± p ×( (BH 2 )/2) × (6/BD2) = ± 3 p × (H2/D2)
Because to Bending Moment (BM), there shall be maximum tensile
stress along edge 'ad' & maximum compressive stress along edge 'bc' of
the base.
Resultant stress, f = f0 - 3 p(H 2/ D2) along edge ad
f = f0 + 3 p (H2/D2) along edge bc.
6.1.2.Wind Forces on Chimneys:
Having seen the stress distribution for any wall subjected to wind
forces, let us assume the effect of wind forces on all of chimneys.
Figure illustrated a cylindrical chimney of height H, external
diameters D, internal diameter d, subjected to horizontal wind pressure p
as illustrated.
If γ refer to the unit weight of the masonry structure, direct stress
because of the weight of the structure on its base f0 = γ H.

(a) Elevation (b) Cross-section

Figure 9: - Wind Forces on Chimney.

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Direct and Bending Stress

Assume a small strip of width R δθ, subtending an angle δθ at the

centre and making an angle θ with the axis ac of the section,
δP = Wind force reaching the small strip
= p × R δ θ × H cos θ
= p H R δ θ cos θ
Element of the force normal to the strip,
δ Pn = δ P cos θ
= p H R cos θ × δ θ × cos θ
= p H R cos2 θ δ θ
Horizontal component of
δ Pn = δ P1 = δ Pn cos θ
= p H R cos3 θ δ θ
Another horizontal component of
δ Pn = δ P2 = δ Pn sin θ
Whereas summing up, this component gets cancelled out when we
let a strip in the other quadrant as illustrated in Figure , while the
components of Pn cos θ are added up.
∴ Net force in the direction X-X = 2δ Pn cos θ
= 2 p H R cos3 θ δ θ
Integrating over the entire exposed surface, from θ = 0o to 90o.
Total wind force

= p DH × (2 /3)= k × p DH
where, k = Coefficient of wind resistance, and
DH = Projected area of the curved surface.
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Direct and Bending Stress

BM because of wind force, M = PH /2

= p DH(2/3) × (H/2)
= p DH2 /3
Section modulus, Z = π (D4 - d 4 ) /32 D
Bending stress, f b =± M/ Z
Once you determine the bending stress, the extreme fibre stresses might
be obtained by summing up with the direct stress due to self weight.

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